负载型纳米非贵金属催化剂上CO的氧化行为Ⅱ.纳米铜的制备、结构及催化性能

用惰性气体蒸发法和电弧等离子体法制备了纳米铜粒子，用物理干法将其担载到载体上，并用于催化ＣＯ氧化反应．用ＴＥＭ，ＸＲＤ，ＳＥＭ对纳米粒子和催化剂进行了表征．结果表明，载体、氧化气氛及制备工艺均影响催化剂的活性，稀土元素铈的存在能提高铜的催化活性，纳米铜在催化过程中将转变为氧化物．     

气态环己烷催化氧化制丁二酸酐的研究- TiO2-Al2O3纳米复合载体对目标反应的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法,在γ-A l2O3载体上负载纳米TiO2,制得一系列纳米复合载体.用正交实验法对催化剂载体进行优化筛选,借助DTA-TG、IR、TEM等表征手段研究了催化剂载体的晶型结构转变,表面形貌及纳米复合载体粒径.结果表明:在实验条件下,复合载体的晶型结构、粒径大小、TiO2的负载量、乙醇与钛酸丁酯的物质的量之比、焙烧温度等对催化性能均有不同程度的影响.     

金属、金属氧化物纳米晶催化剂:结构与催化性能关系研究(英文)

金属与金属氧化物纳米晶作为常见催化材料(催化剂、助催化剂或载体),在过去的几十年中引起了人们极大的关注。近年来,纳米催化领域,尤其是纳米晶催化剂的可控制备技术,虽然取得了许多重要的进展,然而,真正理解纳米晶催化剂三性(活性、选择性和稳定性)与其微观结构上的内在联系一直以来都是具有挑战性的科学难题。怎样理解催化反应过程中纳米晶催化剂的活性位点?什么是影响其催化性能的关键因素?如何理解纳米催化的物理化学本质,认识其规律性,提高纳米晶催化剂活性、选择性和稳定性均是纳米催化领域有待解决的重要科学问题。我们课题组针对这些问题和挑战开展了纳米催化研究工作。本文总结了近年来课题组所取得的研究成果。     

负载型纳米非贵金属催化剂上CO的氧化行为Ⅱ.纳米铜的制备、结构及催化性能

用惰性气体蒸发法和电弧等离子体法制备了纳米铜粒子，用物理干法将其担载到载体上，并用于催化ＣＯ氧化反应。用ＴＥＭ，ＸＲＤ，ＳＥＭ对纳米粒子和催化剂进行了表征。结果表明，载体，氧化气氛及制备工艺均影响催化剂的活性，稀土元素铈的存在能提高铜的催化活性，纳米铜在催化过程中将转变为氧化物。     

负载型纳米非贵金属催化剂上CO的氧化 Ⅰ.纳米催化剂活性组分的制备、表征与筛选

用电弧等离子体法制备了纳米Ｃｕ、Ｃｒ、Ｍｎ、Ｆｅ、Ｎｉ，采用机械方法将其加到Ａｌ２Ｏ３载体上，制成负载型纳米催化剂．用ＴＥＭ、ＳＥＭ、ＸＲＤ、ＨＲＴＥＭ等手段，对纳米粒子和催化剂进行了表征．对ＣＯ催化氧化的结果表明，铜催化剂的活性最高；铜、铬催化剂的活性高于贵金属钯催化剂；锰催化剂活性与钯相当；铁、镍催化剂活性较差．ＸＲＤ实验表明，催化反应后，纳米金属将变成氧化物．     

MgCl_2晶型对丙烯聚合MgCl_2载体催化剂活性的影响

ＭｇＣｌ_２晶型对丙烯聚合ＭｇＣｌ_２载体催化剂活性的影响张明辉，肖世镜中国科学院化学研究所，北京，１００８０）关键词丙烯聚合、ＭｇＣｌ２、载体催化剂近年来，有关ＭｇＣＩ。载体催化剂的研究报道和综述文章不少，但涉及载体晶型对催化剂结构性能的影响却少见．...     

纳米TiO2混晶的形成及其对光催化性能的影响

用溶胶-凝胶法通过改变晶型调节剂2-甲基-2,4戊二醇的添加量制备了金红石相和锐钛矿相比例不同的纳米TiO2混晶.以膨胀珍珠岩为载体,制备珍珠岩负载纳米TiO2混晶催化剂,以X射线衍射(XRD)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-visiblespectrum)、BET、Raman光谱等方法对纳米TiO2混晶和负载型纳米TiO2催化剂进行表征和性能测定,研究了催化剂的混晶效应对光催化降解甲基橙催化性能的影响.结果表明:晶型调节剂的含量及制备条件对混晶中金红石和锐钛矿相TiO2的比率有较大的影响.对于负载型纳米TiO2催化剂,混晶比影响催化剂的光催化降解效率,当混晶比为6.1时光催化效率最高,这一结果对光催化剂的制备和应用都具有重要的意义.     

氧化锌纳米线外延生长PdZn纳米粒子的制备及在甲醇水蒸气重整反应中的催化性能

以采用改进的气相沉积法制备的具有规整{1010}晶面的氧化锌纳米线为载体,合成了氧化锌纳米线负载钯催化剂,考察了还原温度和负载量对催化剂表面形成Pd Zn合金过程的影响,并通过适当的后处理过程制备了氧化锌纳米线外延生长Pd Zn纳米粒子催化体系.结果表明,当金属钯负载量较低(质量分数约为2%)时,经400℃还原后的催化剂表面会形成PdxZny(xy)合金,从而影响催化剂的CO选择性;提高钯负载量或还原温度有利于将PdxZny(xy)合金转化为Pd Zn合金,降低CO选择性.负载Pd Zn合金纳米粒子与氧化锌纳米线载体之间外延生长的界面关系使其在甲醇水蒸气重整反应中显示出优异的反应稳定性.     

载体对负载型TiO2催化剂光催化性能的影响

 以活性碳（AC）和镁铝尖晶石（MA）为载体，采用真空吸附水解法制备了负载型光催化剂TiO2／AC和TiO2／MA，并采用TiO2溶胶负载法制备了活性碳负载催化剂TiO2（C）／AC．以氯仿为探针分子研究了其在催化剂上的吸附及光催化降解反应性能．结果表明，催化剂的制备方法、TiO2负载量与载体的吸附性能对光催化活性有明显的影响．通过优化制备条件，TiO2／AC催化剂的催化活性可提高到纳米TiO2的2．5倍．氯仿在AC上的饱和吸附量较高，但吸附强度较弱；在纳米TiO2上的吸附情况则正好相反．氯仿在AC和TiO2上吸附性质的差异有利于吸附在TiO2／AC上的氯仿分子从活性碳载体向TiO2光催化活性中心迁移．镁铝尖晶石载体对光催化反应没有明显的促进作用，与其基本上不吸附氯仿分子有关．与TiO2胶体负载法相比，真空吸附水解法是一种较好的负载型TiO2光催化剂制备方法．     

不同晶粒大小HZSM-5载体对甲烷无氧芳构化反应的影响

将不同晶粒大小的HZSM－5做为甲烷无氧芳构化反应催化剂的载体，系统研究了不同晶粒大小HZSM－5载体对反应的影响，研究发现，不同晶粒大小HZSM－5担载Mo催化剂具有不同的催化反应性能，同一体系下合成的不同晶粒大小的HZSM－5，其催化剂的催化活性与HZSM－5的酸量成正比，进一步证实了载体HZSM－5在该反应中起到酸催化作用，对于酸量相近的HZSM－5，其粒度越小，催化性能越好，纳米级HZSM－5担载Mo催化剂，其反应性能优于微米级HZSM－5担载Mo催化剂，以纳米HZSM－5为载体的6％Mo/HZSM-5催化剂具有最佳的反应性能：反应60min时，甲烷转化率为15．45％，苯收率为6．01％。     

Tungsten Promoted Ni／Al2O3 Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane to Synthesis Gas

A series of tungsten promoted alumina supported nickel catalysts has been prepared for the carbon diox-ide reforming of methane to synthesis gas. The catalysts have been characterized by means of XRD, TEM,and Laser Raman spectroscopy. It is shown that the addition of tungsten to the nickel catalyst can stabilize the catalyst and increase the resistance to carbon deposition. Adding a suitable amount of tungsten can also increase the catalyst activity to be close to that of supported noble metal catalysts. The carburisation of the tungsten modified nickel catalyst decreases the catalyst activity at lower reaction temperatures (＜1123K),but has no effect on the catalyst performance at higher reaction temperatures. The alumina supported nickel catalyst modified by 0. 67% (mass fraction) WO3 has the equivalent equilibrium constant of the dry reforming reaction to that of alumina supported 5% (mass fraction) Ru at 873 K, and also has a lower activation energy for dry reforming than the latter.     

Study on the Reaction Mechanism for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane over supported Nickel Catalyst

The adsorption and dissociation of methane and carbon dioxide for reforming on nickel catalyst were extensively investigated by TPSR and TPD experiments. It showed that the decomposition of methane results in the formation of at least three kinds of surface carbon species on supported nickel catalyst, while CO2 adsorbed on the catalyst weakly and only existed in one kind of adsorption state. Then the mechanism of interaction between the species dissociated from CH4 and CO2 during reforming was proposed.     

Mesoporous Nickel–Alumina Catalysts for Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Recent progress on the mesoporous nickel–alumina catalysts for hydrogen production by steam reforming of liquefied natural gas (LNG) was reported in this review. A number of mesoporous nickel–alumina composite catalysts were prepared by a single-step surfactant-templating method using cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surfactant as structure-directing agents for use in hydrogen production by steam reforming of LNG. For comparison, nickel catalysts supported on mesoporous aluminas were also prepared by an impregnation method. The effect of preparation method and surfactant identity on physicochemical properties and catalytic activities of mesoporous nickel–alumina catalysts in the steam reforming of LNG was investigated. Regardless of preparation method and surfactant identity, nickel oxide species were finely dispersed on the surface of mesoporous nickel–alumina catalysts through the formation of surface nickel aluminate phase. However, nickel dispersion and nickel surface area of mesoporous nickel–alumina catalysts were strongly affected by the preparation method and surfactant identity. It was found that nickel surface area of mesoporous nickel–alumina catalyst served as one of the important factors determining the catalytic performance in hydrogen production by steam reforming of LNG. Among the catalysts tested, a mesoporous nickel–alumina composite catalyst prepared by a single-step non-ionic surfactant-templating method exhibited the best catalytic performance due to its highest nickel surface area.     

Catalytic performances of Ni/mesoporous SiO_2 catalysts for dry reforming of methane to hydrogen

Several mesoporous silicas with different morphologies were controllably prepared by sol-gel method with adjustable ratio of dual template,and they were further impregnated with aqueous solution of nickel nitrate,followed by calcination in air.The synthesized silica supports and supported nickel samples were characterized using N_2-adsorption/desorption,X-ray diffraction(XRD),H_2 temperature-programmed reduction(H_2-TPR),Scanning electron microscope(SEM),Transmission electron microscope(TEM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis(TGA-DTG) techniques.The Ni nanoparticles supported on shell-like silica are highly dispersed and yielded much narrower nickel particle-size than those on other mesoporous silica.The methane reforming with dioxide carbon reaction results showed that Ni nanoparticles supported on shell-like silica carrier exhibited the better catalytic performance and catalytic stability than those of nickel catalyst supported on other silica carrier.The thermo-gravimetric analysis on used nickel catalysts uncovered that catalyst deactivation depends on the type and nature of the coke deposited.The heterogeneous nature of the deposited coke was observed on nickel nanoparticles supported on spherical and peanut-like silica.Much narrower and lower TGA derivative peak was founded on Ni catalyst supported on the shell-like silica.     

Support Modification of Supported Nickel Catalysts for Hydrogen Production by Auto-thermal Reforming of Ethanol

Recent progress on support modification of supported nickel catalysts for hydrogen production by auto-thermal reforming of ethanol was reported in this review. Nickel catalysts supported on various materials, including metal oxides and metal oxide-stabilized mesoporous zirconias, were prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method for use in hydrogen production by auto-thermal reforming of ethanol. Various experimental measurements such as NH₃-TPD (temperature-programmed desorption) and TPR (temperature-programmed reduction) were carried out to elucidate the different catalytic performance of supported nickel catalysts. It was revealed that acid property of supporting materials served as one of the important factors determining the catalytic performance. Hydrogen yield over nickel catalysts supported on metal oxides showed a volcano-shaped curve with respect to acidity of the supports. Among the catalysts tested, Ni/ZrO₂ catalyst with an intermediate acidity exhibited a superior catalytic performance. It was also observed that reducibility of nickel catalysts supported on metal oxide-stabilized mesoporous zirconias played a key role in determining the catalytic performance in the auto-thermal reforming of ethanol for hydrogen production. Hydrogen yield over nickel catalysts supported on metal oxide-stabilized zirconias increased with increasing reducibility of the catalysts (with decreasing TPR peak temperature of the catalysts).     

Reinforced nickel and nickel-platinum catalysts for performing the thermally coupled reactions of methane steam reforming and hydrogen oxidation

The formation of composite nickel and nickel-platinum catalysts reinforced with steel gauze was studied. The catalysts were prepared by sintering powdered nickel metal and a supported nickel catalyst (GIAP-3 or NIAP-18) with a chromium oxide additive in the case of nickel-containing composite catalysts or by sintering powdered nickel, aluminum, and a supported platinum catalyst in the case of catalysts containing nickel-platinum. With the use of electron microscopy, mercury porosimetry, and X-ray electron probe microanalysis, it was found that a metal matrix, in the pores of which supported catalyst particles were distributed, was formed in the composite catalysts. The reinforced nickel catalysts prepared were active in the reaction of methane steam reforming, and the catalysts containing nickel-platinum were active in the reaction of hydrogen oxidation. An increase in the activity of reinforced nickel catalysts in the course of the reaction was found. It is believed that the increase of the activity was due to the reduction of nickel oxide from an inactive difficult-to-reduce oxide film containing nickel and chromium oxides under the action of the reaction atmosphere.     

CO2重整CH4纳米ZrO2负载Ni催化剂的研究(Ⅱ)──催化剂组成与反应条件对催化剂性能的影响

研究了粒径为15～18nm的纳米ZrO₂-AS负载Ni催化剂对CO₂重整CH₄制合成气的催化性能,结果表明,Ni/ZrO₂-AS催化剂对重整反应的超常稳定催化作用不受Ni含量的影响,但当Ni质量分数低于10%时,催化剂活性随Ni含量增加而显著上升,此后,CH₄和CO₂的转化逐渐接近其热力学平衡值.高空速虽然降低了反应物的转化率,但可得到更高的时空产率.各种表征数据揭示,Ni/ZrO₂在结构上有别于传统的负载型催化剂,可看成是由尺寸相当(10～20nm)的纳米金属Ni和纳米ZrO₂形成的纳米复合物催化剂.     

Reinforced nickel catalysts for steam reforming of methane to synthesis gas

XRD, mercury porosimetry, low-temperature nitrogen adsorption and electron microscopy were used to study peculiarities of the formation of reinforced composite nickel catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by sintering powdered metallic nickel with a supported nickel catalyst (GIAP-3 or NIAP-18) applied to a reinforcing stainless steel gauze. It was found that a metal matrix, in the pores of which supported catalyst particles were distributed, was formed in the composite catalysts. The NIAP-18-based catalyst exceeded the GIAP-3-based catalyst in activity toward the methane steam reforming. The NIAP-18-based catalyst was as active as the Cr₂O₃-doped NIAP-18-based catalyst, but showed a worse coke-resistance. A chromium oxide additive increased the activity of the GIAP-3-based catalyst.     

橄榄石对甲苯催化重整反应的影响

在固定床反应器上,以甲苯为生物质气化焦油的模型化合物,对橄榄石以及其负载镍催化剂对甲苯裂解反应和甲苯/水蒸气重整反应的催化性能进行了研究,并对催化剂进行了SEM、BET、XRD、H₂-TPR等表征。结果表明,煅烧使原矿的物化特性发生改变,橄榄石对甲苯裂解反应和重整反应有一定的催化活性。而Ni的引入,使催化剂对甲苯裂解反应的活性有所降低,甲苯的转化率降低2.2%~9.8%;但催化剂对甲苯/水蒸气重整反应的活性升高,甲苯的转化率可高达97.0%,并且载镍橄榄石催化剂对甲苯/水蒸气重整反应有较强的稳定性。     

甲烷干气重整反应中镍基催化剂上表面积碳研究(英文)

镍基催化剂上积碳是甲烷干气重整反应急需解决的关键问题。实验采用ＴＰＳＲ、ＴＰＤ、ＸＰＳ和脉冲反应等方法系统研究了镍基催化剂表面积碳的形态和特点。热力学研究表明,在５７３ Ｋ到１２７３ Ｋ的温度范围内,催化剂的表面积碳是不可避免的。ＴＰＳＲ、ＸＰＳ和ＴＰＤ研究表明,甲烷在催化剂表面裂解将形成至少三种碳物种：Ｃα、Ｃβ和Ｃγ。这三种碳物种具有不同的表面迁移能力、热稳定性和反应活性。其中,Ｃα物种在甲烷干气重整反应中是一种非常活泼和重要的中间体;Ｃγ物种则可能是表面积碳的前驱物：部分脱氢的Ｃβ物种能够与Ｈ２或ＣＯ２反应生成ＣＨ４或ＣＯ。