Study on the Ammoximation of Cyclohexanone to Cyclohexanone Oxime Catalyzed by Titanium Silicalite-1 Formed in Inorganic System

The conventional and modified synthesis of titanium silicalite-1 is in the organic system^[1,2]. We have reported the TS-1 could be prepared with colloidal SiO₂ and TiCl₃ as Si source and Ti source respectively in inorganic system^[3]. The present paper deals with the ammoximation of cyclohexanone to cyclohexanone oxime over TS-1 prepared by the method described above. Tests are carried out for 5 hours at 65℃,with NH₃ and H₂O₂ in the liquid phase, acetone as solvent, reactants adding to reactor all at once over these two kinds of TS-1. The results show that oxime yield over TS-1 produced in inorganic system is as good as or better than that catalyzed by conventional TS-1 at the same conditions. More over, more satisfied yield of oxinone could be achieved if it reacts at some optimal reaction conditions^[4,5]. In addition, the same result has been reached at the epoxidation of propylene catalyzed by these two kinds of TS-1 Following table is the results of reaction catalyzed by these two kinds of TS-1.     

Synthesis of titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) zeolite with high content of Ti by a dry gel conversion method using amorphous TiO2–SiO2 composite with highly dispersed Ti species

In this study, we have developed a new method to synthesize mesoporous titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) with a higher content of active titanium in the framework (more than 5%) than that obtained from the conventional hydrothermal synthesis. The new method combines two methods as follows: (1) a sol-gel method in tetrahydrofuran for the synthesis of TiO₂–SiO₂ composite with highly dispersed Ti species and (2) a dry gel conversion method for the crystallization to TS-1. This investigation revealed that the dispersion of Ti in the starting materials was quite important to synthesize mesoporous TS-1 with high content of Ti besides dry conversion method. The obtained mesoporous TS-1 with a high content of titanium showed higher catalytic activity in 1-hexene epoxidation than conventional TS-1. This high activity is likely to originate from the high content of titanium in the framework.     

微波合成TS-1分子筛的催化性能研究

采用微波加热技术法合成TS-1分子筛, 以30%的H₂O₂水溶液为氧化剂, 考察了所合成的TS-1分子筛在苯乙烯和1-己烯环氧化反应中的催化性能, 并与传统水热法合成的TS-1进行了比较. 结果表明, 由微波合成TS-1的催化性能比传统水热法合成的TS-1更为优异. 采用XRD, FT-IR, UV-vis, SEM等手段对二者进行表征, 发现微波合成的TS-1晶粒与晶粒之间存在“粘连”现象, 这种现象降低了分子筛表面硅羟基含量, 增加了TS-1分子筛的疏水性, 使得分子筛对反应底物苯乙烯和1-己烯的吸附能力增强, 从而导致催化性能显著提高.     

Synthesis and Characterisation of Hierarchically Structured Titanium Silicalite-1 Zeolites with Large Intracrystalline Macropores

The successful synthesis of hierarchically structured titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) with large intracrystalline macropores by steam-assisted crystallisation of mesoporous silica particles is reported. The macropore topology was imaged in 3D by using electron tomography and synchrotron radiation-based ptychographic X-ray computed tomography, revealing interconnected macropores within the crystals accounting for about 30 % of the particle volume. The study of the macropore formation mechanism revealed that the mesoporous silica particles act as a sacrificial macropore template during the synthesis. Silicon-to-titanium ratio of the macroporous TS-1 samples was successfully tuned from 100 to 44. The hierarchically structured TS-1 exhibited high activity in the liquid phase epoxidation of 2-octene with hydrogen peroxide. The hierarchically structured TS-1 surpassed a conventional nano-sized TS-1 sample in terms of alkene conversion and showed comparable selectivity to the epoxide. The flexible synthesis route described here can be used to prepare hierarchical zeolites with improved mass transport properties for other selective oxidation reactions.     

Extensions in the synthesis and catalytic application of titanium silicalite-1

Titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) was prepared by microwave heating of a SiO₂–TiO₂ xerogel, which was dry-impregnated with tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH). Highly crystalline product was obtained, with the yields higher than 90%, within 30 min after microwave irradiation. These are significant advantages over the conventional oven heating using alkoxide precursors in liquid phase, which requires 1-2 day crystallization time with low product yields. Sub-micron sized SiO₂–TiO₂ prepared by thermal plasma process and Ti-containing mesoporous silica, Ti-HMS, were also tested as the solid phase precursor for TS-1. These were found inferior as precursor due to difficulties in uniformly wetting the surface with TPAOH. It was possible to prepare TS-1 using diethoxysiloxane-ethyltitanate (DESET, 93.75 mol Si:6.25 mol Ti) as a single mixed alkoxide precursor, but titanium species in the sample were highly unstable and large fraction of them came out from the framework to form TiO₂ clusters upon calcination. In addition, TS-1 monolith was prepared utilizing polyurethane foam as an infiltration medium of the synthesis gel. The prepared TS-1 monolith exhibited properties similar to those of TS-1 powders, but the elementary unit of the former was made of 1–2 micron-sized hexagonal shaped crystals, causing diffusion problems. Catalytic activities of all the prepared catalysts were evaluated using 1-hexene epoxidation as a probe reaction, and 2,5-dihydrofuran epoxidation was also examined using TS-1 as an alternative process to make 3,4-epoxytetrahydrofuran.     

自堆积纤维状TS-1分子筛的常规水热合成

<正>研究[1-2]表明分子筛的催化、吸附、分离性能在很大程度上取决于其尺寸和形貌。近年来,人们越来越多的关注于精确控制晶粒的尺寸、形态和取向[3-11]。在所有沸石分子筛中,由于MFI型分子筛具有独特的孔道结构且应用广泛,目前的研究主要集中     

负载TS-1导向剂的介孔材料的合成、表征及催化性能研究

利用浸渍法将TS-1导向剂高度分散在介孔材料MCM-41和SBA-15的表面,制备出一系列在氧化反应中具有高活性的催化材料.对样品的表征显示催化剂保持了介孔的结构,同时具有四配位的钛物种均匀地分散于介孔催化剂的表面.催化结果显示,与钛硅分子筛(TS-1)相比,所制备的催化剂在小分子的氧化反应中表现出相似的活性,在大分子的氧化反应中展示了很高的活性,体现了介孔材料的优越性.     

Tailoring Porosity and Titanium Species of TS-1 Zeolites via Organic Base-assisted Sequential Post-treatment

The exploration of high-efficient catalysts based on hierarchical Ti-containing zeolites with optimized active titanium species distribution is of great value in enhancing the epoxidation of bulky olefins. Herein, hierarchical TS-1(MFI) zeolite with an extra-large external surface area(210 m²/g) and highly active octahedral- coordinated Ti species was prepared via organic base-assisted sequential post-treatment. Such a catalyst afforded a high turnover number value(TON, 114) in 1-octene epoxidation reaction, which was over twice than that(53) of the untreated conventional microporous TS-1 parent. According to the detailed characterization results, we revealed the hierarchical porosity construction effect of tetrapropylamonium hydroxide(TPAOH) treatment(first step) and the octahedral-coordinated Ti species fabrication effect of ethylamine(EA) treatment(second step) under hydrothermal condition. Such a facile post-treatment strategy reported in this work may provide guidance for the rational synthesis of TS-1 zeolite with enhanced catalytic activity.     

大晶粒钛硅沸石TS-1晶貌的离子蚀刻改性

钛硅沸石 TS- 1 [1] 的微孔体系由同是十元氧环的直通道和“Z”字形通道相交而成 ,孔径 0 .5 1～ 0 .5 6nm,晶体结构与硅铝 ZSM- 5沸石的 MFI结构相同 .TS- 1能以稀双氧水为氧源 ,使烃类发生选择氧化 ,生成含氧化合物 [2～ 8] .并已在催化苯酚羟基化和环己酮氨氧化方面实现了工     

钛硅分子筛催化1-丁烯环氧化研究

自1983年Taramasso等报导TS-1的合成以来,钛硅分子筛的合成及应用一直是分子筛催化领域的热点。经典TS-1合成方法采用四丙基氢氧化铵（TPAOH）为模板剂,合成成本较高、条件苛刻,限制了其应用。用四丙基溴化铵（TPABr）为模板剂代替TPAOH,能够成功地合成TS-1。不同孔道结构的钛硅分子筛,如Ti-β、Ti-MCM-41、Ti-HMS等弥补了TS-1较小孔径的缺点,进一步扩大了钛硅分子筛的应用。本文以不同合成方法得到的TS-1及中孔Ti—HMS为催化剂,双氧水为氧化剂,1-丁烯环氧化合成1,2-环氧丁烷,研究了不同钛硅分子筛对1-丁烯环氧化反应的催化性能。     

乙烯催化转化制备乙二醇反应中TS-1分子筛的失活

采用连续循环反应的方式考察了TS-1分子筛在催化双氧水氧化乙烯制备乙二醇反应中的失活过程.其中,新鲜、反应后和再生的TS-1分子筛采用氮气物理吸附、XRF、SEM、XRD、FT-IR和UV-vis等技术进行表征,反应后分子筛表面的吸附物种分别采用FT-IR、GC-MS和TG-DTA进行定性和定量分析.结果表明,反应过程中TS-1分子筛未发生明显的Ti物种的流失,乙二醇低聚物等大分子有机物在分子筛微孔通道内的聚集而引起的孔道堵塞和活性Ti位点可及度的降低是分子筛部分失活的主要原因.失活后的催化剂可以通过双氧水处理移除其表面吸附的物种而部分再生,而高温焙烧可以彻底清除分子筛孔道内沉积的有机物从而恢复分子筛的催化活性.     

氨基酸辅助合成高活性六配位钛物种的TS-1分子筛

TS-1分子筛是以TO4(T=Si,Ti)四面体为基本单元,通过氧桥连接而形成的具有MFI拓扑结构的微孔晶体材料,其在催化烯烃环氧化、酮类氨肟化、氧化脱硫及芳香烃羟基化等氧化反应中表现出较好的催化活性.目前,提高TS-1分子筛催化性能的方法主要包括:(1)制备纳米和多级孔TS-1分子筛,以提高其扩散传质性能;(2)提高TS-1分子筛的钛含量并抑制锐钛矿相的产生,以增加其催化活性位点.最新研究表明,相比于传统四配位钛物种(TiO4)作为催化活性中心,六配位(TiO6)钛物种在烯烃环氧化反应中具有更高的催化活性,可进一步降低反应活化能,最终实现高效催化转化.然而,TiO6物种结构中的Ti-OH组分,易导致开环反应发生,从而降低环氧化产物的选择性.因此,构筑高活性TiO6物种及调变TiO4/TiO6比例,对提高烯烃转化率及环氧产物选择性具有重要意义.当前,高活性钛物种的结构表征及其构筑已成为研究热点且仍面临挑战.本文协同采用氨基酸辅助合成策略和两步晶化方法,成功地制备出具有TiO4和TiO6物种且无锐钛矿相的多级孔TS-1分子筛.在该协同策略中,两步晶化过程有利于抑制锐钛矿相的形成,而氨基酸的引入对高活性TiO6物种的构筑具有重要作用.氨基酸分子可与钛原料形成螯合物,为TS-1分子筛晶化提供"养料",并有效平衡晶体成核与生长速率及稳定TiO6物种,最终实现制备富含TiO6物种的多级孔TS-1分子筛.相比于传统TiO4物种作为催化活性中心(1-己烯的转化率<25％,环氧化产物选择性>95％),本文所制备的TS-1分子筛(Si/Ti=36.9)因其兼具TiO4和TiO6物种,在1-己烯环氧化反应中表现出更好的催化性能(1-己烯的转化率33％,环氧化产物选择性95％).这是由于TiO4物种不会导致开环反应的发生,因此可以保证较高的环氧产物选择性,而TiO6物种经H2O2活化后,可形成具有更高活性及更小位阻效应的催化中心,极大提高了1-己烯转化率.综上,本文合成策略为构筑具有高活性钛物种及多级孔结构的钛硅分子筛提供了指导作用,为调控硅铝酸盐及硅取代磷酸铝分子筛材料活性位点的含量和分布提供了新思路.     

Study on the Acid Treatment of Titanium Silicalite TS-1

Titanium silicalite (TS-1) is one kind of heteroatom molecular sieve synthesized by Taramasso and his coworkers in 1983^[1]. Its specific catalytic oxidation properties have attracted much attention of many scientists^[2]. The synthesis of TS-1 need use expensive TPAOH as the template; this restrains its industrial application. There are many reports on low cost TS-1, such as using TPABr to replace TPAOH, silica sol to replace tetra-ethyl orthosilicate^[3-5]. In our lab, TS-1 was synthesized by using TPABr as the template and silica sol as silicon source,and the amount of TPABr was decreased to 0.05 (TPABr/SiO₂). The as-synthesized TS-1 has some differences compared with TS-1 synthesized according to the standard method, such as large crystal size, trace aluminum, extra-framework titanium, high activity in the epoxidation of propylene with dilute H₂O₂ and low selectivity of propylene oxide (20-30%). The low selectivity of PO is attributed to the acidity of TS-1 resulted from the trace aluminum and silicon hydroxyl. In order to increase the selectivity of PO, it is necessary to add some base to the reaction mixture. Generally, acid treatment can remove aluminum and other elements and impurity to improve catalyst. In this paper, the effect of the acid treatment on the physicochemical properties of TS-1 was studied.     

Ti-MWW催化烯丙基氯环氧化高效合成环氧氯丙烷

 研究了具有MWW结构的新一代钛硅分子筛Ti-MWW催化剂对烯丙基氯液相环氧化高效合成环氧氯丙烷的催化性能. 结果表明, Ti-MWW的催化活性以及产物选择性均优于传统的钛硅分子筛TS-1. 对于Ti-MWW,合适的溶剂为非质子性溶剂丙酮和乙腈,在该溶剂中环氧化物不易发生溶剂化开环反应; 而对于TS-1,合适的溶剂是质子性溶剂甲醇,但甲醇可导致醇醚副产物的生成. 在Ti-MWW催化剂上烯丙基氯的转化率和环氧氯丙烷的选择性都能达到99%以上.     

TS-1分子筛催化双氧水氧化环己烷(英文)

系统地研究了ＴＳ－１分子筛催化双氧水氧化环己烷的反应。制备了三种ＴＳ－１分子筛,它们具有窄的粒径分布,在６０℃表现出高的活性和选择性。考察了溶剂、催化剂、反应温度、反应时间、ＴＳ－１中Ｔｉ含量及Ｈ２Ｏ７用量对氧化反应的影响。对具有完好晶型的ＴＳ－１分子筛役有必要进行预处理。最佳反应温度为８０～１１０℃,丙酮为最佳溶剂。环己酮的选择性与ＴＳ－１粒子大小有关,而Ｈ２Ｏ２选择性与ＴＳ－１用量无关。实验结果显示．溶剂在反应中间体的形成中起重要作用,Ｔｉ与丙酮配体的过氧配合物具有活化环己烷的活性。关键词 ＴＳ－１ 环己烷 催化氧化 Ｈ２Ｏ２     

Synthesis of Pt-SnOx/TS-1@SBA-16 Composites and Their High Catalytic Performance for Propane Dehydrogenation

A novel composite material of TS-1@SBA-16 was synthesized by enwrapping TS-1 zeolite crystals with mesoporous SBA-16 silica. This composite was used as catalyst support for loading Pt-SnOx in the propane dehydr genation(PDH) reaction. Catalysts were characterized by means ofN2 adsorption-desorption, XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS, UV-Vis, and Raman spectroscopy. The effect of different contents of TS-1 on PDH was investigated, and the optimal amount of TS-1 was determined to be 10%. The catalyst with TS-1 content of 10% showed the highest PDH activity and the initial conversion of propane over it can achieve 54.5%, higher than those over TS-1 or SB A-16-supported ones. The superior catalytic performance of Pt-SnOx/TS-1 @SBA-16 is related to the synergistic effect of the excellent mass transfer performance through the hierarchical porous structure, suitable acid acidity and electronic effect of Ti species.     

无机原料体系合成TS-1影响因素的研究

以廉价的硅溶胶和三氯化钛分别作为硅源和钛源,四丙基溴化铵(TPABr)为模板剂,二乙胺、正丁胺、氨水等作为碱源,在无机体系中合成了TS-1分子筛。采用XRD,IR,UV-vis,SEM,元素分析和N2吸附/脱附等对合成的分子筛进行了表征。详细考察了碱源、硅钛比N2保护、晶种、模板剂用量、硅源及晶化时间等因素对分子筛合成的影响。结果表明,以无机原料合成的TS-1与用传统有机原料合成的TS-1具有同样的特征。碱度的控制是合成的关键,配胶时需N2保护,加入晶种对合成有明显的导向作用,模板剂最低用量有一临界值,硅溶胶作硅源合成的TS-1晶粒比较大。     

碱金属碳酸盐改性对Au/TS-1催化剂的丙烯气相环氧化活性和稳定性的提升作用研究

制备了不同碱金属碳酸盐（Na₂CO₃、K₂CO₃、Rb₂CO₃和Cs₂CO₃）超声浸渍改性的Au/TS-1催化剂，采用XRD、ICP、XPS、UV-vis、NH₃-TPD、FT-IR和HAADF-STEM等手段对催化剂结构性质进行了表征，研究了碱金属碳酸盐改性对Au/TS-1催化剂的丙烯气相环氧化活性和稳定性的影响。结果表明，碱金属碳酸盐改性可以降低Au/TS-1催化剂的表面酸性，减缓环氧丙烷（PO）在催化剂表面吸附引起的积炭失活，抑制金颗粒粒径的增大；此外，Cs₂CO₃和Rb₂CO₃改性还可减少Au/TS-1催化剂上的骨架外Ti含量。碱金属碳酸盐改性后的Au/TS-1的催化活性和稳定性都得到明显的改善，其中，Cs₂CO₃改性的Au/TS-1表现出最佳的催化活性，丙烯转化率为6.2%，环氧丙烷选择性为86.2%，氢气利用效率为26.2%。相关研究为提高Au/TS-1催化剂的丙烯气相环氧化活性和稳定性提供了新的思路。     

干胶法制备钛硅沸石及其催化性能

以四丙基溴化铵为模板剂,以乙二胺(EDA)为碱源,采用干胶法制备了TS-1,并在此基础上引入介孔/大孔模板剂蔗糖而制备出多级孔道TS-1.采用X射线衍射、紫外-可见光谱及N2物理吸附-脱附等手段对所得样品进行了表征,并考察了它们催化噻吩(Th)及苯并噻吩(BT)氧化反应的性能.结果表明,随着釜底部n(EDA)/n(H2O)比的降低,TS-1结晶度、骨架Ti含量及其在Th氧化反应中的催化活性均升高.而当以乙胺和正丁胺为碱源时,TS-1难以晶化.所制备的多级孔道TS-1样品具有介孔/大孔孔道,在Th氧化反应中的催化活性高于TS-1;对于BT的氧化,当n(sucrose)/n(SiO2)为0.35时,制备的多级孔道TS-1样品的催化活性最高,BT脱除率可达100%,而TS-1则无催化活性.     

Reaction mechanism of the ammoximation of ketones catalyzed by TS-1

Summary The liquid-phase adsorption of acetone, butanone, cyclohexanone, 3-methylcyclohexanone and 4-butylcyclohexanone on TS-1 were measured, and the direct ammoximation reactions of these ketones with H₂O₂and NH₃catalyzed by TS-1 were studied. The catalysts after reaction were characterized by TGA. The adsorption results showed that acetone, butanone, cyclohexanone and 3-methylcyclohexanone could enter into the cavity of TS-1, while 4-butylcyclohexanone could not. In the ammoximation reactions, all the ketones were converted into the corresponding oximes in highconversions and selectivities. In combination with the TGA results, it is inferred thatthe ammoximation reactions of acetone and butanone may occur to some extent inside the pores of TS-1. For cyclohexanone and 3-methylcyclohexanone, the ketone-involving step may occur inside the pores of TS-1 to a limited extent but for 4-butylcyclohexanone, may only occur outside the catalyst.</o:p>