TG(M) and DTG(M) Techniques and Some of Their Applications on Material Study

Adding a magnetic field gradient to the conventional TG system constructs the magnetic thermogravimetry analysis (TG(M) i.e. Faraday methods) and the magnetic derivative thermogravimetry (DTG(M)) techniques. We used the techniques to study the nanocrystalline processes of the FeCuNbSiB and FeCuNbCoSiB amorphous alloys. Some problems of their applications such as the characteristic temperature T_min and T_C are also discussed in detail.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

用Diamond TG/DTA热重/差热综合热分析仪在外加磁场下研究磁性材料相转变

介绍综合热分析仪Diamond TG/DTA在磁性材料研究中的应用.提出在外加磁场作用下,得到样品的热重曲线(TG),由TG曲线分析样品磁性相变及样品居里温度变化的原因,看到稀土铁基金属间化合物样品替代的Co元素的站位和元素之间相互作用对居里温度有很大影响.作为一种测量居里温度的方法,拓展Diamond TG/DTA热分析仪应用研究领域.     

Phase Analysis of High-calcium Lime by TG

A thermogravimetric method has been developed and is suggested for both the qualitative and quantitative phase analyses of high-calcium lime and calcium speciation as well. Two complementary TG measurements are proved to be satisfactory for the determination of moisture, calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate contents as well as total mineral impurities in high-calcium limes: quicklime, hydrated lime and limestone. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Kinetics And Mechanism of The Non-isothermal Decomposition. Some Ni(II)-carboxylate-imidazole ternary complexes

The thermal decomposition of some Ni(II)-carboxylate-imidazole complexes in a nitrogen atmosphere was studied non-isothermally. From the non-isothermal thermoanalytical data, it was found that these complexes decompose through a stepwise release of imidazole molecules and/or CO ones forming unstable intermediates which produce metal oxide or the metal as a final decomposition product. TG in conjunction with DTG were used to evaluate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the decomposition reaction. The kinetic studies were performed employing a computer-oriented kinetic analysis of each set of W-T data obtained under constant heating rate. The diffusion processes are the decisive mechanisms for the decomposition. The values of ΔE, A, ΔH, ΔS and ΔG for activation were calculated for the complexes and correlated to variation in their structure. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermal evolution of ferromagnetic metallic glasses

A traditional TG apparatus was modified by placing two permanent magnets producing a controlled magnetic field (TG(M): Magneto Thermogravimetry). This technique proved to be useful to study both structural relaxation and crystallisation of ferromagnetic metallic glasses. Results obtained for the amorphous alloys Fe₄₀Ni₄₀P₁₄B₆ and Fe_62.5Co₆Ni_7.5Zr₆Nb₂Cu₁B₁₅, are reported in this paper. Structural relaxation can be evaluated by measuring changes in Curie temperature induced by thermal treatments. Crystallisation in TG(M) is detected through a change in the measured apparent mass (difference between the sample mass and magnetic force driving it upward). These results were confirmed by DSC analysis. Whether the obtained crystalline phase is ferromagnetic, it can be identified through its Curie temperature, measured by TG(M). In fact the value of 770°C measured as Curie temperature of crystallised Fe_62.5Co₆Ni_7.5Zr₆Nb₂Cu₁B₁₅led to conclude that the only ferromagnetic crystalline phase is a-Fe. These hypothesis was confirmed by XRD analysis, showing that the first crystallisation yields to a-Fe nanocrystals. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Studies on Structure and Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of Nanocrystalline Ni-Mo-Fe Alloy Electrodeposit

NanocrystallineNi Mo Fealloydepositswereobtainedbyelectrode position .ThestructuresofthealloydepositswereanalyzedbyX raydiffraction (XRD )andX rayphotoelectronspectroscopy(XPS) .TheXRDresultsofnanocrystallineNi Mo Fealloydepositshowthatmanydiffractionlinesdisappear ,andthatthereisonlyonediffractionpeakat 44 .0° .TheXPSresultsofnanocrystallineNi Mo Fealloydepositsindicatethatthenickel,molybdenumandironofthedepositsexistinmetallicstate ,andthatthebindingen ergyofthealloyedelementsincre…     

Synthesis of 2-Indolyl-1-nitroalkane Derivatives Using Nanocrystalline Titanium(IV) Oxide

The catalytic Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroalkenes to furnish 2-indolyl-1-nitroalkane derivatives at room temperature with moderate to excellent yields is reported using nanocrystalline titanium(IV) oxide (nano-TiO₂) catalyst. In all cases, a single regioisomer was obtained. After completion of the reaction, the catalyst was recovered by centrifugation and activated under a nitrogen flow for 1 h at 250°C for further reuse. The nano-TiO₂ can be reused for four cycles with a slight decrease of activity under the same reaction conditions.     

TG/FT-IR Studies of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) Blends

Thermogravimetry coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG/FT-IR) was used to investigate the stabilizing action of 3-(2,4-dibromophenylazo)-9-(2,3-epoxypropane)carbazole on the degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC). It was found that this secondary stabilizer increases the initial temperature of hydrogen chloride evolution (the main process responsible for PVC decomposition), thereby allowing its application for novel PVC systems with enhanced thermal stability. The application of TG/FT-IR technique for study of the thermal properties of polymeric materials offers additional characterization options in comparison with thermogravimetry, if used alone. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermal Analysis of Magnesium Tris(maleato) Ferrate(III) Dodecahydrate. Physico-chemical studies

Thermal analysis of magnesium tris(maleato) ferrate(III) dodecahydrate has been studied from ambient to 700°C in static air atmosphere employing TG, DTG, DTA, XRD, Mössbauer and infrared spectroscopic techniques. The precursor decomposes to iron(II) intermediate species along with magnesium maleate at 248°C. The iron(II) species then undergo oxidative decomposition to give α-Fe₂O₃ at 400°C. At higher temperatures magnesium maleate decomposes directly to magnesium oxide, MgO, which undergoes a solid state reaction with α-Fe₂O₃ to yield magnesium ferrite (MgFe₂O₄) at 600°C, a temperature much lower than for ceramic method. The results have been compared with those of the oxalate precursor.     

Thermal Decomposition of Chloromethylated Poly(styrene)-PAN Resin and Its Complexes with Some Transition Metal Ions

The complexes formed by the chemically modified chloromethylated poly(styrene)-PAN (CMPS-PAN) as a resin chelating ion exchanger were characterized by infrared and potentiometry. The thermal degradation of pure CMPS-PAN resin and its complexes with Au³⁺, Cr³⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺ and Pt⁴⁺ in air atmosphere has been studied using thermal gravimetry (TG) and derivative thermal gravimetry (DTG). The results showed that four different steps accompany the decomposition of CMPS-PAN resin and its complexes with the metal ions. These stages were affected by the presence of the investigated metal ions. The thermal degradation of CMPS-PAN resin in the presence of the ions showed different stability of the resin in the following decreasing order: Au³⁺>Pt⁴⁺>Mn²⁺>Cu²⁺>Cr³⁺>Fe³⁺. On the basis of the applicability of a non-isothermal kinetic equation, the decomposition process was a first-order reaction. The activation energy, Ea, the entropy change, ΔS ^*, the enthalpy change, ΔH ^* and the Gibbs free energy of activation, ΔG ^* were calculated by applying the theory of the reaction rates. The effect of the different central metal ions on the calculated thermodynamic activation parameters was discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A Novel Silver（Ⅰ）σ -Complex Supramolecular Polymer： [Ag2（o-HOPhCO2）2]n

The hydrothermal reactions of sodium o‐hydroxybenzoate with AgNO₃ yield a novel stable Ag(I) s?‐complex supramolecular polymer, [Ag₂(o‐HOPhCO₂)₂]_n. The structure of [Ag₂(o‐HOPhCO₂)₂] was solved by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. It is monoclinic with space group P2Jc and unit cell parameters a=0.7394(2) nm, b= 0.8822(2) nm, c=1.0662(2) nm, β= 107.66(3)°, Z=4. The silver(I) atom is two‐coordinated by two carboxylic oxygen atoms of two o‐hydroxybenzoate ligands, and meanwhile, forms supramolecular interaction with one carbon atom of phenyl‐ring in the third o‐hydroxybenzoate group. The a‐form Ag…C supramolecular bond bridges [Ag₂(o‐HOPhCO₂)₂] units into an infinite 2D layered polymer [Ag₂(o‐HOPhCO₂)₂]_n. The coordination sphere of the silver atom is best described as a distorted T‐shaped geometry.     

CO和H2在非晶态合金Ni-B、Co-B催化剂上的吸附及其作用的TPD-MS研究

ＣＯ和Ｈ_２在非晶态合金Ｎｉ－Ｂ、Ｃｏ－Ｂ催化剂上的吸附及其作用的ＴＰＤ－ＭＳ研究张菊,郑小明,周烈华（杭州大学催化研究所,杭州,３１００２８）关键词非晶态Ｎｉ（Ｃｏ）－Ｂ合金,Ｈ_２、ＣＯ吸附,ＴＰＤ－ＭＳ非晶态合金作为一种新型催化材料在加氢反应中表...     

Evolved gas analysis of dichlorobis(thiourea)zinc(II) by coupled TG-FTIR and TG/DTA-MS techniques

Identification and monitoring of gaseous species released during thermal decomposition of the title compound 1, Zn(tu)₂Cl₂, (tu=thiourea, (NH₂)₂C=S) have been carried out in flowing air atmosphere up to 800°C by both online coupled TG-EGA-FTIR and simultaneous TG/DTA-EGA-MS. The first gaseous products of 1, between 200 and 240°C, are carbon disulfide (CS2) and ammonia (NH₃). At 240°C, an exothermic oxidation of CS₂ vapors occurs resulting in a sudden release of sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and carbonyl sulphide (COS). An intense evolution of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and beginning of the evolution of cyanamide (H₂NCN) and isothiocyanic acid (HNCS) are also observed just above 240°C. Probably because of condensation and/or polymerization of cyanamide vapors on the windows and mirrors of the FTIR gas cell optics, some strange baseline shape changes are also occurring above 330°C. Above 500°C the oxidation process of organic residues appears to accelerate which is indicated by the increasing concentration of CO₂, while above 600°C zinc sulfide starts to oxidize resulting in the evolution of SO₂. All species identified by FTIR gas cell were also confirmed by mass spectrometry, except for HNCS. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Physico-chemical Studies on Thermal Decomposition of Alkali Tris(maleato)ferrates(III)

The thermal decomposition of alkali tris(maleato)ferrates(III), M₃ [Fe(C₂ H₂ C₂ O₄ )₃ ] (M =Li, Na, K) has been studied isothermally and non-isothermally employing simultaneous TG-DTG-DTA, XRD, Mössbauer and IR spectroscopic techniques. The anhydrous complexes decompose in the temperature range 215–300°C to yield Fe(II)maleate as an intermediate followed by demixing of the cations forming α-Fe₂ O₃ and alkali metal maleate/oxalate in successive stages. In the final stage of remixing of the cations (430–550°C) a solid state reaction occurs between α-Fe₂ O₃ and alkali metal carbonate leading to the formation of fine particles of respective ferrites. The thermal stabilities of the complexes have been compared with that of alkali tris(oxalato)ferrates(III).     

钛,锆和铪羰基化合物M(CO)_n(M=Ti,Zr,Hf;n=4～7)的理论研究

利用密度泛函方法对标题化合物的平衡几何、热化学及振动频率进行了理论预测,发现这3种金属原子都有相似的M(CO)n(n=4～7)结构.全局最低构型对M(CO)7都是单态C3v戴帽八面体7S-1,对M(CO)6都是三重态D3d畸变八面体6T(而对应的单重态M(CO)5仅比它低不到21 kJ·mol-1).对M(CO)n(n=5,4)都是三重态6S-1,其构型分别为从6T中移去1个或2个CO基的衍生物5T和4T.此外,五重态的D3h的三角双锥M(CO)5和单态的Td四面体M(CO)4以及能量更高的含有C和O同时与金属成键的独特配位CO基的M(CO)6和M(CO)3也被发现.最后,给出M(CO)7→M(CO)6+CO反应的离解能.并讨论了金属18价电子的Ti(CO)7存在的可能性.     

Kinetic Analyis of TG Data XXXV. Spectroscopic and thermal studies of some cobalt(III) chelates with ethylenediamine

A number of 30 [Co(en)₃ ]Y₃ , [Co(en)₂ X₂ ]Y and [Co(en)₂ X(amine)]Y₂ type complexes (X =Cl, Br; Y =Cl, Br, I, NCO, NCS, NO₃ , ClO₄ , etc.; amine =aromatic and alkylamines) were obtained from trans-[Co(en)₂ Cl₂ ]Cl by double decomposition and by substitution reactions, respectively. The structure of the complexes was proved by means of far and middle FTIR spectra. The thermal decomposition was studied by TG, DTA and DSC measurements. Mass spectra were also recorded. In the case of [Co(en)₃ ]Y₃ complexes the nitrate, perchlorate and dimesoperiodates decompose suddenly, frequently explosion like. The halides and thiocyanates seem to substitute an ethylenediamine ligand, yielding a rather unstable intermediate. The pyrolysis of [Co(en)₂ X₂ ]Y type derivatives yields no relatively stable intermediates, but the decomposition temperatures may be correlated with the nature of Y and with the cis or trans configuration of the compound. With the [Co(en)₂ X(amine)]Y₂ type complexes one observes the formation of [Co(en)₂ XY]Y as intermediate product. From the TG curves kinetic parameters were derived for some dehydration and deamination processes, by using the nomogram method. The validity of a non-linear kinetic compensation law was observed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Thermal decomposition study of cobalt(II)-mixed ligand complexes with aliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acids and imidazole

The thermal decomposition study of Co(II)–malate, tartarate and phthalate complexes with imidazole was monitored by TG, DTG and DTA analysis in static atmosphere of air. The complexes and their calcination products were characterized by IR spectroscopy. The decomposition course and steps were analyzed and the kinetic parameters of the non-isothermal decomposition were calculated. The results revealed that the decomposition processes of these complexes are the best described by a random nucleation mechanism. The stability order found for these complexes follows the trend tartarate>phthalate>malate in terms of the dicarboxylic acid ligands.     

Dehydration studies of Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) methanesulfonates

The dehydration process of Co(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) methanesulfonates was studied by thermogravimetry/derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques in dynamic N₂ atmosphere. The TG/DTG curves show that all of them contain four crystallization water molecules, which are lost in two steps. The peak temperature and dehydration enthalpies ΔH were measured from DSC curves for each compound. The effect of procedural variables on the TG and DSC curves was investigated. In this work, the procedural variables included heating rate, Al pan state (unsealed and sealed) and sample mass.     

Complex Salts of Lanthanide(III) Nitrates from Di­pyridylamine: Preparation,Structural, and Thermoanalytical ­Investigation

The reaction of a lanthanide(III) nitrate (Ln = Pr, Nd) with the base 2, 2′‐dipyridylamine (dpamH) afforded two very stable microcrystalline compounds. These compounds were characterized as complex salts with the general formula [Ln(NO₃)₆] · 3[dpamH‐H⁺] · H₂O, where the dpamH ligand is not coordinated, but exists in its protonated form serving as counterion (dipyridylammonium cation), as it was revealed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. Each one of the nitrate ions is coordinated, however, in a bidentate manner with the lanthanide(III) ion, which obtains coordination number twelve. All organic dpamH‐H⁺ cations are arranged in two columns parallel to the a axis of the cell forming pairs of almost parallel cationic molecules at a distance of about 3.5 Å. Inside each pair the molecules interact by strong π–π interactions. The water molecules, arranged between the inorganic anions [Ln(NO₃)₆]^3–, bridge them by strong hydrogen bonds, involving the water proton and one nitrate oxygen. The lattice can be described as made from successive organic and inorganic alternating parallel columns interacting between them with strong hydrogen bonds. The thermal stability and decomposition mode of the two lanthanide compounds were studied by the simultaneous TG/DTG‐DTA technique and compared with the starting hexahydrate lanthanide(III) salts and the dipyridylamine.     

Pectin based cerium (IV) and thorium (IV) phosphates as novel hybrid fibrous ion exchangers synthesis,characterization and thermal behaviour

Summary Pectin based cerium (IV) and thorium (IV) phosphates have been synthesized as new phases of hybrid fibrous ion exchangers. Both materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, infrared (IR) spectra, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), differntial thermogravimetry (DTG), differntial thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as the determination of their ion exchange capacity, elution and pH titration. The X-ray study reveals the amorphous nature of the materials, while SEM studies confirm the fibrous nature of the materials. The thermal studies of these materials indicate that both of them are highly stable on heating as they retain about 97% of their ion-exchange capacity (i.e.c.) on heating up to 100°C and about 81% on heating up to 200°C.