Preparation of magnetic indole-3-acetic acid imprinted polymer beads with 4-vinylpyridine and β-cyclodextrin as binary monomer via microwave heating initiated polymerization and their application to trace analysis of auxins in plant tissues

Auxin is a crucial phytohormone for precise control of growth and development of plants. Due to its low concentration in plant tissues which are rich in interfering substances, the accurate determination of auxins remains a challenge. In this paper, a new strategy for isolation and enrichment of auxins from plant tissues was obtained by the magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (mag-MIP) beads, which were prepared by microwave heating initiated suspension polymerization using indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) as template. In order to obtain higher selective recognition cavities, an enhanced imprinting method based on binary functional monomers, 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), was adopted for IAA imprinting. The morphological and magnetic characteristics of the mag-MIP beads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. A majority of resultant beads were within the size range of 80-150μm. Porous surface morphology and good magnetic property were observed. Furthermore, the mag-MIP beads fabricated with 4-VP and β-CD as binary functional monomers exhibited improved recognition ability to IAA, as compared with the mag-MIP beads prepared with the individual monomer separately. Competitive rebinding experiment results revealed that the mag-MIP beads exhibited a higher specific recognition for the template than the non-imprinted polymer (mag-NIP) beads. An extraction method by mag-MIP beads coupled with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for determination of IAA and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in plant tissues. Linear ranges for IAA and IBA were in the range of 7.00-100.0μgL(-1) and 10.0-100.0μgL(-1), and the detection limits were 3.9 and 7.4μgL(-1), respectively. The analytical performance was also estimated by seedlings or immature embryos samples from three different plant tissues, pea, rice and wheat. Recoveries were in the range of 70.1-93.5%. The results show that the present imprinting method is a promising approach for preparation of selective adsorbents for sample preparation of auxin analysis in plant tissues.     

Simultaneous determination of trace sterols in complicated biological samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with extraction using β-sitosterol magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer beads

In this paper, an efficient and sensitive analytical method for the simultaneous determination of three trace sterols including ergosterol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol in complicated biological samples was developed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) coupled with extraction using novel β-sitosterol magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (mag-MIP) beads. Physical tests suggested that β-sitosterol mag-MIP beads prepared by a rapid microwave synthesis method possessed the porous morphology, narrow size distribution, stable chemical and thermal property. Due to the greatly enlarging surface area and the strong recognition to the target molecules, β-sitosterol mag-MIP beads have a higher enrichment factor for β-sitosterol (～20-fold) and the higher selectivity for β-sitosterol and its analogs than that of β-sitosterol magnetic nonimprinted polymer (mag-NIP) beads. Under the optimum analytical conditions, all the target compounds achieved good chromatographic separation and sensitive detection without matrix interference. It was interesting that three target sterols were actually found in mushroom samples, and stigmasterol and β-sitosterol were actually found in serum and watermelon samples. The recoveries of spiked sample tests were in range of 71.6-88.2% with RSDs of 2.4-10.0% (n=3). This method is reliable and applicable for the simultaneous determination of trace sterols in real biological samples based on the β-sitosterol mag-MIP bead extraction.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定葡萄中的吡效隆和赤霉素

采用高效液相色谱-串联质谱法（HPLC-MS/MS）建立了葡萄果实中吡效隆（CPPU）和赤霉素（GA3）两种植物生长调节剂残留量的定性定量分析方法。样品用0.5%甲酸水溶液和乙腈（体积比4:1）混合溶剂提取,经Strata-X固相萃取净化,使用Agilent SB-C18 色谱柱（50mm×2.1mm,1.8μm）,以0.5%甲酸水溶液-乙腈为流动相,流量0.3mL/min,采用电喷雾离子化源（ESI）多反应监测（MRM）模式下HPLC-MS/MS检测。在最佳检测条件下,得到吡效隆和赤霉素在2.0～100.0μg/L检测范围内线性关系良好,相关系数大于0.999;检出限(LOD)分别为0.3μg/L、0.5μg/L,定量限(LOQ)分别为1.0μg/L、2.0μg/L,回收率和精密度均能达到要求,表明该法准确,可用于葡萄中吡效隆和赤霉素残留量测定。     

Analyses of gibberellins by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry combined with solid-phase extraction

A new, simple and rapid capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) method, using a cationic polymer-coated capillary to reverse electroosmotic flow, is proposed and validated for the separation and simultaneous quantification of 11 gibberellins (GAs). Under optimum conditions, a baseline separation of 11 GAs, including GA1, GA3, GA4, GA5, GA6, GA7, GA13, GA19, GA20, GA24 and GA53 was accomplished within 25 min using 70 mM ammonium formate/formic acid buffer (pH 3.8) and 2% (v/v) acetonitrile with -25 kV as the separation voltage. Satisfactory results were obtained in terms of linearity (R2 between 0.984 and 0.995), precision (RSD of migration time below 0.8%) and sensitivity (LOD between 0.31 and 1.02 microM). Furthermore, a novel solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure was developed for the pre-concentration and purification of GAs using Oasis MAX cartridges. The combination of SPE and CE-MS approach was applied to screen for endogenous GAs present in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water sample. To illustrate the applicability of the method, GA1 and GA3 were successfully detected and quantified in coconut water. Finally, the GA1 and GA3 identities were further unequivocally confirmed by CE-tandem MS experiments operating in the multiple reaction monitoring mode.     

Analyses of gibberellins in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water by partial filling-micellar electrokinetic chromatography-mass spectrometry with reversal of electroosmotic flow

In this paper, we present the results of simultaneous screening of eight gibberellins (GAs) in coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) water by MEKC directly coupled to ESI-MS detection. During the development of MEKC-MS, partial filling (PF) was used to prevent the micelles from reaching the mass spectrometer as this is detrimental to the MS signal, and a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide, was added to the electrolyte to reverse the EOF. On the basis of the resolution of the neighboring peaks, different parameters (i.e., the pH and concentration of buffer, surfactant concentrations, length of the injected micellar plug, organic modifier, and applied separation voltage) were optimized to achieve a satisfactory PF-MEKC separation of eight GA standards. Under optimum conditions, a baseline separation of GA standards, including GA1, GA3, GA5, GA6, GA7, GA9, GA12, and GA13, was accomplished within 25 min. Satisfactory results were obtained in terms of precision (RSD of migration time below 0.9%), sensitivity (LODs in the range of 0.8-1.9 microM) and linearity (R2 between 0.981 and 0.997). MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) detection was carried out to obtain sufficient selectivity. PF-MEKC-MS/MS allowed the direct identification and confirmation of the GAs presented in coconut water (CW) sample after SPE, while, the quantitative analysis of GAs was performed by PF-MEKC-MS approach. GA1 and GA3 were successfully detected and quantified in CW. It is anticipated that the current PF-MEKC-MS method can be applicable to analyze GAs in a wide range of biological samples.     

电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定农产品样品中6种痕量元素

建立了电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定果蔬类、大米等农产品样品中痕量元素的方法.样品通过HNO3-H2 O2混酸体系微波消解,以Rh作为内标溶液消除基体干扰,在仪器最佳条件下测定植物样中镉、铅、铬、铜、镍、锌6种痕量元素.方法的检出限为0.002～0.5μg/g;相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.84％ ～7.4％...     

赤霉酸分子印迹聚合物及印迹膜的制备与性能研究

以赤霉酸(GA3)为印迹分子,改变功能单体与致孔剂种类合成了四个分子印迹聚合物(MIP1-4)及两个分子印迹膜(MIM1-2).采用紫外光度法分别测定了印迹分子分别与功能单体丙烯酰胺(AM)和甲基丙烯酸(MAA)间的结合常数和化学计量比(n＝2).平衡结合实验研究表明,以AM为单体制备的MIP1对印迹分子GA3具有更高的结合量和良好的印迹效率.膜渗透及膜过滤实验表明,以AM为单体制备的MIM1对GA3分子具有一定的选择性分离性能.     

Preparation of styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine magnetic polymer beads by microwave irradiation for analysis of trace 24-epibrassinolide in plant samples using high performance liquid chromatography

In the study, a kind of novel styrene-co-4-vinylpyridine (St-co-4-VP) porous magnetic polymer beads was prepared by microwave irradiation using suspension polymerization. Microwave heating preparation greatly reduced the polymerization time to 1 h. Physical characteristic tests suggested that these beads were cross-linking and possessed spherical shape, good magnetic response and porous morphologies with a narrow diameter distribution of 70–180 μm. Therefore, these beads displayed the long-term stability after undergoing 100-time extractions. Then, an analytical method for the determination of trace 24-epiBR in plant samples was developed by magnetic polymer bead extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection. St-co-4-VP magnetic polymer beads demonstrated the higher extraction selectivity for 24-epiBR than other reference compounds. Linear range was 10.00–100.0 μg/L with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.7%, and the detection limit was 6.5 μg/kg. This analytical method was successfully applied to analyze the trace 24-epiBR in cole and breaking-wall rape pollen samples with recoveries of 77.2–90.0% and 72.3–83.4%, respectively, and RSDs were less than 4.1%. The amount of 24-epiBR in real breaking-wall rape pollen samples was found to be 26.2 μg/kg finally. This work proposed a sensitive, rapid, reliable and convenient analytical method for the determination of trace brassinosteroids in complicated plant samples by the use of St-co-4-VP magnetic polymer bead extraction coupled with chromatographic method.     

固相萃取-液相色谱质谱法测定稻米中乙虫腈对映体残留

在3种不同的纤维素手性柱上,对亚砜类手性杀虫剂乙虫腈对映体进行了反相高效液相色谱拆分研究,通过优化手性色谱柱和流动相,实现了乙虫腈对映体基线分离,结合液相色谱-圆二色检测器分析,柱流出顺序为(+)-、(-)-对映体,并在此基础上建立了稻米中乙虫腈对映异构体残留量的高效液相色谱-串联质谱分析方法.稻米样品加水浸润,乙腈高速匀浆、盐析,上清液旋转浓缩后经氨基固相萃取柱净化,洗脱液经氮气吹干后定容.采用纤维素-三(3-氯-4-甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯)(Lux Cellulose-2)手性色谱柱,以甲醇-水(60∶40,V/V)为流动相,液相色谱-串联质谱电喷雾负离子扫描进行分析,外标法定量.以精米和糙米为基质进行3个添加水平和5次重复性实验,结果表明:添加浓度为0.01～0.2 mg/kg,样品中乙虫腈单一对映体平均添加回收率为87.4％～97.8％,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为3.1％～9.3％,方法检出限(LOD)为0.001 mg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为0.003 mg/kg.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定稻米和稻壳中井冈霉素A的残留

本文建立了稻米和稻壳中井冈霉素A的高效液相色谱-串联质谱(HPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品用甲醇-水(9+1)涡旋提取,过滤膜后进行HPLC-MS/MS分析。用多反应监测技术确定井冈霉素A的两对离子对m/z498.2/178.1、m/z498.2/336.1为定性离子对,m/z498.2/178.1为定量离子对。方法的线性范围为0.005～0.2mg/L,其中稻壳的线性相关系数为0.9993,稻米的线性相关系数为0.9988。稻米、稻壳的0.05、0.1、0.5 mg/kg三个浓度的添加回收率为71.6%～88.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.89%～8.16%。方法的定量限(LOQ)为5μg/kg。     

微孔有机聚合物固相微萃取纤维的制备及在有机氯农药检测中的应用

利用1,3,6,8-四(4-醛基)芘和三聚氰胺为单体合成微孔有机聚合物(MOP),并将其固定在不锈钢丝上,制备成固相微萃取纤维涂层。将其用于顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME),结合气相色谱-电子捕获检测手段,建立了对大米中有机氯农药的在线检测方法。实验考察了4种实验参数对富集能力的影响,得到了最优的实验条件:萃取温度80℃、萃取时间25 min、NaCl质量浓度200 g/L、解吸时间6 min。在此实验条件下,对有机氯农药的富集倍数达到115~318倍。方法在0.05~50μg/kg范围内具有良好的线性关系,检出限为2.4~11.3 ng/kg。同一纤维及不同纤维富集后测定结果的相对标准偏差范围分别为1.3%~13.1%和2.3%~13.6%。该方法简单、快速,可以实现对实际样品中有机氯农药的痕量分析。     

溶剂棒微萃取-HPLC法快速测定常用蔬菜中的痕量尼古丁

建立了一种以溶剂棒微萃取为样品前处理技术,HPLC/UV法测定常用蔬菜中痕量尼古丁的方法。系统优化了溶剂棒微萃取条件以及HPLC法测定尼古丁的相关参数,方法的线性范围0.005~1 mg/L,相关系数为0.9999;检出限0.002 mg/L(S/N=3);在优化的实验条件下对尼古丁的富集倍数可达190倍。样品加标回收率72%~111%(除黄瓜加标样品为47%),相对标准偏差小于10.0%(n=3)。实验证明,本方法可用于常用蔬菜中痕量尼古丁的有效富集、测定。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄瓜、草莓中乙嘧酚和二甲嘧酚

建立了黄瓜、草莓中高效液相色谱-串联质谱同时检测乙嘧酚和二甲嘧酚残留的方法。样品加入乙腈高速匀浆,提取液中加入无水MgSO4和NaCl,振荡离心后,取上清液经分散固相萃取净化,液相色谱-串联质谱电喷雾正离子扫描同时分析乙嘧酚和二甲嘧酚。以黄瓜、草莓为基质进行3档添加水平和5次重复性实验,结果表明,添加量为0.01～1 mg/kg,乙嘧酚和二甲嘧酚的平均回收率为77.6%～99.3%,RSD为1.1%～6.8%,乙嘧酚和二甲嘧酚的方法检测限均为2.0μg/kg,定量限分别为6.0和5.0μg/kg。     

基质固相分散萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析拟南芥中的赤霉素

建立了基质固相分散萃取-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(MSPD-HPLC-MS/MS)同时测定拟南芥中3种赤霉素GA1, GA3和GA4的分析方法。将拟南芥样品与C18填料混合研磨制成MSPD柱,并采用80%冷甲醇洗脱。采用反相C18色谱柱进行分离,以0.05%甲酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,采用电喷雾离子源负离子模式(ESI~)电离,多反应监测模式检测。对样品前处理条件、色谱分离条件和质谱检测条件进行了优化,结果表明,在最优条件下,3种赤霉素在10～300 ng/g范围内均呈良好线性关系,相关系数(r2)均大于0.98,检出限在1.1～4.1 ng/g之间。在10～50 ng/g添加水平下,平均回收率范围为54.7%～102.6%,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=3)为3.2%～12.8%。该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、选择性好、回收率高,适合拟南芥中GA1、GA3、GA4含量的测定。     

固相萃取/高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定黄瓜及土壤中的春雷霉素残留

建立了测定黄瓜和土壤中春雷霉素残留的固相萃取/高效液相色谱-串联质谱(SPE/HPLC-MS/MS)方法。黄瓜和土壤样品分别经1%甲酸的甲醇、0.5%甲酸水提取后,采用MCX固相萃取柱净化,以Waters Xbridge BEH Amide色谱柱分离,0.2%甲酸水-乙腈溶液进行梯度洗脱,电喷雾正离子(ESI+)模式电离,多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,基质匹配标准曲线外标法定量。该方法灵敏、准确、简单快速、重复性好,在2~250μg/L浓度范围内,不同基质中春雷霉素的线性相关系数均大于0.999,检出限为0.002 mg/kg,定量下限为0.008 mg/kg;在0.008、0.040、0.200、0.400 mg/kg 4个加标水平下,春雷霉素在黄瓜和土壤样品中的平均回收率为77.5%~97.0%,相对标准偏差为2.6%~10.7%,能够满足黄瓜及土壤中春雷霉素残留的检测需求。应用该法对田间样品进行检测,结果表明,春雷霉素在黄瓜中的残留量不超过0.053 mg/kg,小于我国规定的黄瓜中最大残留限量(0.2 mg/kg);土壤中春雷霉素的残留量不超过0.013 mg/kg。     

分子印迹膜萃取结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱法快速检测牛奶中的痕量环丙沙星残留

以聚偏氟乙烯膜为载体，恩诺沙星为伪模板分子，甲基丙烯酸为功能单体，乙二醇二甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂，在氯仿-甲醇混合体系中制备恩诺沙星分子印迹膜（MIM），并将其作为分子印迹膜萃取（MIME）材料萃取牛奶样品中的环丙沙星，结合高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS），快速检测牛奶中痕量环丙沙星残留。环丙沙星在0.1~200 μg/L范围内线性关系良好，相关系数为0.9996，检出限（S/N=3）和定量限（S/N=10）分别为0.02和0.10 μg/L。日间和日内精密度的相对标准偏差（RSD）在3.3%~7.9%之间。将开发的MIME-HPLC-MS/MS方法用于实际牛奶样品中环丙沙星加标回收率的检测，回收率在92.6%~119.1%之间。结果表明该方法前处理简单快速灵敏，检测准确度高，可用于牛奶样品中痕量环丙沙星残留的快速检测。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测食品中的草甘膦及其主要代谢物氨甲基膦酸残留

建立了高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定植物产品(大豆、大米、小麦、蔬菜、水果、茶叶等)、动物肉类产品、水产品、板栗、蜂蜜等产品中草甘膦(PMG)及其主要代谢物氨甲基膦酸(AMPA)残留量的方法。样品经水提取后用二氯甲烷除去其中的脂肪,再经阳离子交换柱(CAX)净化,用 9-芴基甲基氯仿(FMOC-Cl)衍生化,采用多反应监测技术所确定的定性离子对其进行定性,同位素内标法定量。方法的定量检测低限为0.05 mg/kg,线性范围为0.20～10 μg/L,各种基质下PMG和AMPA的平均加标回收率为80.0%～104%,相对标准偏差为6.7%～18.2%。     

Molecularly imprinted polymer layer-coated silica nanoparticles toward dispersive solid-phase extraction of trace sulfonylurea herbicides from soil and crop samples

This paper reports the preparation of metsulfuron-methyl (MSM) imprinted polymer layer-coated silica nanoparticles toward analysis of trace sulfonylurea herbicides in complicated matrices. To induce the selective occurrence of surface polymerization, the polymerizable double bonds were first grafted at the surface of silica nanoparticles by the silylation. Afterwards, the MSM templates were imprinted into the polymer-coating layer through the interaction with functional monomers. The programmed heating led to the formation of uniform MSM-imprinted polymer layer with controllable thickness, and further improved the reproducibility of rebinding capacity. After removal of templates, recognition sites of MSM were exposed in the polymer layers. As a result, the maximum rebinding capacity was achieved with the use of optimal grafting ratio. There was also evidence indicating that the MSM-imprinted polymer nanoparticles compared with nonimprinted polymer nanoparticles had a higher selectivity and affinity to four structure-like sulfonylurea herbicides. Moreover, using the imprinted particles as dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) materials, the recoveries of four sulfonylurea herbicides determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were 80.2-99.5%, 83.8-102.4%, 77.8-93.3%, and 73.8-110.8% in the spiked soil, rice, soybean, and corn samples, respectively. These results show the possibility that the highly selective separation and enrichment of trace sulfonylurea herbicides from soil and crop samples can be achieved by the molecular imprinting modification at the surface of silica nanoparticles.     

Synthesis of cyclic polybutadiene via ring-opening metathesis polymerization: the importance of removing trace linear contaminants

The synthesis of cyclic polybutadienes using ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) was accomplished. A cyclic Ru alkylidene catalyst, where a terminal ligand was covalently linked to the Ru alkylidene, was used to polymerize either 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) or 1,5,9-trans-cis-trans-cyclododecatriene (CDT). Trace amounts of an acyclic impurity, 4-vinylcyclohexene, found in the COD led to samples which were contaminated with linear polymer. In contrast, CDT, which was free of the impurity, afforded pure cyclic polymer. These results provide a convenient method for discerning samples of pure cyclic polymer from those which contain trace to large amounts of linear polymer. Furthermore, they emphasize the need to use monomers that are free of acyclic impurities when preparing cyclic polymers using ROMP.     

微波等离子体炬原子发射光谱法测定米粉中微量元素——一个大学化学仪器分析实验的设计与实践

设计了一个科研参与型的大学化学仪器分析实验。本实验应用MPT原子发射光谱仪对米粉中的金属元素(Ca,Cu,Fe,Mn)进行了检测分析。对影响金属元素检测性能的实验条件,如微波等离子体炬的微波功率和维持气流量进行了系统的考查及优化。最后,通过对样品进行测定,证实与标准含量相符,结果比较满意。学生在实验过程中,可以学习和掌握样品的前处理方法、原子发射光谱的机理和仪器测试条件的优化。