Simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide and carbon disulfide over Al2O3-K/CAC catalyst at low temperature

In this work, a series of coal-based active carbon(CAC) catalysts loaded by Al2O3were prepared by sol-gel method and used for the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide(COS) and carbon disulfide(CS2) at relatively low temperatures of 30-70 ℃. The influences of calcinations temperatures and operation conditions such as: reaction temperature, O2concentration, gas hourly space velocity(GHSV) and relative humidity(RH) were also discussed respectively. The results showed that catalysts with 5.0 wt% Al2O3calcined at 300 ℃ had superior activity for the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis of COS and CS2. When the reaction temperature was above 50 ℃, catalytic hydrolysis activity of COS could be enhanced but that of CS2was inhibited. Too high RH could make the catalytic hydrolysis activities of COS and CS2decrease. A small amount of O2introduction could enhance the simultaneous catalytic hydrolysis activities of COS and CS2.     

NiO/Al_2O_3催化剂上二氧化碳气氛下异丁烷耦合脱氢制异丁烯

研究了二氧化碳气氛下NiO/Al2O3催化剂上异丁烷脱氢制异丁烯的反应性能,考察了助剂K2O对NiO/Al2O3催化性能的影响。结果表明,与在惰性气氛下的反应相比,在二氧化碳气氛下异丁烷脱氢与逆水煤气变换反应耦合,促进了异丁烷脱氢反应,异丁烯的收率得到提高。助剂K2O的加入,能降低催化剂的酸性,减缓反应过程中催化活性物种NiO的过度还原,并抑制异丁烷裂解及积炭生成等副反应,从而提高了异丁烯的收率以及催化剂的稳定性。     

二甲基二硫醚对Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂加氢性能的影响

考察了二甲基二硫醚(CH3SSCH3)对Ni/Al2O3催化剂上苯、环己烯和苯乙烯加氢活性的影响,并采用BET、XRD、H2-TPR、XPS、SEM和EA等手段对催化剂进行表征。实验结果表明,在CH3SSCH3存在下,Ni/Al2O3催化剂对苯和环己烯加氢迅速失活,且环己烯加氢对CH3SSCH3的耐硫性要略强于苯加氢,而苯乙烯中共轭烯烃的加氢转化率则维持100%长时间不变。CH3SSCH3的影响顺序为芳环单烯烃共轭烯烃。此外,通过设计实验研究了CH3SSCH3对催化剂的毒化机理,发现CH3SSCH3分子首先吸附在催化剂的表面,并发生氢解生成甲烷随尾气逸出,故CH3SSCH3分子中碳对催化剂的失活影响较小,而留下的硫原子则与镍活性组分发生相互作用,毒化催化剂。     

Pt/Al2O3和Pt-Cu/Al2O3催化CCl4氢化脱氯反应

制备了Al2O3负载Pt单金属催化剂和负载Pt-Cu双金属催化剂,比较了二者不同还原温度对其催化CCl4氢化脱氯反应性能的影响。 单金属Pt催化剂上主要生成CHCl3,而双金属Pt-Cu催化剂上产物随催化剂制备时的还原温度不同而异,当催化剂经400 ℃用H2还原后产物主要为CHCl3,而当催化剂经800 ℃用H2还原后产物主要为CCl2CCl2。 由于CCl4氢化反应是强放热反应,催化剂表面局部过热使得在反应中生成的C2等产物聚合结焦,覆盖了催化剂的活性中心,导致催化剂失活。 因此,通过加入甲醇作为稀释剂以带走部分反应热可提高催化剂的稳定性。 同时也降低了CHCl3的选择性,提高了CCl2CCl2的选择性。     

Ni/Al2O3催化甲烷裂解

分别通过浸渍法和共沉淀法制备了不同Ni负载量的Ni/Al2O3催化剂。考察了Ni负载量、制备方法以及反应温度对Ni/Al2O3催化甲烷裂解性能的影响。结果表明,在550℃,浸渍法制备的Ni/Al2O3催化剂,当Ni负载量为20%(质量分数)、Ni金属平均粒径为11.25 nm时,具有最佳的甲烷催化裂解效果,其每摩尔Ni的氢气产量和每克Ni碳产量分别为164 mol和15.30 g。催化剂制备方法对Ni/Al2O3甲烷催化裂解反应有显著影响,相同Ni负载量共沉淀法制备的Ni/Al2O3甲烷催化裂解总体效果要好于浸渍法制备的Ni/Al2O3,而且反应过程中生成的碳纤维较长,管径也较均一。550℃时,共沉淀法制备的Ni负载量为41.2%(质量分数)的Ni/Al2O3催化剂在反应至350 min时,仍保持着30%以上的转化率。     

Catalytic oxidation of CS2 over atmospheric particles and oxide catalysts

The catalytic oxidization of CS₂ over atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts was explored through FT-IR, MS and a fixed-bed stainless steel reactor. The results show that atmospheric particles and some oxide catalysts exhibited considerable oxidizing activities for CS₂ at ambient temperature. The reaction products are mainly COS and elemental sulfur, even CO₂ on some catalysts. Among the catalysts, CaO has the strongest catalytic activity for oxidizing CS₂. Fe₂O₃ is weaker than CaO. The catalytic activity for Al₂O₃ reduces considerably compared with the former two catalysts, and SiO₂ the weakest. Atmospheric particle samples’ catalytic activity is between Fe₂O₃’s and Al₂O₃’s. The atmospheric particle sample collected mainly consists of Ca(Al₂Si₂O₈) · 4H₂O, which is also the main component of cement. COS, the main product, is formed by the catalytic oxidization of CS₂ with adsorbed “molecular” oxygen over the catalysts’ surfaces. The concentration of adsorbed oxygen over catalysts’ surfaces may be the key factor contributed to the oxidizing activity. It is indicated that CS₂ could be catalytically oxidized over atmospheric particles, which induced that this reaction may be another important source of atmospheric COS from CS₂.     

A parametric study of methane decomposition into carbon nanotubes over 8Co-2Mo/Al2O3 catalyst

The effects of reaction temperature, partial pressure of methane, catalyst weight and gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) on methane decomposition were reported. The decomposition reaction was performed in a vertical fixed-bed reactor over 8Co-2Mo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst. The experimental results show that these four process parameters studied had vital effects on carbon yield. As revealed by the electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy analyses, the reaction temperature and GHSV governed the average diameter, the diameter distribution and the degree of graphitization of the synthesized carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Also, an evidence is presented to show that higher temperatures and higher GHSV favored the formation of better-graphitized CNTs with larger diameters.     

活性炭（焦）低温吸附催化脱除H2S的基础研究

以活性炭、活性焦作为脱硫剂,并应用BET、XPS等测试手段对其进行分析表征。结果表明,活性炭（焦）的脱硫能力与其表面酸碱性有着密切的关系,增加表面上起碱性作用的π-π^﹡键,羰基官能团（C-O和醚基官能团（C-O）的浓度,可增加其表面催化作用,特别是C-O官能团;反应温度对活性炭（焦）的脱硫性能有很大的影响,脱硫剂在150℃～180℃活性高,硫容大,副反应少;水蒸气对活性炭（焦）脱除H₂S有促进作用。     

Metal sulfide: An efficient promoter for the synthesis of 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles from 2-haloanilines and carbon disulfide

A convenient method has been developed for the preparation of a variety of 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles from 2-haloanilines and CS₂ mediated by metal sulfide. In this reaction, 2-haloanilines reacted with CS₂ in the presence of Na₂S?·?9H₂O to form 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles. Na₂S?·?9H₂O functioned both as an activator of CS₂ and as a base. Furthermore, NMR analysis was used to identify the different reaction mechanisms of 2-haloanilines and CS₂ mediated by Na₂S or 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU), which demonstrated that Na₂S interacted only with CS₂, while DBU reacted with both 2-iodoaniline and CS₂.     

The role of surface species on the SCR of NO by C3H6 under lean-burn conditions over platinum catalyst

The nature of the surface species on Pt/Al₂O₃ for the SCR of NO by C₃H₆ under excess oxygen has been investigated. An experiment consisting of three steps shows that there are at least three types of surface species occurring on the catalyst surface. However, a reactivity test and an investigation of surface species after adding a second metal (Fe, Sn, Co, Cr or W) to Pt/Al₂O₃ indicate that only (C_lH_mO_n)_HT species play an important role in NO reduction at a low operating temperature. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Two-stage catalytic system of Sn/Al2O3 and Pt/Al2O3for NO reduction by propene in lean conditions

The Pt/Al₂O₃, Sn/Al₂O₃catalysts were prepared by the single sol-gel method. The two-stage Sn/Al₂O₃and Pt/Al₂O₃catalyst in series for NO reduction with propene were investigated. The coexistance of water vapor enhanced the activity at medium temperature of 300-400^oC, and the NO conversion was above 50% at 225 to 500^oC even in the presence of water vapor and SO₂. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Selective catalytic reduction of NO over metal oxide or noble metal-doped In2O3/Al2O3 catalysts by propene in the presence of oxygen

The activities of metal oxide CuO, SnO₂, CoO, Ag₂O, ZnO or noble metal Pt, Pd, Rh-doped In₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO by propene were investigated. The temperature windows for NO reduction over noble metal-doped In₂O₃/Al₂O₃ catalysts were shifted and broaden slightly compared with single component catalyst alone. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

工业NiW/Al2O3催化剂上二苯并噻吩的加氢脱硫动力学

以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为含硫模型化合物, 在高压滴流床反应装置中,考察了工业NiW/Al2O3催化剂（RN-10）的加氢脱硫(HDS)动力学规律,研究了氢分压（1.5 MPa～4.5 MPa）、氢油体积比（150~700）、液体质量空速(15 h-1~60 h-1）、反应温度（280 ℃~380 ℃）等对DBT的HDS反应结果的影响。结果表明,当氢分压和氢油体积比较大时,两者变化对DBT的转化率基本无影响;温度对DBT的转化率影响较大,提高温度可有效提高DBT的转化率,随着温度的升高,DBT转化率的增加逐渐变缓。采用2级平推流反应动力学模型对不同温度实验数据进行了拟合,求得了不同温度的表观反应速率常数,模型的相关系数>0.989。活化能计算结果表明,RN-10催化剂在高反应温度区(>330 ℃)的DBT的HDS活化能明显低于较低温度时的活化能,分别为13.4 kJ/mol和121.4 kJ/mol。对于RN-10催化剂,不可单纯地通过提高反应温度来大幅度提高HDS转化率。     

Al2O3助剂对Co/SiC催化剂F-T反应性能的影响

分别采用沉淀法、尿素水解法制备Al₂O₃/SiC复合载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备Co/Al₂O₃-SiC催化剂。结合N₂吸附、XRD、H₂-TPR、XPS等表征手段,研究Al₂O₃助剂对钴基催化剂物相结构、还原行为以及F-T合成性能等的影响。结果表明,氧化铝加入后增强了载体与钴物种之间的相互作用,提高了钴物种的分散度,降低了钴物种的还原度。尿素水解法引入Al₂O₃后,载体与钴物种具有适中的相互作用,表现出较高的反应活性。沉淀法制备的载体负载钴物种后由于较强的金属-载体相互作用,表现出较优的稳定性。     

H2-induced CO adsorption and dissociation over Co/Al2O3 catalyst

The activation of adsorbed CO is an important step in CO hydrogenation. The results from TPSR of pre-adsorbed CO with H2 and syngas suggested that the presence of H2 increased the amount of CO adsorption and accelerated CO dissocia-tion. The H2 was adsorbed first, and activated to form H* over metal sites, then reacted with carbonaceous species. The oxygen species for CO2 formation in the presence of hydrogen was mostly OH*, which reacted with adsorbed CO subsequently via CO*+OH* → CO2*+H*; however, the direct CO dissociation was not excluded in CO hydrogenation. The dissociation of C-O bond in the presence of H2 proceeded by a concerted mechanism, which assisted the Boudourd reaction of adsorbed CO onthe surface via CO*+2H* → CH*+OH*. The formation of the surface species (CH) from adsorbed CO proceeded as indicated with the participation of surface hydrogen, was favored in the initial step of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.     

富氧条件下Cu/Al2O3催化剂上C3H6选择性还原NO的研究

以Cu/Al2O3为催化剂,对富氧条件下C3H6为还原剂选择性催化还原NO反应进行了研究.活性评价结果表明,与高活性的Ag/Al2O3催化剂相比,Cu/Al2O3催化剂选择性还原NO的活性较低,NO的最高转化率仅为40%.在所考察的温度范围(473～723K)内,红外谱图中不存在有机含氮化合物(R—ONO和R—NO2)的特征振动吸收峰.作为反应中间体—NCO的前驱体,有机含氮化合物在Cu/Al2O3催化剂表面难以生成是造成催化剂选择性还原NO活性低的直接原因.在Cu/Al2O3催化剂上,NO2吸附能够优先发生,并以NO3-物种的形式覆盖在大部分催化剂表面.动态原位红外光谱实验发现,这种NO3-表面物种与C3H6的反应性较差,使生成有机含氮化合物的关键反应难以发生,但此时的催化剂表面有利于C3H6和O2的完全氧化反应,这是导致Cu/Al2O3催化剂选择性较低的根本原因.     

Mn/Ce-ZrO2催化剂低温NH3-SCR脱硝性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了三种具有不同载体的锰基NH₃低温选择性催化还原(NH₃-SCR)催化剂Mn/Ce-ZrO₂、Mn/P₂₅和Mn/Al₂O₃。研究了三种催化剂低温SCR脱硝活性及抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能,并采用XRD、NH₃-TPD和H₂-TPR手段对催化剂的物理化学性质进行表征。结果表明,在无H₂O和SO₂存在的情况下,三种催化剂的低温SCR催化活性均比较高。相对来说,Mn/Ce-ZrO₂在低温段(100~160℃)活性更高,Mn/P₂₅在高温段(160~220℃)活性更高,这与两种催化剂的氧化还原性质有关。H₂-TPR表征表明,Mn/Ce-ZrO₂更容易发生氧化还原反应,而Mn/P₂₅还原峰对应的温度较高、面积较大。三种催化剂均有很高的低温抗水性能。另外,Mn/Ce-ZrO₂的抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能最好,而Mn/P₂₅的抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能最差。Mn/Ce-ZrO₂具有较好的抗H₂O、抗SO₂性能是由于其具有较多的表面酸位点,且表面生成的硫铵盐不稳定。     

Methanation of syngas over coral reef-like Ni/Al_2O_3 catalysts

Coral reef-like Ni/Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation of nickel acetate and aluminium nitrate with sodium carbonate aqueous solution in the medium of ethylene glycolye.Methanation of syngas was carried out over coral reef-like Ni/Al2O3 catalysts in a continuous flow type fixed-bed reactor.The structure and properties of the fresh and used catalysts were studied by SEM,N2 adsorption-desorption,XRD,H2-TPR,O2-TPO,TG and ICP-AES techniques.The results showed that the coral reef-like Ni/Al2O3 catalysts exhibited better activity than the conventional Ni/Al2O3-H2O catalysts.The activities of coral reef-like catalysts were in the order of Ni/Al2O3-673>Ni/Al2O3-573>Ni/Al2O3- 473>Ni/Al2O3-773.Ni/Al2O3-673-EG catalyst showed not only good activity and improved stability but also superior resistance to carbon deposition,sintering,and Ni loss.Under the reaction conditions of CO/H2(molar ratio)=1:3,593 K,atmospheric pressure and a GHSV of 2500 h-1,CH4 selectivity was 84.7%,and the CO conversion reached 98.2%.     

Properties of internal heat supply with carbon dioxide reforming of methane over a Ni/Al2O3 catalyst.

An addition of 6%-oxygen into a reactant of CH₄/CO₂(1/1) gave lower operating temperature of carbon dioxide reforming of methane by 130 K in obtaining 0.029 MPa of H₂, accompanied by a more endothermic atmosphere in the catalyst bed than in the absence of oxygen. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.