Rearrangement in the Brueckner-Hartree-Fock approach

The rearrangement effects in ¹⁶O due to the knock-out of a proton are studied in the framework of Brueckner-Hartree-Fock theory. In the calculations both the Pauli operator and the starting energies are treated self-consistently. The partition of the total rearrangement into orbital rearrangement and into Brueckner rearrangement originating from the changes of the starting energies and the Pauli operator is investigated, and their coupling is studied. The total rearrangement energy turns out to be of the order of 15 MeV and 10 MeV for the 0s and 0p states respectively, and seems to be governed mainly by the Brueckner rearrangement coming from the starting energy.     

The neutron drip line in the region of <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>=20 and <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>=28 closures

Experimental studies of neutron drip line nuclei are introduced. The neutron drip line in the oxygen-magnesium region has been explored by the projectile fragmentation of a ⁴⁸Ca beam. New neutron-rich isotopes, ³⁴Ne and ³⁷Na, have been observed together with some evidence for the particle instability of ³³Ne and ³⁶Na. Recent data on mass measurements of neutron-rich nuclei at GANIL and some characteristics of binding energies in this region are discussed. Nuclear binding energies are very sensitive to the existence of nuclear shells, and together with the measurements of instability of doubly magic nuclide ²⁸O, they provide information on changes in neutron shell closures of very neutron-rich isotopes from carbon up to calcium. The conclusion about a rearrangement in neutron shell closures is given. The spectroscopic measurements can reveal details of the underlying microscopic structures; in-beam γ-ray spectroscopy is an effective tool to check for shell closures. The results on the γ-ray energies of the first 2⁺ level in even-even nuclei for the range N=12–32 are discussed. The strength of N=20 and N=28 shells is variable in the region from carbon up to magnesium.     

Incipient octupole and 26-pole deformation in the mass region 220 < A < 230

The increase in calculated binding energies of nuclides in the mass region 220<A<230 due to varying the 2⁶-pole deformation parameter is found to be ∽1.0 MeV. The implications of this finding for octupole deformation are discussed.     

Experimental Beta-decay energies of very neutron-rich fission products with 107≦A≦109

Theβ-decay of neutron-rich fission products with mass numbersA=107, 108 and 109 has been investigated at the mass separator LOHENGRIN of the Institute Laue-Lange-vin (ILL) in Grenoble by measuringβγ-coincidences with a large plastic scintillator telescope and a Ge(I)-detector. Theβ-decay energies of 8 nuclei were obtained from the evaluation of more than 40β-endpoint energies. For the nuclei¹⁰⁷ Mo,¹⁰⁷Tc,¹⁰⁸Tc,¹⁰⁹Tc and¹⁰⁹Ru, theβ-decay energies were determined for the first time; the experimental error in the decay energy of three daughter nuclei was considerably reduced. In addition, the two-neutron separation energies and the nuclear mass excesses were calculated from these experimentalQ _β-values and compared with different mass predictions.     

Quasi-fission — The mass-drift mode in heavy-ion reactions

The binary and ternary products from reactions of ²³⁸U beams with targets of ¹⁶O, ²⁷Al, ⁴⁸Ca, ⁴⁵Sc, ⁴⁸Ti, ⁵⁸Fe, ⁶⁴Ni and ⁸⁹Y have been recorded at 6.0 MeV/u bombarding energy with four position-sensitive avalanche detectors, operated in coincidence. A few runs at 5.4 MeV/u have also been performed. Accurate triple-differential cross sections, $\text{d}{}^3\text{σ}\text{d}\text{A}\text{d}\text{θ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>c.m.</mtext>}}\text{dTKE}$, are obtained for the binary events within the full range of mass A and total kinetic energy TKE, and within almost the full range of center-of-mass angle θ_c.m.. Similar cross sections are obtained with somewhat less accuracy for triple events stemming from the sequential fission of uranium-like products. The distributions are discussed in terms of quasielastic and strongly damped scattering, where the products have partially relaxed energies and negligible average drift in mass, as opposed to capture where the products emerge with fully relaxed energies after a more or less pronounced mass drift towards symmetry. Apart from the reaction with ¹⁶O, all the capture product distributions are dominated by the non-equilibrium quasi-fission (or fast fission) process. The central feature of this reaction mechanism is the evolution of the reaction complex towards mass symmetry. With the ²⁷Al target the evolution towards symmetry is almost complete, whereas the heavier targets show very broad mass distributions with clear evidence of dissociation taking place before symmetry is reached. At the same time, the cross section for quasi-fission diminishes as the target Z-value increases. With the ⁸⁹Y target the strongly damped scattering component dominates completely. The capture cross sections are discussed in terms of the extra-push concept, and the mass and angular distributions in quasi-fission are analyzed in terms of interaction time and mass rearrangement as functions of target Z-value and excess kinetic energy in the entrance channel.     

Something,but not much follows from the quark line rule in nucleon-antinucleon annihilations

Validity and consequences of the quark line rule (QLR) in nucleon (N)— antinucleon (¯N) annihilations into two or three mesons at LEAR energies are investigated. Recent data on proton-antiproton annihilation into anη orη′ together with additional non-strange pseudoscalar or vector meson (s) is used to successfully test the rule. We find that for present data any pseudoscalar meson mixing angle Φ_PS restricted to ?26⁰<Φ_PS0 is approximately consistent with the QLR. Since the assumptions leading to this test are valid in any present-day quark model of nucleon-antinucleon annihilation, improvement of the data will be of utmost importance. If proven valid, the QLR can be used to test if quark-antiquark annihilation dominates over quark exchange inN¯N → mesons at LEAR energies or vice versa. Previously proposed tests of the quark line diagrams (annihilation or rearrangement) describing the quark flavor flux under either of these assumptions are worked out. We investigate without a definite conclusion if dominance of annihilation over rearrangement is consistent with present data onp¯p → π⁰ π⁰,ηη, π⁰ρ⁰, π⁰ω, ηρ⁰,ηω, ρ⁰ρ⁰,ωω. As a main consequence, dominance of annihilation predicts without any ambiguity equality of the proton-antiproton annihilation cross sections σ(ωω) and σ(ρ⁰ρ⁰). Further consequences of dominance of either annihilation or rearrangement diagrams for proton-antiproton annihilation into two or three mesons are also worked out. We compare the predictions of the models we discuss to the sparse present data. It is emphasized that our predictions only exploit the quark flavor flux within the quark line diagrams that are assumed to dominate. They thus are independent of gluon contributions to these diagrams.     

Experimental beta-decay energies of several neutron-rich nuclides with mass number 131≦A≦146

With sources obtained from the on-line mass separator LOHENGRIN the beta-decay energies of¹³¹Sn,¹³⁴Sb,^135,136Te,^143,146Ba and¹⁴⁶La have been determined from measuredβ-endpoint energies. The experimental values are compared with the predictions of several mass formulae.     

Neutral hydrogen-like system in a magnetic field

Explicit formulae are derived relating the energies and the ionisation potentials of an arbitrary neutral two-particle system in a magnetic field B to the energies and the ionisation potentials of a hydrogen atom of infinite nuclear mass in a magnetic field (m_e/μ)²B.     

Searching for the Higgs at SLC and lep

We compute the cross section for the process e⁺e⁻ →Hff as a function of Higgs boson mass and of center-of-mass energies of M_z and beyond. We conclude that searches for a Higgs of mass less than 50 GeV are far more effective when carried out near the Z boson resonance that at any higher energy. However, a new window of Higgs boson masses extending from 50–107 GeV can be explored if and when e⁺e⁻ collisions can be studied with high luminosity at collision energies of 200 GeV. Collider energies at intermediate energies can play no useful role in the search for the Higgs.     

Excitation energy dependence of fragment characteristics for the photofission of 232Th

Independent and cumulative product yields were measured for the photofission of ²³²Th with bremsstrahlung with endpoint energies 6.5, 7.0, 8.0, 11.0, 12.0, and 14.0 MeV, applying γ spectrometric techniques on catcherfoils and pneumatically transported ²³²Th-samples. The independent heavy fragment yields for the fission of the ²³²Th compound nucleus at excitation energies in the vicinity of the fission barrier were deduced. Postneutron mass, isobaric charge, isotopic mass distributions, isotonic and elemental yield distributions and proton odd-even effects were obtained from these independent yields. In the mass distributions a maximum yield is observed for mass splits with heavy fragments in the region of A = 142, corresponding with a high production of Ba(Z = 56) - isotopes. A slightly increased yield is also observed for mass splits with heavy mass in the vicinity of A = 134. The latter effect increases with increasing compound nucleus excitation energy. The similarity between the mass distributions of the N = 142 fissioning systems ²³²Th, ²³⁴U and ²³⁶Pu is striking. For low excitation energy the proton odd-even effect in the element distributions amounts to 30%, while on the other hand no sizeable neutron odd-even effect could be deduced from the isotonic distributions. The proton odd-even effects remain constant up to compound nucleus excitation energies of about 7.85 MeV. For higher compound nucleus excitation energies the proton odd-even effect drops rapidly. A possible explanation of these observations in terms of pair breaking at the outer barrier is proposed.     

Intermediate mechanisms in fission-like fragmentation in the 32S + 59Co and 32S + 63Cu reactions

The fission-like fragmentation of the ³²S + ⁵⁹Co and ³²S + ⁶³Cu composite systems has been studied at incident energies E/A ≈ (4–5) MeV/nucleon. Mass, energy and angular distributions of the fission-like fragments were obtained from time-of-flight measurements. The mean total kinetic energies of the fragments are found to be fully relaxed, whereas a strong angular dependence is observed in the mass distributions. The data are interpreted in terms of a dynamical model based on the transport theory.     

SUSY-QCD corrections to scalar quark pair production in e+e− annihilation

We calculate the supersymmetric O(α_s) QCD corrections to the cross section e⁺e⁻ → q̃_iq̃_j (i, j = 1,2) within the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. We pay particular attention to the case of the left-right squark mixing and to the renormalization of the mixing angle. The corrections due to gluino exchange turn out to be smaller than those due to gluon exchange, but they can be significant at higher energies, even for a gluino mass of a few hundred GeV.     

Shape transition in the neutron rich sodium isotopes

Mass spectrometer measurements of the neutron rich sodium isotopes show a sudden increase at ³¹Na in the values of the two-neutron separation energies. The spherical shell model naturally predicts a sudden decrease at ³²Na after the N = 20 shell closure. We propose that the explanation for this disagreement lies in the fact that sodium isotopes in this mass region are strongly deformed due to the filling of negative parity orbitais from the 1f_{$\text{7}\text{2}$} shell. Hartree-Fock calculations are presented in support of this conjecture.     

Band head spin assignment of superdeformed bands in 86Zr

Two parameter expressions for rotational spectra viz. variable moment of inertia (VMI), ab formula and three parameter Harris ω² expansion are used to assign the band head spins (I₀) of four rotational superdeformed bands in ⁸⁶Zr. The least-squares fitting method is employed to obtain the band head spins of these four bands in the A~80 mass region. Model parameters are extracted by fitting of intraband γ-ray energies, so as to obtain a minimum root-mean-square (rms) deviation between the calculated and the observed transition energies. The calculated transition energies are found to depend sensitively on the assigned spins. Whenever an accurate band head spin is assigned, the calculated transition energies are in agreement with the experimental transition energies. The dynamic moment of inertia is also extracted and its variation with rotational frequency is investigated. Since a better agreement of band head spin with experimental results is found using the VMI model, it is a more powerful tool than the ab formula and Harris ω² expansion.     

Rigorous estimates of the e-(μ-p) scattering amplitude below the μ- excitation threshold

Starting from an operator formulation of Kohn's variational principle, we derive an estimate of the non-relativistic e^-(μ^-p) scattering amplitude for scattering energies below the μ^- excitation threshold. Our investigations proceed via an appropriate several-step Born expansion of this scattering amplitude. In order to construct majorants of these Born expansions, we perform estimates of certain operator norms by means of rearrangement inequalities and an extension of Hilbert's inequality.     

Strong change in the mass distribution of fission-like processes around ACN = 100

The completely relaxed reaction products resulting from bombardment of ⁵⁹Co, ⁶⁵Cu, ⁷⁴Ge, ⁷⁹Br, ⁸⁵Rb and ⁸⁹Y with ³²S have been studied. At incident energies from 153 MeV to 184 MeV, compound of composite nuclei with masses, A_CN, between 91 and 121 are formed with excitation energies of 80–100 MeV. Their spins might be as high as 60–70 $\text{h}\text{?}$ which allows for fission decay. The mass distribution from the reaction ³²S on ⁸⁹Y exhibits a sharp peak corresponding to symmetric fragmentation and consistent with a fission mechanism. The mass distribution over the above range range of decaying composite nuclei continuously broadens with decreasing mass, A_CN. Maxima around the projectile and target mass gradually become more predominant and finally dominate the mass spectrum obtained in the reaction ³²S on ⁵⁹Co. These changes in the overall character of the mass distribution are discussed in terms of various mechanisms.     

Binary aspects and particle multiplicities of the fragments from natAg+340 MeV 40Ar deep inelastic collisions

Deep inelastic fragments from the reaction ^natAg+340 MeV ⁴⁰Ar have been studied in coincidence. Charged particles (10 ≦ Z ≦ 32) were detected and identified in Z by means of a ΔE?E telescope, while the complementary fragments were detected in a one-dimensional, solid-state position-sensitive detector. Both in-plane and out-of-plane correlations were measured. The results confirm the binary nature of the deep inelastic process for this reaction. From the measured energies and angles of the fragments and the atomic number of one of the fragments, it was possible to determine the total mass loss due to the de-excitation of the fragments as well as the total evaporated charge at symmetry. An iterative procedure is discussed which enables one to determine the masses and kinetic energies of the fragments before evaporation, as well as the total number of particles evaporated by each fragment. The widths of the in-plane and out-of-plane correlations agree with the results of the iterative calculations, as do evaporation calculations which are based on the charge equilibrium model. The experimental results support the charge equilibrium model and indicate that thermal equilibrium is achieved between the fragments at fixed mass asymmetry.     

High-mass diffraction and Regge behavior of total cross sections

We consider a modified two-component model of particle production in which diffractive excitation into high mass states gives a contribution to K^±p, π^±p and pp total cross sections of sufficient magnitude and with the proper associated threshold to be a possible explanation of deviations of σ_tot from Regge pole model fits at Serpukhov energies. We present tests of the model. for K⁺p scattering by extrapolating σ_tot to National Accelerator Laboratory energies and by calculating the high mass diffraction contribution to the forward peak in inclusive reactions. The consistency of this scheme is discussed in relation to the pomeron intercept and the form of the triple-pomeron coupling.     

Radiative transition of two indirect excitons to direct exciton in thallous halides

Weak emission lines are observed at the energies far lower than the energies of edge emissions in TlCl and TlBr. They are explained as due to the radiative decay of two indirect X⁺₆ × R^?₆ excitons, both at the same M-point, by leaving one direct X⁺₆ × X^?₆ excitons through zero-phonon process.     

Coupled-channels analysis of energy-dependent isospin violation in the 12C(d, α)10B(1.74 MeV,T = 1) reaction

We have studied the isospin non-conserving ¹²C(d, α)¹⁰B(1.74 MeV, 0⁺, T= 1) reaction at several incident energies of 9 ≦ E_d ≦ 16 MeV in terms of a coupled-channels method. The reaction processes involved in the present analysis are the successive single-nucleon pick-up processes as well as the inelastic scattering of deuterons from ¹²C. It is assumed that the isospin violation should occur in the intermediate mirror cluster states of ³He + ¹¹B and t + ¹¹C, due to the Coulomb interaction. The calculation reproduces fairly well the observed features of the reaction, i.e. the decreasing cross section with increasing incident energy, and the variation of the angular distribution. We also note that the calculation shows the energy-dependent localization of isospin violation in the angular momentum space, i.e. a specifically narrow localization at the lower incident energies studied and its broadening at the higher energies. This fact is associated with the variation of the angular distribution from a forward-backward symmetry at the lower incident energies to a forward peak at the higher energies.