Steroid saponins X. Glycosides of Allium narcissiflorum the structure of glycosides A and B

Summary FromAllium narcissiflorum Wells have been isolated for the first time trillin and a glycoside B, which proved to be 3-O-[-O-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 3)-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(1 6)-O--D-glucopyranosyl-(1 ]-26-O-[-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 ]-25R-furost-5-ene-3,22 , 26-triol.Institute of Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Moldavian SSR, Kishinev. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 1, pp. 55–58, January–February, 1976.     

AlPO4?ZrO2 catalysts, II. Synthesis, textural properties and crystal structure of systems obtained in ethylene oxide

The effects of surface dehydration on textural properties, crystallinity and the structure of AlPO₄–ZrO₂ (weight ratio AlPO₄/ZrO₂=3) systems precipitated with ethylene oxide have been studied by N₂ adsorption and XRD measurements. The increase in calcination temperature in the range 773–1273 K decreases the textural parameters as a consequence of AlPO₄ crystallization to the tridymite form.

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, AlPO₄–ZrO₂ ( AlPO₄/ZrO₂=3), , N₂ - . 773 1273 , AlPO₄ .

     

Transference Numbers of NaCl in Aqueous Mixtures with Organic Solvents of Moderate to Low Permittivities

Electromotive forces (emf) were measured in the transference cells: AgAgCl- Nacl (m₂) in Z NaCl (m₁) in ZAgClAg and Na_xHg_1-xNaCl (m₁) in Z NaCl (m₂) in ZNa_xHg_1-x (where Na_xHg_1-x denotes a flowing Na–amalgam electrode and Z an aqueous-organic solvent mixture) at various molalities m ₂ > m₁ of NaCl in Z = (ethylene glycol + water), (acetonitrile + water) and (1,4-dioxane + water), with mass fractions of the organic components 0.8. The transference number of Na⁺ in (ethylene glycol + water) and (1,4-dioxane + water) varies little with respect to that in pure water medium, whereas in (acetonitrile + water) it increases remarkably with increasing proportion of acetonitrile so as to approach equitransference, behavior similar to that previously found in (methanol + water) and in (ethanol + water). At acetonitrile mass fraction 0.6 NaCl is sufficiently close to equitransference to emerge as a useful salt bridge, nearly at the same level as the popular aqueous KCl.     

Influence of Sn added to Pt catalysts on the adsorption heats of hydrogen

It has been established that supported Pt–Sn catalysts adsorb hydrogen at 330 K at least in two forms. They are weak and strong forms with the binding energies of about 50–70 and above 100 kJ/mol, respectively. On catalyst surface weak forms transform into strongly bound hydrogen.

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330 K, , : 50–70 / 100 /. .

     

Hexene-1 isomerization catalyzed by the Pd(acac)2?BF3OEt2 system

The data of IR and UV spectroscopic studies of the interaction of Pd(acac)₂+BF₃OEt₂ in the presence of hexene-1 suggest the formation of a Pd–C bond through³C of the acetylacetonate ligand. In the first step of isomerization hexene-1 converts largely (94.5%) to hexene-2.

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- Pd(acac)₂+BF₃OEt₂ -1 , Pd–C ³C- ; , -1 -2, , 94,5%.

     

Determination of Attogram Quantities of Silver via Quenching of the Solid Substrate Room-Temperature Phosphorescence of Rhodamine B Based on the Catalysis of its Oxidation by Potassium Persulfate

A new method of SS-RTP for the determination of trace silver has been established. This method is based on the fact that Ag⁺, when activated by ,-bipyridyl (bipy) in a media of HAc–NaAc (pH=4.9), can catalyze the reaction of Rhodamine B (RhoB) oxidized by K₂S₂O₈, thus causing the Solid Substrate Room-Temperature Phosphorescence (SS-RTP) of RhoB to be quenched. The activating efficiency of bipy is 6.7 times higher than that of o-phenanthroline (phen). The reduction of the phosphorescence intensity (I_p) of RhoB is directly proportional to the concentration of Ag⁺ ions in the range of 1.6016.0agspot^–1 (0.40µLspot^–1). The regression equation of the working curve can be expressed as I_p=18.78+5.100m_Ag+ (agspot^–1) (r=0.9994, n=6), the detection limit is 0.28agspot^–1. This rapid, accurate and sensitive method has been successfully applied to the determination of trace silver in tea and human hair samples, and the results agree well with the Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) method. The mechanism of the catalyzing reaction is also discussed.     

Mesophasic properties of low molecular weight analogues of nematogenic polycarbonates

The mesophasic behaviour of the following compounds has been investigated by DSC, X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy methods: CH₃(CH₂)₄-CO-R-A _n -R-CO-(CH₂)₄-CH₃,n=9 14, 16 CH₃(CH₂)₄-CO-R-B _n -R-CO-(CH₂)₄-CH₃,n=2, 3A _n=-CO-O-(CH₂)_n–4-O-CO-,B _n =-CO-(OCH₂CH₂) _n -O-CO-,R=-O-Ø-C(CH₃)=N-N=(CH₃)C-Ø-O-,Ø=-C₆H₄ They have been assumed to be low molecular weight models of homologous nematogenic polymers.All the examined compounds exhibit nematic mesomorphism. On complete analogy with the corresponding polymers, the thermodynamic data relative to the nematic-isotropic phase transition show a very reduced, if any, odd-even fluctuation. These data are compared with those obtained for very similar compounds, both polymeric and non-polymeric, containing ester linkages between the rigid and flexible groups, to provide evidence of the reliability of the dimeric compounds as models of the polymeric homologues.

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Zusammenfassung Das mesophasische Verhalten der folgenden Verbindungen wurde mittels DSC, Röntgendiffraktion und optischer Mikroskopie untersucht: CH₃(CH₂)₄-CO-R-A _n -R-CO-(CH₂)₄-CH₃;n=914, 16 CH₃(CH₂)₄-CO-R-B _n -R-CO-(CH₂)₄-CH₃;n=2, 3A _n =-CO-O-(CH₂)_n-4-O-CO-;B _n =-CO-(OCH₂CH₂)_n-O-CO-;R=-O-C₆H₄-C(CH₃)=N-N=(CH₃)C-C₆H₄-O-. Die Verbindungen wurden als Modelle homologer nematogener Polymere mit niedrigem Molekulargewicht angesehen. Alle untersuchten Verbindungen zeigen einen nematischen Mesomorphismus. Analog zu den entsprechenden Polymeren zeigen die sich auf den nematisch-isotropen Phasenübergang beziehenden thermodynamischen Daten eine, wenn überhaupt, sehr reduzierte ungerade-gerade Fluktuation. Diese Daten werden mit denen verglichen, die für sehr ähnliche, sowohl polymère als auch nicht-polymere Verbindungen mit Esterbindungen zwischen den starren und flexiblen Gruppen erhalten wurden, um Beweise für die Zuverlässigkeit der auf dimeren Verbindungen aufbauenden Modelle für polymère Homologe zu erhalten.

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, : CH₃(CH₂)₄-CO-R-A _n -R-CO-(CH₂)₄-CH₃ n=914,16 CH₃(CH₂)₄-CO-R-B _n -R-CO-(CH₂)₄-CH₃ n=2, 3A _n =-CO-O-(CH₂) _n–4-O-CO-;B _n =-CO-(OCH₂CN₂) _n -O-COR =-O--C(CH₃)=N-N=(CH₃)C--O- =C₆H₄ , . . — , , , - . , , ,

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The financial assistance of the Ministero Pubblica Istruzione is acknowledged.     

Study of platinum black in a high-temperature X-ray camera

The behavior of platinum black is tested in a high-temperature X-ray camera. In the presence of hydrogen and at a temperature of over 400°C a new tetragonal modification of platinum has been found with lattice constants: a_o=0.403 nm and c_o=0.348 nm.

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. 400°C a_o=0,403 c_o=0,348.

     

Ligand exchange between bis-acetylacetonato cobalt (II) and organotin compounds SnR2Cl2 (R=Ph, Et), I. NMR identification of exchange products in the Co(AA)2?SnPh2Cl2 system

NMR studies of the interaction between bis-acetylacetonato Co(II) and organotin compound SnPh₂Cl₂ (Ph=C₆H₅ ^–) in chloroform solutions with pyridine additive have revealed ligand exchange between the initial components to form Co(II) and Sn(IV) complexes with different numbers of ligands.

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Co(II) SnPh₂Cl₂ (Ph=C₆H₅ ^–). , Co(II) Sn(IV) .

     

Synthesis of γ- dihydropyrones and β- dihydrofuranones on the basis of acetylenic γ- and δ-keto alcohols and acetals of γ- and δ-formyl alcohols

Acetylenic - and -keto alcohols and acetals of acetylenic - and -keto alcohols and acetals of acetylenic - and -formyl alcohols undergo cyclization to -dihydropyrones and -dihydrofuranones under the influence of acids.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1471–1473, November, 1976.     

Reactive silica, XIV. Sorption and polymerization of ethylene oxide on reactive silica

Ethylene oxide vapor was exposed to reactive silica (RS). It chemisorbed immediately on a pair of silicon radicals as –O–CH₂–CH₂–, and the adsorbed species polymerized. It is assumed that polymerization is not an ionic but a radical type reaction.

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. –O–CH₂–CH₂– . , , .

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Part XIII: Ref. 15     

Coupling of thermometric titrimetry and constant-current coulometry: Study and applications

Two systems involving the coupling of thermometric and coulometry are presented. In the first assembly, the two electrodes were in the same compartment. Bromocoulometry was used to test the possibilities of this coupling in the sequential titration of a vitamin C+ aspirin mixture about (10^–4 M) and the determination of enthalpy changes. In a second coupling system, the anodic and cathodic compartments were separated by a sintered-glass disc of porosity 3. The conditions for obtaining an electrochemical cell which is also a good calorimeter are discussed. Examples of applications are given, such as analytical measurements, the study of an electrochemically catalysed reaction and of the thermal effects of electrode reactions.

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Zusammenfassung Zwei Systeme werden beschrieben, die eine Kombination von thermometrischer Titrimetrie und Coulometrie darstellen. Bei der ersten Vorrichtung sind die Elektroden im gleichen Raum Untergebracht. Die Bromocoulometric wurde zur Testung der durch diese Kombination für die aufeinanderfolgende Titration von Vitamin C/Aspirin Gemischen (ungefähr 10^–4 M) und für die Bestimmung der Enthalpieänderungen gebotenen Möglichkeiten angewandt. In einem zweiten kombinierten System waren Anoden- und Kathodenraum durch ein Sinterglasfilter der Porosität 3 voneinander getrennt. Es werden die Bedingungen diskutiert, die notwendig sind, um eine elektrochemische Zelle zu erhalten, die zugleich auch ein gutes Kalorimeter ist. Anwendungsbeispiele sind angegeben, wie analytische Messungen und elektrochemische Untersuchungen katalysierter Reaktionen oder thermischer Effekte von Elektrodenreaktionen.

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, . . — 10^–4 M . — N^o3. , . , , .

     

The curvature of the Arrhenius plots predicted by conventional canonical transition-state theory in the absence of tunneling

The reasons for the nonlinearity of the Arrhenius plots of gas-phase reactions are analyzed in detail within the frame of conventional canonical transition-state theory and in the absence of tunneling effects. The purpose is to show how the vibrational normal mode frequencies of reactants and the transition state determine the curvature of an Arrhenius plot. Conventional canonical transition-state theory without tunneling corrections predicts curved Arrhenius plots with an inflexion point that separates the concave (high-temperature range) and convex region (at low temperatures). The frequencies of the transitional modes at the transition-state structure determine the temperature at which an Arrhenius plot presents upward curvature. AcknowledgementsWe are grateful for financial support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología and the Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional through project no. BQU2002–00301, and the use of the computational facilities of the CESCA.     

Thermal analysis of the direct nitridation of silicon to Si3N4

The coefficients of the virial expansion of the excess enthalpies of ternary aqueous solutions containing D-glucose and an alcohol (ethanol,n-propanol,n-butanol andtert-butanol) were determined at 25 °C. The trend of the cross coefficients versus the self coefficients of the alcohols exhibits a maximum in accordance with the system containingtert-butanol. This behaviour is similar to that found for the interaction of the same alcohols with any other hydrophilic solute examined up to now. The results are interpreted in terms of a prevailing release of water from the structured cospheres of the alcohols.

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Zusammenfassung Die Koeffizienten der Virialentwicklung der Überschußenthalpien von ternären, D-Glucose und einen Alkohol (Ethanol,n-Propanol,n-Butanol,tert-Butanol) enthaltenden wässrigen Lösungen wurden bei 25 °C bestimmt. Bei dem tert-Butanol enthaltenden System wird ein Maximum erhalten, wenn die Koeffizienten der Wechselwirkung zwischen verschiedenartigen Molekülen gegen die Wechselwirkung zwischen den Alkoholmolekülen aufgetragen werden. Dieses Verhalten ist identisch mit dem, das für die Wechselwirkung der gleichen Alkohole mit anderen bis jetzt untersuchten hydrophilen gelösten Stoffen gefunden wurde. Die Ergebnisse werden interpretiert, indem ein bevorzugter Austritt von Wasser aus der strukturierten Koordinationssphäre des Alkohols angenommen wird.

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25° , - (, - , -). . - . .

     

Low temperature adsorption of oxygen on Ni(100)

LEED, AES and data indicate the nonreconstructive character of oxygen adsorption on Ni(100) at 170 K and reconstructive chemisorption at T>270 K with the formation of a c(2×2)0 structure.

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, , Ni (100) 170 >270 (2×2)0.

     

State of components in supported catalysts prepared via interaction of platinum-tin complexes with Al2O3 surface

The interaction of platinum-tin complexes with the OH groups of Al₂O₃ is shown to lead to the formation of surface complexes in which tin ions bonded to the support are not reduced to metal and inhibit platinum agglomeration.

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OH- Al₂O₃ , .

     

Determination of the dispersity of supported platinum catalysts by hydrogen, oxygen or carbon monoxide chemisorption and hydrogen-oxygen titrations, using volumetric, gravimetric and catharometric techniques

The dispersity of supported Pt catalysts is measured with better exactness by means of O₂ (one atom O per surface Pt atom, Pt_s), or CO (one CO molecule per Pt_s) chemisorption; among the three techniques, the volumetric one is the most sensitive. But H₂ chemisorption and H₂–O₂ titrations have to be used additionally in the case of thermally sensitive catalysts and if the support is not completely inert towards H₂ at 400–500 °C.

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O₂ ( O Pt, Pt_s), CO ( CO Pt_s); . , H₂ 400–500°C, H₂ H₂–O₂.

     

Superacidic cyclization of higher terpenoid acids and their esters

The superacidic cyclization of aliphatic and partially cyclized C₁₅–C₂₅ terpenoid acids and their esters proceeds structure-selectively and stereospecifically, affording -isomers of completely cyclized epimeric ,-unsaturated acids or esters; the configuration of their carboxylic or ester groups is predetermined by the configuration of the double bond conjugated with the carboxyl or ester groups in the starting compounds.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 12, pp. 2507–2513, December, 1995.     

X-ray study of palladium catalysts. Influence of thermal treatment in hydrogen on the phase composition

The thermal treatment of Pd catalysts in a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen leads to interaction of supported metal and support to form solid solutions.

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, .

     

On a large difference in enthalpic virial coefficient among some isomers of alkoxyalcohol

Molar excess enthalpies for aqueous solutions of 3-methoxy-1-butanol (3-MB) and 1-methoxy-2-butanol (M-2B) have been measured at 298.15 K over the whole concentration range with a flow microcalorimeter. From the experimental data, we evaluated the enthalpic interaction parameter h_xx and obtained the following order:h _xx (3 MB) h_xx(M-2B)This large difference in h_xx. provided us some new factors which might have the influence on hydrophobic interaction: fundamental frame, hydroxyl group, and ether oxygen atom.

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Zusammenfassung Mittels eines Fluß-Mikrokalorimeters wurden bei 298.15 K im gesamten Konzentrationsintervall die molaren Überschußenthalpien für wäßrige Lösungen aus 3-Methoxy-1-Butanol (3-MB) und 1-Methoxy-2-Butanol (M-2B) gemessen. Anhand der experimentellen Daten erstellten wir den Enthalpiepaar-Wechselwirkungsparameter h_xx und erhielten folgende Reihenfolge: h_xx(3-MB) h_xx(M-2B)Diese große Abweichung bei h_xx legte uns einige neue Faktoren nahe, die einen Einfluß auf die hydrophobe Wechselwirkung haben können: Grundgerüst, Hydroxylgruppen als auch Sauerstoffatome.