Measurement of diabetic sugar concentration in human blood using Raman spectroscopy

This study demonstrates the use of Raman spectroscopy for the direct measurement of diabetic sugar in human blood using 532 nm laser system. Raman spectra were collected from whole blood drawn from 21 individuals. We have elicited a reliable glucose signature in diabetic patients, and measured glucose levels in blood serum of normal, healthy diabetic and diabetic patients with other malignancies like cancer and hepatitis. Quantitative predictions of glucose spectra illustrate the predictions based on molecular information carried by the Raman light in highly light-scattering and absorbing media. Raman spectrum peaks for diabetic blood serum are observed at 1168, 1531, 1463, 1021 cm^?1 with intensity level 17000 to 18500 pixels attributed to carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, collagen, and skeletal C-C stretch of lipids acyl chains. Raman spectra for normal, diabetic patients having cancer and hepatitis were also recorded. This in vitro glucose monitoring methodology will lead in vivo noninvasive on-line monitoring having painless and at the same time the data will be displayed on-line and in real time. The measured Raman peaks provides detailed bio-chemical fingerprint of the sample and could confer diagnostic benefit in a clinical setting.     

Near infrared Raman spectroscopic characterization of blood plasma of normal,oral premalignant and malignant conditions—a pilot study

The metabolic end products from cells/tissues that are released into the circulating blood stream and any changes in their level because of pathological conditions may be used as markers in disease diagnosis. Raman spectroscopy has been exploited to characterize the biomolecules present in the blood plasma of clinically confirmed normal group, premalignant (Oral Sub Mucous Fibrosis) and malignant (Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma) at 784.15 nm. Raman spectral signatures show relatively less intense Raman bands of phenylalanine, lipid and antioxidant beta carotene but higher intense bands for proteins, DNA base components and amino acids (tyrosine and tryptophan) for malignant group than that of normal group. However premalignant group possess high intense Raman bands for amino acids (tyrosine and tryptophan) at 830, 1020 and 1620 cm⁻¹ and protein peaks at 913, 978 and 1646 cm⁻¹ when compared to that of malignant and normal group. Principal component analysis coupled with linear discriminant analysis (PCA‐LDA) yielded a diagnostic sensitivity of 96.3% and 91.2%, and a specificity of 80.0% and 96.7% in the classification of normal from premalignant and normal from malignant, respectively. This indicates that Raman spectroscopy of blood plasma has the potential in classifying normal and oral malignancy conditions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optical diagnosis of dengue virus infected human blood using Mueller matrix polarimetry

Currently dengue fever diagnosis methods include capture ELISAs, immunofluorescence tests, and hemagglutination assays. In this study optical diagnosis of dengue virus infection in the whole blood is presented utilizing Mueller matrix polarimetry. Mueller matrices of about 50 dengue viral infected and 25 non-dengue healthy blood samples were recorded utilizing light source from 500 to 700 nm with scanning step of 10 nm. Polar decomposition of the Mueller matrices for all the blood samples was performed that yielded polarization properties including depolarization, diattenuation, degree of polarization, retardance and optical activity, out of which, depolarization index clusters up the diseased and healthy in to different separate groups. The average depolarized light in the case of dengue infection in the whole blood at 500 nm is 18%, whereas for the healthy blood samples it is 13.5%. This suggests that depolarization index of polarized light at the wavelengths of 500, 510, 520, 530 and 540 nm, we find that in case of depolarization index values are higher for dengue viral infection as compared to normal samples. This technique can effectively be used for the characterization of the dengue virus infected at an early stage of disease.     

Optical Observation of Lung Cancer With Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared Microscope (ATR-FTIR) and Confocal Raman Microscope

ABSTRACT

Optical observation of lung cancer tissues using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared microscope (ATR-FTIR) and confocal Raman microscope were performed. A total of six malignant tissues, seven tissues adjacent to cancer, and nine normal tissues from nine patients with known lung cancer were studied. High-quality spectra from human tissues were obtained only in a few seconds. The results revealed that some of the spectral characteristics varied significantly between normal and malignant tissues, that is, IR peak positions, Raman shift, and the spectral intensities. Differences in positions of 10 main peaks in IR shifts and 13 main peaks in Raman shifts were listed, and the intensity changes were also studied between the malignant and normal tissues. The ratios of 1453-cm^?1/1645-cm^?1 intensity in IR spectrum and 1245-cm^?1/1571-cm^?1 intensity in Raman spectrum were found with the most significant difference (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05 separately) in statistics and may be used in combination to differentiate the normal and malignant tissues. ATR-FTIR spectrum and Raman spectrum were mutually complementary in the observation of many materials and were both found with high sensitivities and spatial resolutions in the observation of human tissues. This study will be helpful to developing rapid and accurate cancer detection techniques in future clinical diagnosis.     

Nano-graphitic clustering and break down of phonon selection rule in diamond-like carbon films

Diamond-like carbon films are deposited on silicon substrates at different substrate bias using ECR-CVD technique. Raman spectroscopic studies show the presence of broad G and D peaks. In contrast to the position of D peak, the G peak shows a systematic red-shift with increase in the bias voltage. From the analysis it is found that an increase in bias voltage decreases the sp² cluster diameter. Furthermore, two additional Raman peaks at around 690 and 880 cm^?1 are also observed. These peaks, forbidden in the first order Raman scattering, arise due to the breakdown of phonon selection rule in graphitic nanoclusters.     

Raman scattering studies of the magnetic ordering in hexagonal HoMnO3 thin films

We present the results of the temperature dependence of the Raman spectra of hexagonal HoMnO₃ thin films in the 13–300 K temperature range. The films were grown on Pt(111)//Al₂O₃ (0001) substrates using the laser ablation method. In the HoMnO₃ thin films, we initially observedseveral broad Raman peaks at ∼510, 760, 955, 1120, and 1410 cm⁻¹. These broad Raman peaks display an anomalous behavior near the magnetic transition temperature, and the intensity difference of the Raman spectra at different temperatures shows several pairs of negative and positive peaks as the temperature is lowered below the Néel temperature. Our analyses indicate that all the broad peaks are correlated with magnetic ordering, and we have assigned the origin of all the broad peaks. Purely on the basis of the Raman analysis, we have deduced the Néel temperature and the spin exchange integrals of HoMnO₃ thin films. We also investigated the effects of the growth condition on the strongest broad peak at ∼760 cm⁻¹, which is related with pure magnetic ordering. This result indicates that the oxygen defect in the HoMnO₃ sample has negligible effect on magnetic ordering. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Raman Spectroscopy of Nitrogen Clathrate Hydrates

在253 K和16 MPa的压力下,于实验室内合成了氮气水合物,用显微共焦拉曼光谱对其N-N和O-H键伸缩振动的光谱特征进行了研究．结果表明,氮气水合物中的N-N和O-H键的拉曼峰分别为2322.4和3092.1 cm^-1,与天然的空气水合物中的数据十分接近．另外,还测定了液氮和溶解于水中的氮分子中N-N键的拉曼峰值,分别为2326.6和2325.0 cm^-1．氮气笼型水合物分解的拉曼谱图表明,氮分子同时进入水合物的大笼和小笼中,但由于氮分子在大、小笼中的环境氛围十分接近,其拉曼位移相差不大,故拉曼谱图只能显示N-N键伸缩振动一个峰．     

癌症患者血清的激光拉曼光谱

按正常人和不同种类癌症患者进行分类,用激光拉曼光谱分别对正常人,鼻咽癌患者、肝癌患者和慢性白血病患者四类受试者的血清在０－２０００ｃｍ＾－１范围内进行测试。结果表明,同类患者中不同受试者血清的激光拉曼光谱特征峰值大小虽然不同,但光谱图特征基本一致;不同种类癌症患者血清的激光拉曼光谱图存在较大差异;在各类癌症患者血清的激光拉曼光谱图特征峰附近,正常人血清均没有拉曼光谱特征峰。     

压致硼酸盐晶态物质的非晶化现象研究

 本文用X射线衍射、Eu²⁺的发射谱与激发谱、拉曼谱以及扫描电镜（SEM）颗粒形貌，研究了常压下合成的具有正交结构的SrB₂O₄:Eu²⁺晶体在3.0~7.0 GPa压力下的晶态非晶化现象。分析结果表明，压力导致晶粒细化和晶态非晶化。晶粒尺寸由常压下的微米量级细化为几十个纳米量级，随压力的变化为：2 μm（0.1 MPa），49.4 nm（3.0 GPa），29.7 nm（5.0 GPa），25.1 nm（7.0 GPa）。晶态与非晶态体积比随压力增加而减小，分别为：70/30（3.0 GPa），63/37（5.0 GPa），57/43（7.0 GPa）。在压力下Eu²⁺是处在晶态与非晶态两种不同的低对称的环境中。纳米级晶粒是以亚晶粒形式存在于微米级大晶粒中的，压致非晶态可能组成了纳米亚晶粒的界面区。     

KTN晶体及其熔体结构的高温拉曼光谱研究

测量并研究了不同温度(室温—1573 K)范围内KTN晶体的拉曼光谱及其熔体的高温拉曼光谱,分析了KTN晶体结构随温度变化的规律及其熔体的结构特征.随着温度的升高,KTN晶体的拉曼光谱谱峰都不同程度地向低波数方向移动,同时存在不同程度的展宽,并伴随强度的减弱.观察并解释了温度353 K附近KTN晶体样品的四方—立方转相现象.研究了KTN晶体拉曼光谱中538cm^-1,585cm^-1,835cm^-1和877cm^-1谱峰及其 关键词： 高温拉曼光谱 熔体 KTN晶体     

芬太尼类物质的振动光谱特征分析研究

通过分析28种芬太尼类物质的红外和拉曼光谱,研究了芬太尼类物质的振动光谱特征,考察了红外和拉曼光谱对芬太尼类物质的区分能力。整体上看,芬太尼类物质的红外和拉曼光谱表现出不同的光谱特征,具有互补性。在红外光谱中,不同盐型芬太尼类物质在3200～2 000 cm-1区间差异显著,碱型化合物在2 972～2 952 cm-1存在强的吸收峰,盐酸盐化合物在2 600～2 320 cm-1存在中等强度的多重吸收峰,枸橼酸盐化合物在3 100～2 800 cm-1存在中等偏弱的宽吸收峰。在红外光谱中,芬太尼类物质在1 750～1 630 cm-1存在由C═O键伸缩振动引起的强吸收峰,在710～680 cm-1存在由苯环面外弯曲振动引起的强的单峰或双峰。在拉曼光谱中,28种芬太尼类物质均在1 001～1 002 cm-1处有强的拉曼峰,该峰是由苯环上C-H键的面内弯曲振动引起的。含烷基、苯基、四氢呋喃基取代化合物的拉曼光谱中,1 000 cm-1左右位置的峰为基峰,其他峰的强度均低于基峰强度的30%;含氟、呋喃、硫代等取代基化合物的拉曼光谱中,除1 000 cm-1左右位置的峰外还有其他高强度的峰。红外光谱可用于区分所有芬太尼类物质,对绝大多数化合物区分度高,对个别结构相差一个甲基的芬太尼结构类似物的区分度较弱,但通过指纹区的特征吸收峰,也可实现区分。当不存在荧光干扰时,拉曼光谱可用于区分所有的芬太尼类物质,对绝大多数化合物区分度高,对部分结构相差一个甲基或不同位置甲基取代的芬太尼结构类似物的区分度较弱,但通过指纹区的特征峰,也可实现区分。红外光谱和拉曼光谱均具有无需样品前处理、测试速度快、检测成本低、绿色环保等优点,便携式设备可用于现场快速检验。拉曼光谱仪测定某些样品时会受到荧光干扰,具有一定的局限性。与拉曼光谱相比,红外光谱无荧光干扰、谱图一致性高、商业谱库更加完备,是现场快速定性分析的首选方法。     

正常人和结直肠癌患者血清的拉曼光谱探测与区别

本文对比分析了正常人和结直肠癌患者的血清的拉曼光谱.选择拉曼峰信息和荧光背景信息作为参数进行统计分析.用主成分回归(Principal component regression,PCR)和线性辨别分析(linear discriminant analysis,LDA)对所选参数进行分析以观察这些参数对光谱的代表性,得到...     

基于金纳米杆/PMMA基底SERS特性的高灵敏肿瘤标志物无标记检测

高品质贵金属纳米结构基底的制备是应用表面增强拉曼散射(SERS)技术进行高灵敏生物检测的关键。采用改进的Langmuir-Blodgett方法,通过在金纳米杆(Au NRs)溶胶注入乙醇,使得Au NRs迁移至溶胶与甲苯的交界面,并用聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)固定交界面处的Au NRs,形成大面积分布、均匀致密排列的二维畴状Au NRs/PMMA纳米结构薄膜基底。然后,采用等离子体清洗技术处理制备的基底,使得金纳米杆(Au NRs)的表面裸露,以增强基底的SERS特性。实验表明,Au NRs/PMMA基底具有优良的SERS特性,在785 nm波长的激光照射下,增强因子可以达到5.49×106。此外,利用制备的Au NRs/PMMA基底,开展前列腺癌症肿瘤标志物--前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)的高灵敏无标记定量检测研究。在PSA的无标记检测过程中,首先对PSA标准溶液和新生牛血清进行SERS光谱的直接检测,得到PSA分别位于823, 1 080, 1 385, 1 586和1 640 cm-1处的主要的拉曼特征峰;其次,通过对PSA标准溶液、临床男性血清样本及女性血清样本的SERS光谱进行测量和分析,筛选出在PSA的SERS光谱中与血清中PSA含量相关的拉曼特征峰,它们是分别位于649,680以及1 640 cm-1处的拉曼特征峰。进一步,通过对与PSA同属糖蛋白的肿瘤标志物甲胎蛋白(AFP)以及与PSA同源的人腺体激肽释放酶2(hK2)进行SERS光谱检测和分析,发现位于1 640 cm-1处的拉曼特征峰对于PSA具有高的特异性,将其作为临床血清样本中PSA无标记定量检测的具有特异性的拉曼特征峰,并以此为依据,对不同PSA浓度的标准溶液进行检测,得到位于1 640 cm-1处的拉曼特征峰强度与PSA样本溶液中PSA的浓度相关的剂量-响应曲线。最后,开展临床血清样本的应用检测。结果表明,基于Au NRs/PMMA基底的SERS检测结果与化学发光免疫分析(CLIA)方法的检测结果一致,且具有比CLIA更高的检测灵敏度,最低检测极限为0.06 ng·mL-1,且无标记检测范围为0.1 mg·mL-1～0.1 ng·mL-1。因此,基于Au NRs/PMMA SERS基底的高灵敏肿瘤标志物无标记检测具有重要应用前景。     

离子注入ZnO薄膜的拉曼光谱研究

室温下,用80 keV N⁺和400 keV Xe⁺离子注入ZnO薄膜,注入剂量分别为5.0×10¹⁴—1.0×10¹⁷/cm²和2.0×10¹⁴—5.0×10¹⁵/cm².利用拉曼散射技术对注入前后的ZnO薄膜进行光谱测量和分析,研究了样品的拉曼光谱随离子注入剂量的变化规律.实验结果发现,未进行离子注入的样品在99,435 cm<     

Raman scattering in layered compound 2H-WS2

Raman scattering of layer-type compound 2H-WS₂ has been studied at room temperature. The first-order Raman peaks are observed at 27.4, 357 and 423 cm^-1. The low-frequency peak at 27.4 cm^-1 is a rigid-layer mode, from which the interlayer shear force constant is estimated. The central force model is applied to the high-frequency phonons. The interlayer shear force constant is much smaller than the intralayer force constants. We also find several peaks due to the second-order processes.     

钛-硅系快速热退火固相反应机制的研究

钛膜在10^-7Torr真空中用电子束蒸发沉积在硅单晶片上,以快速热退火方式进行团相反应。转靶X射线衍射分析发现,540—600℃退火后,有两个亚稳相Ti₅Si₄的衍射峰。延长退火时间,第一成核相Ti₅Si₄可持续存在到钛被消耗完,随即转变成稳定相TiSi₂。退火温度高于640℃,形成稳定相TiSi₂。薄层电阻和喇曼散射的测量研究结果表明,与X射线衍射有很好的对应。207和244cm^-1波数处的两个喇曼峰为TiSi₂的特征喇曼峰,而270,297和341cm^-1的三个喇曼峰似乎是由Ti₅Si₄引起。 关键词：     

Polarized Raman spectroscopy study of NiSi film grown on Si(001) substrate

We report on the growth of NiSi film on Si(001) substrate with an orientation of NiSi[200]//Si[001]. Polarized Raman spectroscopy was used to assign the symmetry of the NiSi Raman peaks. Raman peaks at 213 cm⁻¹, 295 cm⁻¹, and 367 cm⁻¹ are assigned to be A _g symmetry and peaks at 196 cm⁻¹, and 254 cm⁻¹ are B _3g symmetry.     

The composition dependence and new assignment of the Raman spectrum in lithium tantalate

The Raman scattering spectra of lithium tantalate crystals with different compositions were investigated. The comparison of the Raman data obtained for the congruent and the near-stoichiometric crystals reveals some differences in the shape and the number of Raman peaks, which lead to a new assignment of the long-wavelength optical phonons. And quantitative relationships between the linewidth of Raman peaks (142 cm⁻¹ for E-phonon and 861 cm⁻¹ for A₁-phonon) and the crystal composition were firstly presented. Two local Raman lines, 278 and 750 cm⁻¹, were found for the congruent crystals and attributed to the intrinsic defects, Li vacancy and anti-site Ta ion, respectively.     

聚噻吩中双电子极化子附近的二维局域振动模

将聚噻吩的一维SSH孤子模型推广到二维平面,研究了聚噻吩双电子极化子附近的二维局域振动模.计算结果表明双电子极化子附近存在15个局域振动模,其中4个奇宇称模与4条强红外吸收谱线1020,1120,1200,1323cm^-1相对应,4个偶宇称模恰与4条Raman吸收峰700,1047,1175,1220cm^-1一致. 关键词：     

Qualitative analysis of desi ghee,edible oils,and spreads using Raman spectroscopy

Keeping in view the importance of dietary fats in modulating disease risk, a study was planned to compare edible oils, spreads, and desi ghee based on fatty acid composition through Raman spectroscopy. The double bonds in unsaturated oils tend to react more with oxygen causing oxidative stress in living cells; therefore, the excessive use of processed vegetable oils may pose risk for human health. In the spectral analysis, Raman peaks at 1063 and 1127 cm⁻¹ represent out‐of‐phase and in‐phase aliphatic C C stretch for saturated fatty acids. The peak at 1300 cm⁻¹, labeled for alkane, decreases with increase in the double bond contents (unsaturation). Further, the Raman peak at 1655 cm⁻¹ showed a monotonic increase as a function of unsaturation. The double bond contents in the Raman spectra from 1650–1657 cm⁻¹ represent unsaturated fatty acids that changes during the synthesis of spreads and banaspati ghee. Desi ghee, extracted from cow and buffalo milk, showed distinctive Raman peaks at 1650 and 1655 cm⁻¹, which originates because of isomers of conjugated linoleic acid. These Raman shifts differentiated desi ghee from other artificially produced banaspati ghee, spreads, and oils. Conjugated linoleic acid has proved to be anti‐carcinogenic, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐allergic properties; therefore, the limited use of desi ghee may reduce the risk of cardiac diseases. Principal component analysis has been applied on the Raman spectra that clearly differentiated desi ghee, mono‐unsaturated extra virgin olive oil, and extra virgin olive oil spread from other oils, oil mixtures, spreads, and ghee. In addition, principal component analysis has been blindly applied successfully on 13 unknown samples to classify them with reference to the known ghee sample. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.