二苯胺与邻氨基酚共聚的原位紫外-可见光谱电化学研究

运用循环伏安法(CV)和原位紫外-可见光谱电化学法研究了二苯胺(DPA)和邻氨基酚(OAP)在4mol/L H2SO4中单独聚合及二者共聚的电化学过程。DPA和OAP单独聚合及二者共聚时不同的电化学行为表明DPA和OAP之间发生了共聚作用。原位紫外-可见光谱研究表明,在DPA与OAP的共聚过程中,DPA与OAP首先被氧化生成阳离子自由基,然后,两者的阳离子自由基与溶液中的DPA和OAP单体或其自由基发生交互反应产生混合二聚物中间体,其吸收峰位于508 nm处。进一步研究发现,DPA和OAP的共聚过程与溶液中各单体的浓度比有关。     

苯胺与邻甲氧基苯胺共聚的原位紫外-可见光谱电化学研究

运用循环伏安法(CV)和原位紫外-可见光谱电化学法研究了苯胺(AN)和邻甲氧基苯胺(OMA)单独聚合及二者共聚的电化学过程。在1.0 mol/L HCl溶液中,AN和OMA单独聚合及二者共聚时不同的电化学行为表明AN和OMA之间产生了共聚作用。原位紫外-可见光谱的研究表明,在AN与OMA的共聚过程中,AN和OMA首先分别被氧化生成其阳离子自由基,然后,AN和OMA的阳离子自由基与溶液中的AN和OMA单体发生交互反应产生混合二聚物中间体,在紫外-可见吸收光谱中对应于440 nm处的吸收峰。进一步研究发现,AN和OMA的共聚过程与溶液中各单体的浓度比有关,当混合溶液中OMA的浓度较大时,会对共聚产生抑制作用。采用红外光谱技术对共聚物进行了表征并初步探讨了共聚机制。结果表明,在AN和OMA共聚过程中,OMA分子掺杂进入AN聚合物骨架。     

In Situ Structural Determination of a Homogeneous Ruthenium Racemization Catalyst and Its Activated Intermediates Using X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

The activation process of a known Ru-catalyst, dicarbonyl(pentaphenylcyclopentadienyl)ruthenium chloride, has been studied in detail using time resolved in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy. The data provide bond lengths of the species involved in the process as well as information about bond formation and bond breaking. On addition of potassium tert-butoxide, the catalyst is activated and an alkoxide complex is formed. The catalyst activation proceeds via a key acyl intermediate, which gives rise to a complete structural change in the coordination environment around the Ru atom. The rate of activation for the different catalysts was found to be highly dependent on the electronic properties of the cyclopentadienyl ligand. During catalytic racemization of 1-phenylethanol a fast-dynamic equilibrium was observed.     

苯胺与邻-氨基苯磺酸电化学共聚的原位紫外-可见光谱研究

运用原位紫外-可见吸收光谱法和红外光谱法分别研究了苯胺(AN)和邻-氨基苯磺酸(ABSA)在0.1mol/L HCIO4溶液中的单独聚合及共聚过程.结果表明,在AN和ABSA的共聚过程中,ABSA首先被氧化生成其阳离子自由基,然后ABSA阳离子自由基与继而生成的AN阳离子自由基和溶液中的AN及ABSA单体发生交互反应,...     

Mechanistic Insight into the Catalytic Oxidation of Cyclohexane over Carbon Nanotubes: Kinetic and In Situ Spectroscopic Evidence

As some of the most interesting metal‐free catalysts, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and other carbon‐based nanomaterials show great promise for some important chemical reactions, such as the selective oxidation of cyclohexane (C₆H₁₂). Due to the lack of fundamental understanding of carbon catalysis in liquid‐phase reactions, we have sought to unravel the role of CNTs in the catalytic oxidation of C₆H₁₂ through a combination of kinetic analysis, in situ spectroscopy, and density functional theory. The catalytic effect of CNTs originates from a weak interaction between radicals and their graphene skeletons, which confines the radicals around their surfaces. This, in turn, enhances the electron‐transfer catalysis of peroxides to yield the corresponding alcohol and ketone.     

The Active Oxygen Species for Oxidative Coupling of Methane over CeO_2/BaF_2 Catalyst by in Situ Confocal Microprobe Raman Spectroscopy

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Ferric Acetylacetonate Catalyst on the Urethane Reaction of Phenyl Isocyanate and 1,2-Propyleneglycol: A Study of Kinetics,Thermodynamics, and Mechanism with In Situ FT-IR Spectroscopy

The urethane reaction of phenyl isocyanate and 1,2-propylene glycol was investigated with ferric acetylacetonate (Fe(acac)₃) as catalyst. The effect of the catalytic properties of Fe(acac)₃ on the formation of the urethane bond was evaluated with in situ FT-IR. The influence of the Fe(acac)₃ concentration as well as the reaction temperature is discussed. It was observed that there was a turning point in the reaction rate when the temperature decreases, which remained unchanged with variation in Fe(acac)₃ concentration. Arrhenius and Eyring parameters of the primary hydroxyl group were determined for the catalyzed reaction. The low-temperature and high-temperature values are surprisingly different. A reasonable reaction mechanism is proposed and the possible active species are discussed, followed by a kinetics and thermodynamics discussion.     

低温等离子体协同Ag/Al2O3选择性催化丙烯还原氮氧化物反应的原位红外光谱研究

 研究了稀燃条件下低温等离子体(NTP)协同丙烯在Ag/Al2O3催化剂上选择性催化还原NOx反应,通过原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱(DRIFTS)对NTP协同前后反应气中NO和C3H6的吸附以及丙烯选择性催化还原反应进行了表征. 结果表明,丙烯的活化是Ag/Al2O3上选择性催化还原反应的关键步骤. NTP活化反应气体后, Ag/Al2O3表面-NCO、R-NO2和有机酸根等物种的数量大幅度增加,并且其催化还原NOx的低温(＜350 ℃)活性也显著提高. 在NTP协同前后,选择性催化还原过程可能存在两条反应路径,较低温度下主要是-NCO 生成N2, 而较高温度下则是-CN向N2转化.     

H2对Rh-Mn-Li-Ti/SiO2催化剂上CO吸附和脱附的影响

 应用红外光谱和程序升温脱附技术研究了Rh-Mn-Li-Ti/SiO2催化剂上H2对CO吸附和脱附的影响. 结果表明,预吸附的H2主要占据线式CO的吸附位. 共吸附时H2与CO在Rh位上形成了羰基氢化物,从而导致线式物种谱带红移,且高的H2浓度有利于CO的吸附. 在323 K下, H2对预吸附的CO谱带位置和强度没有影响. 但是,随着温度的升高, H2的存在促进了弱吸附CO的脱附,并使之重新吸附; 同时, H2促进了强吸附CO的解离,增强了CO的吸附强度和催化剂的吸附能力.     

钠盐修饰的Mn/SiO2催化剂的原位XRD研究

 采用原位X射线衍射法对高温下不同钠盐修饰的Mn/SiO2催化剂物相结构进行了研究. 结果表明,反应温度下催化剂表面的钠盐处于熔融的无定形态,提高了Mn2O3活性中心在甲烷氧化偶联反应中的催化活性.     

BaF2/La2O3催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联反应活性氧物种的原位红外光谱

用原位红外光谱研究了BaF2/La2O3催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联反应的活性氧物种.结果表明,催化剂经O2预吸附后,在1 108~1 118 cm-1处出现超氧物种O2-的O-O键伸缩振动峰.经18O2同位素交换实验后,原1 108~1 118 cm-1处谱峰的强度减弱,同时在1 086和1 051 cm-1处出现(O18O)-物种和18O2-物种的吸收峰.同位素交换实验进一步确证了1 108~1 118cm-1处谱峰确为O2-物种的吸收峰.在700℃下,O2-物种能够活化CH4生成C2H4,而且O2-物种的消耗量和C2H4的生成量呈很好的消长对应关系.超氧物种O2-是BaF2/La2O3催化剂上甲烷氧化偶联反应的活性氧物种.     

Rh基催化剂上CO加氢制C2含氧化物的原位红外光谱研究

 用原位红外光谱考察了Rh-Mn-Li-Fe/SiO2和Rh/SiO2催化剂表面上CO的吸附态及CO加氢反应过程中吸附物种的变化. 结果表明,CO在Rh/SiO2催化剂上仅有线式吸附态存在,而CO在Rh-Mn-Li-Fe/SiO2催化剂上既有线式吸附态存在,又有孪生吸附态存在. 这说明Rh-Mn-Li-Fe/SiO2催化剂中Rh的分散度较高. 经CO加氢反应(3.0 MPa,593 K)后,在Rh-Mn-Li-Fe/SiO2催化剂上可观测到C2含氧化物前驱物种的吸收谱带,而在Rh/SiO2催化剂上未观测到相应的谱带; CO在这两种催化剂上主要以线式吸附态存在,孪生吸附态基本消失. 结合催化剂对CO加氢的催化性能,可以认为线式吸附的CO对生成C2含氧化物有贡献. Rh-Mn-Li-Fe/SiO2催化剂的高活性是由于助剂的存在削弱了其表面吸附CO的 C-O键,促进了CO的活化,从而有利于C2含氧化物前驱物的生成.     

一种土壤剖面CO2气体通量的测试方法

设计和研制了一套土壤剖面CO2气体通量原位测试的方法和装置,该方法和装置可用于土壤剖面不同深度（0～200 cm）土壤CO2气体通量的观测、不同深度土壤层CO2气体存储量的估测、土地利用/土地覆盖变化引起土壤CO2气体释放量变化的测算和估计,以及植被或地力恢复速率的评价等。     

Probing the Coordinative Unsaturation and Local Environment of Ti3+ Sites in an Activated High‐Yield Ziegler–Natta Catalyst

The typical activation of a fourth generation Ziegler–Natta catalyst TiCl₄/MgCl₂/phthalate with triethyl aluminum generates Ti³⁺ centers that are investigated by multi‐frequency continuous wave and pulse EPR methods. Two families of isolated, molecule‐like Ti³⁺ species have been identified. A comparison of the experimentally derived g tensors and ^35,37Cl hyperfine and nuclear‐quadrupole tensors with DFT‐computed values suggests that the dominant EPR‐active Ti³⁺ species is located on MgCl₂(110) surfaces (or equivalent MgCl₂ terminations with tetra‐coordinated Mg). O₂ reactivity tests show that a fraction of these Ti sites is chemically accessible, an important result in view of the search for the true catalyst active site in olefin polymerization.     

含硫液体烃燃料水蒸气重整制氢II. Pt/Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 催化剂的原位DRIFTS表征

利用原位红外漫反射技术(DRIFTS)对抗硫中毒催化剂Pt/Ce0.8Gd0.2 O1.9(Pt/CGO)上CO吸附、CO/噻吩共吸附以及CO/H2S顺序吸附进行了研究,并与 Pt/Al2O3催化剂进行了比较. CO吸附实验表明, 1.6%Pt/CGO-800(800 ℃焙烧)上CO的红外特征吸收峰在 2 104 cm-1, 与1.6%Pt/Al2O3-500上CO的红外特征吸收峰(2 070 cm-1)相比,向高波数方向移动了34 cm-1. 1.6%Pt/CGO-600上出现两个CO特征吸收峰,主峰位于 2 108 cm-1, 肩峰位于 2 085 cm-1. C O/噻吩共吸附实验表明,噻吩导致1.6%Pt/CGO-800上CO吸附的红外特征吸收峰红移至 2 090 cm-1, 峰强度略有降低;1.6%Pt/CGO-600上CO的红外特征吸收峰红移至 2 096 cm -1 且强度有所降低,同时肩峰消失. 而1.6%Pt/Al2O3-500上CO的红外特征吸收峰明显减弱并红移至 2 040 cm-1. CO/H2S顺序吸附实验表明, H2S导致Pt/CGO 催化剂在 2 104 和 2 108 cm-1 处的CO特征吸收峰轻微红移,峰强度略有降低,而H2S导致Pt/Al2O3完全丧失CO的吸附能力. 原位DRI FTS表征结果表明, Pt/CGO催化剂上生成的强缺电子特性Pt颗粒具有很强的抗硫中毒能力, 8 00 ℃焙烧有利于生成单一的抗硫中毒的强缺电子Pt金属位,使得1.6%Pt/CGO-800具有最佳的抗硫中毒性能.     

Fluctuating Storage of the Active Phase in a Mn-Na2WO4/SiO2 Catalyst for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane

Structural dynamics of a Mn-Na₂WO₄/SiO₂ catalyst were detected directly under reaction conditions during the oxidative coupling of methane via in situ XRD and operando Raman spectroscopy. A new concept of fluctuating storage and release of an active phase in heterogeneous catalysis is proposed that involves the transient generation of active sodium oxide species via a reversible reaction of Na₂WO₄ with Mn₇SiO₁₂. The process is enabled by phase transitions and melting at the high reaction temperatures that are typically applied.     

原位漫反射红外光谱研究氮氧化物在Ag-ZSM-5催化剂上的吸附态及选择性催化还原反应机理

利用原位分析方法对催化剂表面吸附态进行动态表征，对了解催化反应机理具有重要的意义。漫反射红外光谱是一种理想的原位方法，应用该方法在298－773K范围原位考察了以丙烯为还原剂，NO在Ag-ZSM-5催化剂上的吸附态及选择性催化还原过程。认为NO的选择性催化还原符合直接作用机理，还原的关键是形成有机－氮氧化物（R－NO2或R－ONO）中间体。O2的作用是使C3H6充分活化，并是有效产生有机－氮氧化物不可缺少的条件。     

Probing the Lewis acidity and catalytic activity of the metal-organic framework [Cu3(btc)2] (BTC=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate)

An optimized procedure was designed for the preparation of the microporous metal-organic framework (MOF) [Cu3(btc)2] (BTC=benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate). The crystalline material was characterized by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, SEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, N2 sorption, thermogravimetry, and IR spectroscopy of adsorbed CO. CO adsorbs on a small number of Cu2O impurities, and particularly on the free CuII coordination sites in the framework. [Cu3(btc)2] is a highly selective Lewis acid catalyst for the isomerization of terpene derivatives, such as the rearrangement of alpha-pinene oxide to campholenic aldehyde and the cyclization of citronellal to isopulegol. By using the ethylene ketal of 2-bromopropiophenone as a test substrate, it was demonstrated that the active sites in [Cu3(btc)2] are hard Lewis acids. Catalyst stability, re-usability, and heterogeneity are critically assessed.     

Fluctuating Storage of the Active Phase in a Mn‐Na2WO4/SiO2 Catalyst for the Oxidative Coupling of Methane

Structural dynamics of a Mn‐Na₂WO₄/SiO₂ catalyst were detected directly under reaction conditions during the oxidative coupling of methane via in situ XRD and operando Raman spectroscopy. A new concept of fluctuating storage and release of an active phase in heterogeneous catalysis is proposed that involves the transient generation of active sodium oxide species via a reversible reaction of Na₂WO₄ with Mn₇SiO₁₂. The process is enabled by phase transitions and melting at the high reaction temperatures that are typically applied.     

Investigation of the state of palladium in the potassium palladium-11-tungstosilicate/alumina system by diffuse-reflectance IR spectroscopy

The influence of redox treatments on the state of palladium in the K₆[SiW₁₁PdO₃₉]·11H₂O/γ-Al₂O₃ system was investigated by diffuse-reflectance IR (DRIFT) spectroscopy using CO as a probe molecule. The K₆[SiW₁₁PdO₃₉]·11H₂O heteropoly-compound (HPC) and starting γ-Al₂O₃ support were studied for comparison. It was shown that palladium is present in HPC mainly in the form of Pd²⁺ ions. Treatment of HPC in an H₂ flow results in complete reduction of palladium to Pd⁰. The HPC is unstable in redox cycles at temperatures above 373 K. When the HPC was supported on alumina, the Keggin units were stabilized on the support surface and Pd⁺ formed in the oxidized sample. The supported K₆[SiW₁₁PdO₃₉]·11H₂O/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst displays higher thermal stability and does not decompose during redox treatments at temperatures up to 723 K. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya. No. 7, pp. 1271–1275. July, 1999.