氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定大蒜中砷和硒

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法测定大蒜中砷和硒。样品经硝酸和高氯酸消解,在盐酸(5+95)溶液中,加入溶于50g·L~(-1)氢氧化钠溶液的20g·L~(-1)硼氢化钾溶液,使其与溶液中砷及硒离子反应生成氢化物。分析中采用载气流量依次为800mL·min~(-1),600mL·min~(-1),屏蔽气的流量均为1000mL·min~(-1)。试样溶液中加入硫脲-抗坏血酸混合溶液作为还原剂。于仪器中引入试样溶液0.5mL,按选定的工作条件操作。砷及硒的质量浓度分别在0.04～0.40,1.00～10.0μg·L~(-1)范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3s/k)砷为0.017μg·L~(-1),硒为0.314μg·L~(-1)。分别加入两元素的标准溶液作回收试验,测得砷和硒的回收率分别在95.3%～104.4%和94.7%～105.2%之间。     

尼龙膜富集-可见漫反射光谱法测定人参中乙酰甲胺磷

取人参粉末样品约1g,用7mL丙酮超声提取10min,提取液过滤后蒸缩至1.0mL,加入4mL水,1mL硫酸,40g·L~(-1)过硫酸钾溶液5mL,小火煮沸近30min,并保持溶液体积在25～30mL之间。冷却后,用100g·L~(-1)氢氧化钠溶液调节pH至5～8,将溶液移入50mL容量瓶中,加入26g·L~(-1)钼酸铵溶液2.0mL,100g·L~(-1)抗坏血酸溶液1.0mL,加水至刻度,静置10min。取此溶液5.0mL,在0.07MPa真空度下使溶液抽滤流经尼龙膜,使所生成的钼蓝吸附在尼龙膜上。抽滤结束时,取出滤膜,风干后,用可见漫反射光谱仪采集滤膜上钼蓝的可见漫反射光谱。试验测得乙酰甲胺磷(AMP)的质量浓度在0.5～5.0mg·L~(-1)内与其对应的膜漫反射吸光度呈线性关系,其检出限(3s)为0.18mg·L~(-1)。按所提出方法以空白人参样品为基体加入AMP标准溶液进行回收试验,测得回收率为94.0%～104%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)为1.4%～5.7%。     

固相萃取膜富集-超声解吸-气相色谱法测定地下水中有机磷农药的含量

应用以苯乙烯/二乙烯苯聚合物为吸附剂的固相萃取膜对地下水中6种有机磷农药(OPPs)进行富集。经解吸后所得解吸液直接用气相色谱法进行测定。取水样500mL,加入甲醇2.5mL,逐滴加入20%(体积分数)的盐酸溶液或200g·L~(-1)的氢氧化钠溶液调节水样的酸度至pH 6.0,将此溶液以100 mL·min~(-1)的流量流经SDB-XC固相萃取膜,取下膜片,折叠后置于10mL棕色小瓶中,加入丙酮2.0mL,硫酸钠约0.2g,盖紧瓶塞后于30℃条件下将膜片上吸附的6种OPPs超声解吸(7 min),使其溶于丙酮中。避光静置约5 min后,直接分取丙酮溶液0.50mL,用气相色谱法测定其中OPPs的含量,采用火焰光度检测器。结果表明:6种OPPs的质量浓度在一定范围内与其对应的峰面积之间呈线性关系,其检出限(3S/N)均小于0.01μg·L~(-1)。以空白水样为基质,加入0.10μg·L~(-1)的OPPs的混合标准溶液,按上述方法进行7次平行测定,测定值的相对标准偏差在4.3%～7.6%之间。以3个实际样品为基体,分别加入3个浓度水平(0.050,0.10,0.70μg·L~(-1))的6种OPPs混合标准溶液进行回收试验,测得6种OPPs的回收率均在76.0%以上。     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中呋喃丹

取200mL水样,流经C_(18)固相萃取(SPE)小柱富集呋喃丹。用5.0mL四氢呋喃从SPE柱上洗脱呋喃丹,收集洗脱液,在35℃吹氩蒸干。用1.0mL甲醇溶解残渣,所得溶液供高效液相色谱分析。用Eclipse XDB C_(18)色谱柱及由甲醇-水(1+1)混合溶液作流动相进行分离,并以285nm作激发波长,320nm作发射波长对呋喃丹作荧光检测。测得呋喃丹的质量浓度在5.0×10~(-4)～5.0mg·L~(-1)范围内与相应的峰面积值呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.02μg·L~(-1)。以水样为基体加入3个浓度水平(1.0,50.0,200.0μg·L~(-1))标准溶液对方法作回收及精密度试验,测得回收率在94.0%～99.6%之间,相对标准偏差(n=7)在1.2%～4.2%之间。     

微波消解样品-原子荧光光谱法测定酸菜中砷

称取一定量已切碎、捣碎并混匀的酸菜样品用硝酸及过氧化氢先在90℃水浴中消解约20min,然后将溶液冷却,移入微波消解仪中消解。消解完毕后将溶液冷至室温,移入25mL容量瓶中,加入50g·L~(-1)硫脲-50g·L~(-1)抗坏血酸混合溶液5 mL,加水定容。在所选定的仪器条件下用14g·L~(-1)硼氢化钾溶液作还原剂生成砷的氢化物进行测定。砷的质量浓度在10.00μg·L~(-1)以内与相应的荧光强度值呈线性关系。方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.064μg·L~(-1),测得方法的回收率在89.0%～102.5%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.7%。     

液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中的泛酸

提出用直接提取法将含有游离态泛酸的食品(如奶粉、米粉等)中将其分离。称取样品5g,加入淀粉酶0.2g和50mL水摇匀后,在(55±5)℃的水浴中振摇酶解30min。从此溶液中定量分取相当于0.5～5.0g的样品,加入泛酸钙[~(13)C_6、~(15)N]同位素内标溶液100μL,加水至20mL,加入300g·L~(-1)乙酸锌溶液和150g·L~(-1)亚铁氰化钾溶液各0.4mL作为沉淀剂,加水定容至25.0mL,混匀,静置10min后离心2min。取其上清液并用0.22μm滤膜过滤,取其滤液按仪器工作条件进行液相色谱-串联质谱法(LC-MS/MS)分析。用酶解法处理含有结合态泛酸的食品样品(谷、薯、肉、蛋、豆类及其制品1～5g,新鲜果蔬5～10g),于样品中加入pH 8.1±0.1Tris缓冲溶液10mL和水40mL,并在121℃和加压条件下水解15min,冷却,加水定容至100.0mL,过滤,取滤液10.0mL加入泛酸钙同位素内标溶液100μL,及三(羟甲基)氨基甲烷-盐酸(Tris-HCl)缓冲溶液5mL,将溶液置于冰浴中,相继加入0.08mol·L~(-1)碳酸钠溶液0.1mL,0.02g·mL~(-1)碱性磷酸酶溶液0.4mL,0.5g·L~(-1)鸽子肝脏提取液0.2mL和水0.4mL,混合均匀,加入甲苯1滴,在37℃反应8h以上使泛酸游离。反应完成后,加水至20mL,以下操作同直接提取法从加入沉淀剂起。在LC分离中,采用Waters BEH C_(18)色谱柱和以不同比例的(A)1%(体积分数)甲酸溶液和(B)乙腈组成的混合液作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,按质谱条件测得泛酸的峰面积。泛酸标准曲线的线性范围为10～1 500μgL~(-1),其检出限(3S/N)为3.0μg·kg~(-1)。按标准加入法进行回收试验,测得回收率为91.0%～105%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为0.46%～3.0%。应用本方法分析了奶粉及其他食品共53种样品,所测得泛酸含量的结果与国标法(微生物法)的测定结果的相对标准偏差均小于10%,并根据t检验的结果,表明本方法的测定值与国标法测定值之间无显著差异。     

原子荧光光谱法测定煤矿复垦区土壤中砷

取土壤样品0.5g,加入硝酸-盐酸-水(1+3+4)混合酸15mL,先在室温放置过夜,然后在沸水浴上加热2h,冷却,加入50g·L~(-1)硫脲-50g·L~(-1)抗坏血酸(1+1)混合溶液5mL后,用盐酸(5+95)溶液定容至50mL,用原子荧光光谱法在选定的仪器工作条件下测定试样溶液中砷量,所采用的硼氢化钾溶液的质量浓度为25g·L~(-1)方法的检出限(3s/k)为0.05μg·L~(-1),用标准加入法测得的回收率在93%～101%之间。按所提出的方法分析了土壤标准物质(GBW07403),测得其砷量与认定值一致。     

分散液液微萃取-分光光度法测定食用菌中镉的含量

取经清洗、粉碎并烘干的样品0.500 0g,用硝酸5mL及过氧化氢3mL,按程序升温模式微波消解。消解液于沸水浴中蒸发至约1mL,用水定容至50mL。取此溶液5.00mL依次加入0.2g·L~(-1) 5-Br-PADAP溶液2.0mL,氨性缓冲溶液(pH 9.0)3.0mL及100g·L~(-1) Triton X-114溶液3.0mL,加水定容至25mL,摇匀,使Cd~(2+)生成络合物,10min后加入辛醇1.0mL,涡旋混合1min,离心5min,吸出下层溶液,取出上层红色有机层,用乙醇定容至3mL,于540nm处用1cm比色皿测得其吸光度。镉的质量浓度在10.00mg·L~(-1)以内与吸光度呈线性关系,检出限(3s)为0.05mg·L~(-1)。加标回收率为93.3%~103%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)小于5.0%。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定饮用水中砷和锑

采用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法同时测定饮用水中砷和锑。在盐酸(1+9)溶液中,加入硼氢化钾溶液作还原剂,使其与溶液中砷(Ⅲ)及锑(Ⅲ)离子反应生成氢化物。分析中采用载气及屏蔽气的流量依次为400mL·min~(-1)及800mL·min~(-1)。试样溶液中加入硫脲及抗坏血酸混合溶液作为预还原剂,于仪器中引入1.0mL试样溶液,按所选定的工作条件操作。砷及锑的质量浓度均在10.0μg·L~(-1)以内与其对应的荧光强度呈线性关系,砷和锑的检出限(3S/N)依次为0.087μg·L~(-1)和0.048μg·L~(-1)。应用此法对饮用水进行分析,测得砷和锑的回收率分别在90.5%～93.3%和92.5%～95.3%之间。     

水蒸气蒸馏分离-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定食品中N-二甲基亚硝胺的含量

称取经粉碎的食品样品200.00g,置于1L蒸馏瓶中,加入水100mL,88%(体积分数,下同)甲酸溶液10mL及氯化钠50g,充分混匀,将蒸馏瓶与水蒸气蒸馏装置连接,并进行蒸馏。随水蒸气蒸馏的进行,食品中所含N-二甲基亚硝胺(NDMA)将随馏分经过冷凝管收集于接收瓶中,当馏出液液面上升至400mL时停止蒸馏。分取此馏出液30mL,加入氯化钠2g,用二氯甲烷先后萃取4次,每次用二氯甲烷20mL,振荡5min。收集并合并4次萃取液,加入3.5%甲酸溶液0.4mL,于20℃减压浓缩至近干,残渣溶于3.5%甲酸溶液1.6mL中,所得溶液经0.22μm滤膜过滤,滤液供高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析。用Waters HSS T3C18色谱柱作固定相,用不同比例的甲醇(A)和0.6%甲酸溶液(B)的混合液作流动相进行梯度洗脱。在串联质谱分析中,采用大气压化学离子源正离子模式和多反应监测模式,测得NDMA的线性范围在1.0～100.0μg·L~(-1)之间,检出限(3S/N)为0.5μg·L~(-1)。在实样的基础上,用标准加入法进行回收试验,测得回收率在85.4%～101%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)均小于11%。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。