离子液体负载钌络合物的合成及其催化环烯烃开环易位聚合

设计合成了含离子液体的吡啶配体1,2-二甲基-3-乙氧基吡啶六氟磷酸盐咪唑离子液体,在丙酮∶石油醚=3∶1的混合溶剂制备了含咪唑的离子液体.该离子液体可以做配体与Grubbs第二代催化剂反应,制备离子液体负载的钌催化剂,利用(1H,13C,31P)-NMR、元素分析等方法对合成的化合物和催化剂进行表征,催化剂中与钌连接的苯亚甲基上氢(RuCH—Ph)的振动峰由原来第二代催化剂的δ=19.2移至δ=16.27,在δ=-143.3处只出现PF6-中磷的信号峰,PCy3的信号消失,表明PCy3已经被置换完全,得到了新的催化剂.通过ICP测定含吡啶配体的离子液体负载的催化剂在混合物中的含量为14wt%.该催化剂在丙酮、甲醇、咪唑类离子液体等极性溶剂中易于溶解,解决了Grubbs催化剂在离子液体中不溶解的问题,实现了在纯离子液体中均相ROMP反应.考察了催化剂对不同极性单体在离子液体[BMIm]BF4中的开环易位聚合反应,非极性的环辛烯、含有中等极性取代基的5-羟基环辛烯单体以及含强极性取代基的5-腈基-2-降冰片烯单体的转化率分别为96%、73%和51.7%.利用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定了聚合物的分子量及分子量分布.     

离子液体中的聚合反应研究进展

室温离子液体是一种新兴的可替代挥发性有机化合物（VOCs）的绿色溶剂和高效的反应介质，为减少或消除化学反应和过程工程中的环境问题提供了重要的途径。以离子液体为反应介质进行聚合反应，可消除或减小VOCs的危害，也可实现催化剂的有效回收利用和聚合物的纯化，更好地控制聚合反应及聚合产物的结构与性质、乃至直接用作高效的聚合催化剂。本文综述近年来离子液体中聚合反应的研究现状及最新进展，分析现存的问题，并展望今后的发展方向。     

自由基聚合反应的新介质——离子液体的新应用

离子液体具有独特的理化性能,作为一种环境友好、"可设计性"的溶剂,近年来成为化学领域的热点和前沿。离子液体作为自由基聚合反应的溶剂,对聚合速率、聚合产物结构及性能都有一定的影响。离子液体已经被较为广泛地应用于不同介质、不同物相中的自由基聚合反应,但是并不完全。近两年来已有研究工作者将离子液体应用于微乳液和气相中的自由基聚合反应,并和其他有机溶剂及水溶液共同调控自由基聚合反应。离子液体也首次应用于有机碲调控的自由基聚合反应和氮氧稳定的自由基聚合反应。同时离子液体也可以调控自由基聚合反应后聚合物的结构和形貌,是一种很好的进行聚合物自组装的溶剂。本文主要综述了近年来离子液体对自由基聚合反应的影响,特别是对聚合产物结构及性能的影响,最后展望了离子液体在聚合反应中的应用前景。     

离子液体在自由基聚合反应中的应用研究进展

室温离子液体是完全由离子构成的液体,具有几乎没有蒸汽压、溶解度大、溶解范围广、易于回收利用、稳定性好等特点,广泛应用于电化学、有机反应、分离萃取、复合材料等各个领域。近年来已成为各种聚合反应研究的重要课题,且主要集中于自由基聚合反应。作为聚合反应的溶剂,离子液体对聚合反应速率、分子量、聚合物的结构性能都有一定影响。本文根据近几年的文献,归纳分析了离子液体中的常规自由基聚合和活性自由基聚合的反应动力学、反应机理、聚合产物的结构和性能以及离子液体的回收利用等问题。     

离子液体参与原子转移自由基聚合的研究进展

主要阐述了近年来离子液体作为溶剂、单体或者配位剂在原子转移自由基聚合中的应用研究情况.从对聚合反应速率的大小的影响,聚合产物分子量多分散系数的变化,聚合物分子链功能性的设计,以及反应体系中催化体系的分离与循环使用等方面总结了离子液体的参与对原子转移自由基聚合的影响,并简要总结了导致各种变化的原因.最后展望了离子液体应用于原子转移自由基聚合技术的前景,并指出离子液体自身研究的发展是二者结合的关键问题.     

以离子液体为溶剂的原子转移自由基聚合

离子液体是一种有机盐,在接近室温下呈液状.离子液体是难挥发、极性高的溶剂,它能溶解很多种有机、无机和金属有机化合物.虽然有越来越多的人报道了有关离子液体在有机合成中的应用,但是在聚合过程中的应用却很少.然而在近几年,科学家证明了离子液体在聚合物的合成中的作用很大.在以离子液体为介质的自由基聚合反应中,kp/kt 会增大.尤其是在原子转移自由基聚合中,以离子液体作为溶剂有助于聚合物与残余催化剂的分离.本文主要阐述了原子转移自由基聚合反应的基本原理、特点以及离子液体在原子转移自由基聚合中的应用,并且还介绍了其他研究者的工作和原子转移自由基聚合的发展前景.     

离子液体中Ni-Cu/SiO2催化合成薄荷醇

制备了Ni-Cu/MO2(M=Si,Ti,Zr)催化剂,并在离子液体和有机溶剂介质中研究了其对柠檬醛(1)催化加氢合成薄荷醇(4)的反应。结果表明:相比于有机溶剂,在离子液体中催化剂对1分子中的2位C=C双键加氢更容易,提高了选择性;特别是可调节酸度的离子液体[bmim][AlmCln],在竞争性加氢中促进了1向生成4的方向转化;在2 MPa,80℃的反应条件下,1的转化率为100%,对4的选择性为88.6%。     

含吡啶配体的钌催化剂合成及在离子液体中开环易位聚合反应

合成了离子液体负载的钌催化剂, 考察了该催化剂在离子液体中对极性环烯烃单体的开环易位聚合(ROMP)反应规律. 首先设计合成含离子液体的吡啶配体1,2-二甲基-3-己氧基吡啶六氟磷酸盐咪唑离子液体配体, 利用其与Grubbs第二代催化剂配位反应, 制备离子液体负载的钌催化剂, 通过1H, 13C NMR等方法对合成的化合物和催化剂进行表征. 催化剂中与钌连接的苯亚甲基上氢(RuCH—Ph) 的振动峰由原来Grubbs第二代催化剂的δ 19.2移至δ 18.6, 表明得到了新的催化剂, ICP测定催化剂混合物中纯催化剂的质量分数为36.2%. 该催化剂易溶于丙酮、甲醇及咪唑类离子液体等极性溶剂, 解决了Grubbs催化剂不溶于离子液体的问题, 实现了在纯离子液体中均相ROMP反应. 考察了催化剂对极性单体5-羟基环辛烯在离子液体[BMIm]BF4中的ROMP反应规律, 研究了离子液体中ROMP反应动力学.     

7-氧杂降冰片烯的官能化及其开环易位聚合

设计合成了含氧化乙烯重复单元和咪唑盐侧基的降冰片烯类单体,用Grubbs催化剂(PCy3)2Ru(CHPh)Cl2(1)和(SIMes)(PCy3)Ru(CHPh)Cl2(2)对单体进行了开环易位聚合(ROMP).考察了单体在不同条件下(溶剂、温度等)的聚合反应,尤其是在离子液体中ROMP的聚合特征.结果表明,2的催化活性比1的高;2催化单体在有机溶剂中聚合所得聚合物的分子量不可控,而在离子液体[BMIm]PF6中能够顺利进行均相聚合反应,且对聚合物的分子量可控性较好.用核磁共振谱(NMR)对合成的单体及聚合物的结构进行了表征.用差示扫描量热法(DSC)测定聚合物的玻璃化转变温度为-17.34℃,采用循环伏安法测得聚合物的电化学稳定窗口为3.0V.     

室温离子液体中的聚合反应

综述了近年来在室温离子液体中聚合反应的研究进展,特别是在配位聚合、自由基聚合、离子聚合及共聚反应,活性自由基聚合,电化学聚合等方面的进展情况;还介绍了离子液体在高分子材料方面的应用情况,展望了离子液体在该领域的应用前景.     

Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of functionalized cyclooctene by a ruthenium‐based catalyst in ionic liquid

This paper describes the synthesis of a novel monomer of 5‐substituted cyclooctene with the pendant of imidazolium salt (7) and the ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of the functionalized cyclooctenes ( 4 and 7 ) in CH₂Cl₂ and ionic liquid [bmim][PF₆] by a ruthenium‐based catalyst RuCl₂(PCy₃)(SIMes)(CHPh) (2). The polymerization, which was carried out in ionic liquid, afforded improved control over the molecular weight (M_n) and polydispersity of the resultant products (PDI <1.4). Furthermore, to facilitate the GPC measurement for molecular weight of polymers, the charged polymers (poly‐ 7 ) were hydrolyzed to give uncharged polymers (poly‐ 4 *) by removing the imidazolium pendant from the polymer chains. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3986–3993, 2007     

Ruthenium carbene initiated ring-open metathesis polymerization of endo-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-en-3-yl benzoates with tacticity studies

<正>After tentative ring-opening cross metathesis(ROCM) of endo-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-en-3-yl 4-bromobenzoate with PhCH=CH_2 initiated by(Cy_3P)_2Cl_2Ru=CHPh in CH_2Cl_2,ring-opening metathesis polymerization(ROMP) of a series of endo-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-6-en-3-yl benzoates was achieved under the same conditions,furnishing a variety of the corresponding polymers.Then some of them were selected to hydrogenate the C=C double bonds in their backbone with p-tosylhydrazide,affording saturated and thus more flexible polymers.All of these polymers were well characterized by spectroscopic means including GPC,UV-Vis,NMR and IR,based on which the tacticity of these polymers was investigated together with nonlinear optical(electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation,EFISH)) analysis.     

Ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene: Search for active catalysts,variation of monomer to catalyst ratios and monomer concentrations

The ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene initiated by ruthenium‐based catalysts of the first, second, and third generation was studied. For the polymerization with the second generation Grubbs catalyst [RuCl₂(?CHPh)(H₂IMes)(PCy₃)] (H₂IMes = N,N′‐bis(mesityl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazol‐2‐ylidene), the critical monomer concentration at which polymerization occurs was determined, and variation of monomer to catalyst ratios was performed. For this catalyst, ROMP of cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene did not show the features of a living polymerization as M_n did not linearly increase with increasing monomer conversion. As a consequence of slow initiation rates and intramolecular polymer degradation, molar masses passed through a maximum during the course of the polymerization. With third generation ruthenium catalysts (which contain 3‐bromo or 2‐methylpyridine ligands), polymerization proceeded rapidly, and degradation reactions could not be observed. Contrary to ruthenium‐based catalysts of the second and third generation, a catalyst of the first generation was not able to polymerize cis‐cyanocyclooct‐4‐ene. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Synthesis of homopolymers and multiblock copolymers by the living ring‐opening metathesis polymerization of norbornenes containing acetyl‐protected carbohydrates with well‐defined ruthenium and molybdenum initiators

The ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornenes containing acetyl‐protected glucose [2,3,4,6‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐glucos‐1‐O‐yl 5‐norbornene‐2‐carboxylate ( 1 )] and maltose [2,3,6,2′,3′,4′,6′‐hepta‐O‐acetyl‐maltos‐1‐O‐yl 5‐norbornene‐2‐carboxylate ( 2 )] was explored in the presence of Mo(N‐2,6‐ⁱPr₂C₆H₃)(CHCMe₂Ph)(O^tBu)₂ ( A ), Ru(CHPh)(Cl)₂(PCy₃)₂ ( B ; Cy = cyclohexyl), and Ru(CHPh)(Cl)₂(IMesH₂)(PCy₃) ( C ; IMesH₂ = 1,3‐dimesityl‐4,5‐dihydromidazol‐2‐ylidene). The polymerizations promoted by B and A proceeded in a living fashion with exclusive initiation efficiency, and the resultant polymers possessed number‐average molecular weights that were very close to those calculated on the basis of the monomer/initiator molar ratios and narrow molecular weight distributions (weight‐average molecular weight/number‐average molecular weight < 1.18) in all cases. The observed catalytic activity of B was strongly dependent on both the initial monomer concentration and the solvent employed, whereas the polymerization initiated with A was completed efficiently even at low initial monomer concentrations. The polymerization with C also took place efficiently, and even the polymerization with 1000 equiv of 1 was completed within 2 h. First‐order relationships between the propagation rates and the monomer concentrations were observed for all the polymerization runs, and the estimated rate constants at 25 °C increased in the following order: A > C > B . On the basis of these results, we concluded that ROMP with A was more suitable than ROMP with B or C for the efficient and precise preparation of polymers containing carbohydrates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 4248–4265, 2004     

SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL BI-FUNCTIONAL COPOLYMER BEARING STERICALLY HINDERED PHENOL AND HINDERED AMINE GROUPS VIA RING-OPENING METATHESIS POLYMERIZATION

Norbornene derivatives exo,endo-2-[2-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenoxy)-acetoxy]methyl-5-norbornene(M1) and 3,3,5,5-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl 5-norbornene-exo,endo-2-carboxylate(M2)were synthesized and polymerized by RuCl_2(=CHPh)(PCy_3)_2 to prepare a novel kind of bi-functional polymer bearing sterically hindered phenol(SHP)and hindered amine(HLAS)groups via ring-opening metathesis polymerization(ROMP).The resulting copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography(GPC),~1H-NMR and diffe...     

Synthesis of fluorine-18 functionalized nanoparticles for use as in vivo molecular imaging agents

Nanoparticles containing fluorine-18 were prepared from block copolymers made by ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Using the fast initiating ruthenium metathesis catalyst (H2IMes)(pyr)2(Cl)2Ru=CHPh, low polydispersity amphiphilic block copolymers were prepared from a cinnamoyl-containing hydrophobic norbornene monomer and a mesyl-terminated PEG-containing hydrophilic norbornene monomer. Self-assembly into micelles and subsequent cross-linking of the micelle cores by light-activated dimerization of the cinnamoyl groups yielded stable nanoparticles. Incorporation of fluorine-18 was achieved by nucleophilic displacement of the mesylates by the radioactive fluoride ion with 31% incorporation of radioactivity. The resulting positron-emitting nanoparticles are to be used as in vivo molecular imaging agents for use in tumor imaging.     

两亲性ABA三嵌段共聚物的合成及其自组装行为研究

用Grubbs第二代催化剂引发降冰片烯类单体(NBEDE)和链转移剂在离子液体[bmim][BF4]中的开环易位聚合(ROMP)反应,反应体系保持均相,无聚合物析出,得到两端为叔溴的遥爪型官能化聚合物(Br-PNBEDE-Br).以Br-PNBEDE-Br作为大分子引发剂,在离子液体介质中引发甲基丙烯酸2-(二甲氨基)乙酯(DMAEMA)的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP),制得分子量分布较窄的两亲性三嵌段共聚物(PDMAEMA-PNBEDE-PDMAEMA).利用动态激光光散射(DLS),原子力显微镜(AFM),透射电镜(TEM)等技术,考察嵌段共聚物在选择性溶剂/共溶剂(H2O/THF)中的胶束行为,以及溶液pH值对胶束的影响.结果表明,TEM观察到胶束为球形,由于TEM和AFM是在干态下测得胶束的粒径,而DLS是在溶液中测定胶束的流体力学直径,所以TEM和AFM得到的胶束粒径小于DLS的结果.不同pH值对胶束尺寸大小有明显的影响,胶束微粒随着pH值的增大而增大.     

Synthesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization of eight-membered unsaturated lactams and related monomers

Novel eight-membered ring unsaturated lactams were synthesized and tested as monomers for the ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The reaction of a N-protected cyclic alkeneamine was also investigated. The Grubbs’ benzylidene complexes RuCl₂(=CHPh)(PCy₃)₂ or RuCl₂(=CHPh)(PCy₃)(IMesH₂) and selected ruthenium–arene species bearing either phosphine or stable Arduengo-type N-heterocyclic carbene ligands served as catalyst precursors. In most cases, isomerization of the starting materials took place and only 1-benzyl-1-aza-2-ketocyclooct-5-ene afforded a polymeric product. This polyamide was characterized by numerous analytical techniques.