Direct synthesis of propylene carbonate from propylene and carbon dioxide catalyzed by quaternary ammonium heteropolyphosphatotungstate–TBAB system

In this paper,we have developed a highly efficient method for the direct preparation of propylene carbonate from propylene and carbon dioxide(CO2) using quaternary ammonium heteropolyphosphatotungstate–quaternary ammonium halide catalytic system with anhydrous hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant through one-pot two-step process.The effects of the amount of tetrabutylammonium bromide(TBAB),the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and other reaction conditions were investigated.The catalyst system gave an optimum propylene oxide yield(91%) at75°C in oxidation step and the highest propylene carbonate yield(99%) at 140°C and 3.0 MPa in cycloaddition step.Based on the results,a reaction mechanism has been proposed.     

Syngas production by combined carbon dioxide reforming and partial oxidation of methane over Ni/α-Al2O3 catalysts

Ni/α-Al2O3 catalysts were found to be active in the temperature range 600~900 ℃ for both CO2 reforming and partial oxidation of methane. The effects of Ni loading, reaction temperature and feed gas ratio for the combination of CO2 reforming and partial oxidation of CH4 over Ni/α-Al2O3 were investigated. Catalysts of xwt%Ni/α-Al2O3 (x = 2.5, 5, 8 and 12) were prepared by wet impregnating the calcined support with a solution of nickel nitrate. XRD patterns and activity tests have verified that the 5wt%Ni/α-Al2O3 was the most active catalyst, as compared with the other prepared catalyst samples. An increase of the Ni loading to more than 5 wt% led to a reduction in the Ni dispersion. In addition, by combining the endothermic carbon dioxide reforming reaction with the exothermic partial oxidation reaction, the loss of catalyst activity with time on stream was reduced with the amount of oxygen added to the feed.     

Nickel–cobalt hydroxide catalysts for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to epoxides

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Nickel and cobalt bimetallic hydroxides, in which both metal cations present the same oxidation state, were synthesized and characterized by XRD, TGA, TEM, XPS,...     

新型肼桥联共价三嗪聚合物在二氧化碳捕集和催化转化方面的应用（英文）

二氧化碳的捕集和催化转化是近年来二氧化碳利用方面的研究热点.其原因,一方面二氧化碳是储量丰富、廉价易得的可再生碳资源,另一方面它又是带来环境问题的温室气体.以金属有机框架、沸石和多孔聚合物材料为代表的同时具有规则孔道和活性催化位点的双功能材料为实践这一新概念创造了条件.但是,金属有机框架和沸石的应用面临由其自身结构所带来的热稳定性和/或水稳定性较低等问题.多孔聚合物材料则由于其高稳定性、低密度以及非金属等优点,逐渐成为该领域的研究重点.然而,当前关于利用多孔聚合物类材料作为有机催化剂以实现二氧化碳固定的报道,其反应过程一般需要较高温度、有机溶剂和/或过渡金属催化组分,仍有较大改进余地.本文设计合成了新型肼桥联共价三嗪聚合物(HB-CTP),意图在利用其富氮三嗪结构单元促进二氧化碳捕集的同时,以大量肼官能团通过氢键作用活化环氧化物,进而将二氧化碳在无溶剂和非金属的温和条件下催化固定为环状碳酸酯.HB-CTP材料的合成方法简便易行,由2,4,6-三肼基-1,3,5-三嗪与三聚氯氰发生的亲核取代反应制得.采用多种表征手段分析了该类新材料的结构和形态:红外光谱表明三聚氯氰的C–Cl键在聚合过程中反应完全,其位于850 cm.1处的吸收信号彻底消失;固体核磁谱图仅在168.1 ppm处显示三嗪环的单峰信号,表明了该材料结构的完整性;X射线粉末衍射测试并未发现特征峰,表明HB-CTP呈无定形态;透射电镜和扫描电镜的观测结果则进一步证实了该材料的团聚形态;最后,热重分析显示HB-CTP具有良好的热稳定性,250 ℃以上才开始分解.然后,通过氮气吸附测定了HB-CTP比表面积(51.2 m~2/g)和总孔容(0.28 cm3/g),其吸附等温线呈Ⅱ型,表明材料结构以大孔为主,通过层间吸附.随后的二氧化碳吸附测试发现,HB-CTP在0°C、0.1 MPa条件下显示出较高的二氧化碳捕集容量(8.2 wt%),并且经过连续吸附脱附循环五次,仍能保持较好的二氧化碳捕集能力.在HB-CTP材料良好的二氧化碳捕集容量基础上,本文考察了其催化活性,发现带有多种取代基的环氧化物均能在无溶剂、非金属的温和条件下,以较高的收率被转化为环状碳酸酯类产物;并且底物结构中的卤素、羟基、炔基、烯丙基和苄基等官能团均未发生副反应,显示出良好的底物适用范围.此外,HB-CTP材料可通过简单的离心操作实现分离回收,且经连续使用五次,其催化活性也没有明显降低.综上所述,该类新型肼桥联共价三嗪聚合物不仅能够高效捕集二氧化碳,而且还可以将其在温和条件下催化转化为环状碳酸酯类产物,具有一定理论研究意义和实际应用价值     

HCAⅡ-inspired Catalysts for Making Carbon Dioxide-based Copolymers: The Role of Metal-hydroxide Bond

The general characteristics of the active center of the catalysts(including zinc-cobalt(III) double metal cyanide complex [Zn-Co(Ⅲ) DMCC]) for the copolymerization reaction of carbon dioxide(CO_2) with epoxide are summarized. By comparing the active center, catalytic performance of the Zn-Co(Ⅲ) DMCC(and other catalysts) with HCAII enzyme in the organism for activating CO_2(COS and CS_2), we proposed that the metal-hydroxide bond(M-OH), which is the real catalytic center of human carbonic anhydride Ⅱ(HCAⅡ), is also the catalytic(initiating) center for the copolymerization. It accelerates the copolymerization and forms a closed catalytic cycle through the chain transfer reaction to water(and thus strictly meets the definition of the catalyst). In addition, the metal-hydroxide bond catalysis could well explain the oxygen/sulfur exchange reaction(O/S ER) in metal(Zn, Cr)-catalyzed copolymerization of COS(and CS_2) with epoxides. Therefore, it is very promising to learn from HCAⅡ enzyme to develop biomimetic catalyst for highly active CO_2/epoxide copolymerization in a well-controlled manner under mild conditions.     

Carbon nanotubes-supported palladium nanoparticles for the Suzuki reaction in supercritical carbon dioxide: A facile method for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted olefins

A facile and efficient method for the synthesis of tetrasubstituted olefins in supercritical carbon dioxide was developed by using carbon nanotubes-supported palladium nanoparticles (Pd/CNTs) as the catalyst. Compared with common Pd/C, Pd/CNTs could more effectively catalyze the reaction of dibromo-substituted olefins with boronic acids, affording the corresponding tetrasubstituted olefins with moderate to good yields. This environmentally benign route with an easy-to-handle catalyst provides an appealing alternative to the currently available methods.     

Enantioselective addition of carbon acids to α-nitroalkenes: the first asymmetric aminocatalytic reaction in liquefied carbon dioxide

Carbon acids, in particular malonates, malononitrile, and anthranone, react enantioselectively with α-nitroalkenes in the presence of Takemoto’s organocatalyst in liquid carbon dioxide medium (100 bar, rt), under homogeneous conditions, to afford the corresponding Michael adducts in moderate to high yields and with enantioselectivities comparable with those obtained in organic solvents.     

Magnetically recyclable Pd/γ-AlOOH@Fe_3O_4 catalysts and their catalytic performance for the Heck coupling reaction

Novel magnetically recyclable Pd/γ-AlOOH@Fe3O4 catalysts were prepared using γ-AlOOH@Fe3O4 as a magnetic supporter and nano-Pd particles as the active catalytic component.The structure of the catalysts was characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),N2 adsorption-desorption,and a vibration sample magnetometer(VSM).The catalytic activity and recyclability for the Heck coupling reaction were investigated.Results showed that the magnetic γ-AlOOH@Fe3O4 possessed a core-shell structure,as well as that the nano-Pd particles were 6–8 nm and had been well dispersed in the γ-AlOOH shell.In the Heck coupling reactions,the magnetic Pd/γ-AlOOH@Fe3O4 catalysts exhibited good catalytic activity and recyclability.For the(0.021 mol%)Pd/γ-AlOOH@Fe3O4 catalyst,the bromobenzene conversion and product yield reached about 100%and 96.3%,respectively,under a 120°C reaction temperature and 12 h reaction time.After being recycled 8 times,the conversion of bromobenzene and the recovery of the catalyst were about 90%and 93%,respectively.The nano-Pd particles were kept well dispersed in the used Pd/γ-AlOOH@Fe3O4 catalyst.     

Effects of Ce/Zr ratio on the structure and performances of Co-Ce_（1-x）Zr_xO_2 catalysts for carbon dioxide reforming of methane

The Co-incorporated Ce1-xZrxO2 catalysts were prepared by co-precipitation for carbon dioxide reforming of methane. The ratio of Ce to Zr was varied to optimize the performances of co-precipitated Co-Ce-Zr-Ox catalysts. The prepared catalysts were characterized by various physico-chemical characterization techniques including TPR, X-ray diffraction, N2 adsorption at low temperature, XPS and CO2-TPSR. The co-precipitated Co-Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 sample containing 16% CoO exhibited a higher catalytic activity among the five catalysts, and the activity was maintained without significant loss during the reaction for 60 h. Under the conditions of 750 ℃, 0.1 MPa, 36000 ml/(h·g{cat}), and CO2/CH4 molar ratio of 1 : 1, the CO2 conversion over this catalyst was 75% while the CH4 conversion was 67%. The cubic Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 facilitated a higher dispersion and a higher reducibility of the cobalt component, and the apparent activation energy for Co-Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 sample was 49.1 kJ/mol in the CO2/CH4 reforming reaction. As a result, the Co-Ce0.8Zr0.2O2 sample exhibited a higher activity and stability for the reforming of CH4 with CO2.     

L-tert-Leucine derived urea-ammonium salts: Efficient bifunctional phase transfer catalysts for highly diastereo- and enantioselective aza-Henry reaction of isatin-derived N-Boc ketimines with α-aryl nitromethanes

An efficient way of aza-Henry reaction between isatin-derived N-Boc ketimines and α-aryl nitromethanes catalyzed by bifunctional phase transfer catalysts with a quaternary ammonium center derived from L-tert-Leucine has been developed. A series of 3-substituted 3-amino-oxindoles were constructed by this catalytic protocol in excellent yields (90–99%), with high enantioselectivities (83–95%) and diastereoselectivities (79:21–97:3). The asymmetric aza-Henry reaction of N-Boc amidosulfones and α-aryl nitromethanes were also investigated and gave the corresponding products in high to excellent yields (72–97%) with high enantioselectivities (up to 99%) and diastereoselectivities (up to >99:1).     

Rhodium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of arylboronates and diazoesters and tandem alkylation reaction for the synthesis of quaternary α,α-heterodiaryl carboxylic esters

A rhodium-catalyzed one-pot three-component coupling reaction was developed for the synthesis of quaternary α,α-heterodiaryl carboxylic esters. This reaction involves cross-coupling of the arylrhodium(I) complexes with α-aryldiazoacetates to form oxa-π-allylrhodium complexes. With KOtBu and alkyl halides, tandem alkylation of the allyl complex occurs to form a quaternary stereocenter at the carbenic carbon.     

Graphene-Ni-α-MnO2 and -Cu-α-MnO2 nanowire blends as highly active non-precious metal catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction

Graphene-like carbon-Ni-α-MnO(2) and -Cu-α-MnO(2) blends can serve as effective catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction with activities comparable to Pt/C.     

Promoting effect of potassium and calcium additives to cerium–zirconium oxide catalysts for the complete oxidation of carbon monoxide

The effect of potassium and calcium additives on the catalytic activity of the Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ system in the reaction of CO oxidation was studied. With the use of X-ray diffraction analysis, it was found that the Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ and Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂–Ca,K samples contained a mixed oxide of cerium and zirconium; the presence of the independent phases of potassium and calcium compounds in the modified system was not detected. With the use of the low-temperature adsorption–desorption of nitrogen, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reduction, it was established that the Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂–Ca,K system (in spite of the fact that its specific surface area was lower than that of Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂) contained more active oxygen on the surface; peroxide and superoxide complexes formed upon the chemisorption of O₂ can act as active oxygen species. This can be the reason for a higher efficiency of the Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂–Ca,K system in comparison with that of the unmodified oxide. The results obtained indicate that the ash impurities of Ca and K can increase the catalytic activity of the biomorphic mixed oxides Ce_0.8Zr_0.2O₂ prepared with the use of sawdust as a template.     

Phosphine-free Suzuki cross-coupling reaction: a mild and selective method for the carbon–carbon bond formation in aqueous tea extract

A mild and selective protocol has been developed for the palladium-catalyzed phosphine-free Suzuki cross-coupling reaction of aryl bromides with arylboronic acids in aqueous tea extract at room temperature. It is noteworthy that the aqueous tea extract plays an important role in the reaction, and various functional groups are tolerated under the optimized conditions. The reactions proceeded with very good chemoselectivity in favor of the bromo instead of the chloro group even at higher temperatures. Furthermore, this protocol could be applied to the cross-coupling of 4-bromoindole without protecting the base sensitive amine group with arylboronic acids in moderate to excellent yields.     

Diastereoselective construction of syn-α-oxyamines via three-component α-oxyaldehyde-dibenzylamine-alkyne coupling reaction: application in the synthesis of (+)-β-conhydrine and its analogues

A Cu(i)-catalyzed α-oxyaldehyde-dibenzylamine-alkyne coupling reaction was delineated for the construction of α-oxyamines with excellent yields and diastereoselectivity. Crystal structure analysis and theoretical calculations were also supportive of the formation of syn-α-oxyamines as the major products. Application of the methodology addresses the synthesis of (+)-β-conhydrine along with analogs having two different diversity features. A ring size variation allows construction of piperidine and pyrrolidine rings while a variation of side arm functionality is achieved by complete regioselective opening of epoxide by different organocopper ylides (Gilman reagents). A lactam-Cu(i) complexation motif is proposed which allows an intramolecular attack of ylides at the terminal epoxy carbon via the six-membered cyclic transition state. The present work features the synthesis of (+)-β-conhydrine over eight steps in 26% yield and its seven analogs in 21-28% yields.     

Preparation and application of air-stable P,N-bidentate ligands for the selective synthesis of δ-lactone via the palladium-catalyzed telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with carbon dioxide

Air-stable P,N-bidentate ligands L1–L7 with cyclic secondary amine moieties linked to the benzene rings of triphenylphosphine were designed and prepared. The chelating coordination mode of the P,N-bidentate ligands to the Pd(II) center was confirmed by determining the X-ray structures of the Pd(II) complexes C1 and C2 derived from ligands L1 and L2, respectively. The ligands were used for the selective synthesis of δ-lactone through the palladium (Pd)-catalyzed telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with carbon dioxide. The highest yield (60% with 79% selectivity) was observed using the Pd₂(dba)₃/4-(2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)morpholine (L2) catalyst system.     

Preparation and application of air-stable P,N-bidentate ligands for the selective synthesis of δ-lactone via the palladium-catalyzed telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with carbon dioxide

Air-stable P,N-bidentate ligands L1–L7 with cyclic secondary amine moieties linked to the benzene rings of triphenylphosphine were designed and prepared. The chelating coordination mode of the P,N-bidentate ligands to the Pd(II) center was confirmed by determining the X-ray structures of the Pd(II) complexes C1 and C2 derived from ligands L1 and L2, respectively. The ligands were used for the selective synthesis of δ-lactone through the palladium (Pd)-catalyzed telomerization of 1,3-butadiene with carbon dioxide. The highest yield (60% with 79% selectivity) was observed using the Pd₂(dba)₃/4-(2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)morpholine (L2) catalyst system.