用于葡萄糖敏感药物释放的苯硼酸功能化高分子纳米载体

近年来,葡萄糖敏感高分子药物传递系统因其能够依据葡萄糖浓度变化自动连续地控制药物释放而备受关注.其中,基于苯硼酸(PBA)的葡萄糖敏感高分子载体以其较好的稳定性、长期储存性和可逆的葡萄糖敏感性能而被广泛研究,特别是基于PBA的葡萄糖敏感纳米药物传输体系成为该领域的研究热点.本文系统地概述了用于自调式药物传输的葡萄糖敏感PBA基高分子纳米药物载体,包括纳米胶束、纳米囊泡、纳米凝胶以及杂化纳米粒子等的研究进展,并对其发展方向和应用前景进行了展望.     

HATU介导的苯硼酸快速接枝羟丙基壳聚糖反应

苯硼酸(PBA)在水溶液中可与顺-1,2-二醇或1,3-二醇形成可逆共价键,常在纳米/水凝胶中用作葡萄糖响应单元或动态交联基团.本文提供了一种快速合成苯硼酸接枝壳聚糖衍生物(CPBA-HPCS)的方法.以羟丙基壳聚糖(HPCS)为原料, 2-(7-偶氮苯并三氮唑)-N,N,N’,N’-四甲基脲六氟磷酸酯(HATU)为缩合剂,在二甲基亚砜(DMSO)中反应1 h即可得到在pH>8.5的水溶液中可溶的CPBA-HPCS.采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振波谱(NMR)对该衍生物结构进行验证,并对反应动力学进行了研究,得到了一系列不同取代度的CPBAHPCS,其取代度最高可达0.78.这种新的壳聚糖衍生物在制备智能水凝胶和药物载体方面具有较好的应用前景.     

葡萄糖敏感苯硼酸基高分子纳米药物传输体系

近年来,智能葡萄糖敏感自调式药物传递系统备受关注。这种智能药物释放系统能够模拟胰腺分泌胰岛素的生理模式而精准调控药物释放并控制血糖水平,在糖尿病治疗中具有良好的应用前景。其中,苯硼酸(PBA)功能化的葡萄糖敏感高分子纳米载体成为近年来的研究热点之一。该类材料具有体系稳定、可长期储存、可逆的葡萄糖敏感性能等优势。根据响应因素不同,葡萄糖敏感药物传递系统可分为pH响应、温度响应和光响应等类型。本文重点介绍了基于PBA的葡萄糖敏感高分子纳米药物载体的发展过程、性能和应用,并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

苯硼酸选择性结合的pH响应脂质体用于药物递送

通过取代反应和酯化反应合成了一端以酰胺键连接苯硼酸(PBA)另一端以酯键连接硬脂酸(SA)的聚乙二醇(PEG)的衍生物PBA-PEG-SA,并将之与二硬脂酰胆碱磷酸(DSCP)、胆固醇(CH)共组装制备了一种具有pH响应特性的脂质体(Lip)。研究表明,当m(PBA-PEG-SA)∶m(CH)∶m(DSCP)=1∶3∶10共组装时,所制备的脂质体的粒径为115 nm,在20 d内保持良好的粒径稳定性,并且具有良好的生物相容性,在质量浓度达到800μg/mL时,小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(NIH-3T3)和肝癌细胞(HepG2)的存活率皆可达到90%以上。同时,由于苯硼酸与果糖(Fru)的选择性结合,在负载阿霉素(Dox)后,与DSCP脂质体药物(Lip/Dox)相比,Fru/PBA/Lip/Dox脂质体可以有效增强对HepG2细胞的毒性,降低对正常细胞NIH-3T3的毒性,同时也改善了细胞对载药脂质体的内吞作用。因此,DSCP与PBA-PEG-SA共组装形成的脂质体,具有良好的pH响应性能以及增强脂质体在肿瘤组织的富集能力,在肿瘤治疗领域具有较好的应用前景。     

叶酸修饰硬脂酸接枝白芨共聚物的合成及作为抗肿瘤药物载体的研究

制备了叶酸修饰硬脂酸接枝白芨(FA-BSPs-SA)的共聚物,通过氢核磁光谱(1H NMR)、紫外-可见分光光度法(UV)及红外光谱法(IR)对其进行结构表征.以乳化-溶剂挥发法制备了载多西他赛胶束并对其进行表征,并采用噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定了共聚物及其载药胶束的细胞毒性.结果证实硬脂酸和叶酸均已接枝在白芨多糖上.疏水性药物多西他赛可被包嵌于FA-BSPs-SA的胶束内.叶酸取代度增加,胶束粒径减小,载药量与包封率均增加.载药胶束体外释药具有p H依赖性(p H=5.0~7.4).共聚物FA-BSPs-SA和BSPs-SA浓度为40μg/m L时,细胞存活率均在80%以上.与多西他赛溶液相比,相同药物浓度的FA-BSPs-SA和BSPs-SA载药胶束抗肿瘤效果更佳,且载药FA-BSPs-SA胶束对有叶酸受体表达的肿瘤细胞的抑制作用较载药BSPsSA胶束更强.FA-BSPs-SA共聚物有望作为难溶性抗肿瘤药物的纳米载体材料.     

苯硼酸功能化聚合物纳米载体用于蛋白质药物胞内递送

蛋白质药物在疾病治疗方面具有广泛应用,但它们的低细胞膜穿透性往往导致生物利用度较低.近年来,人们开发了一系列纳米载体用于提高蛋白质药物的胞内递送效率,其中基于苯硼酸及其衍生物的聚合物纳米载体显示出良好的应用前景.本文综述了苯硼酸功能化聚合物纳米载体在蛋白质药物胞内递送方面的最新研究进展.首先,简要介绍了苯硼酸的化学性质及其二醇、pH和活性氧(ROS)响应性.其次,从苯硼酸与蛋白质药物的结合方式不同出发,重点综述了通过动态共价作用和N→B配位等非共价作用构筑的苯硼酸功能化聚合物纳米载体在蛋白质药物胞内递送方面的典型研究实例,并对这些载体的组成、构筑方式和响应性释放机制进行了分析、总结.最后,介绍了利用苯硼酸增强细胞摄取和促进药物透过血脑屏障方面的研究进展.希望能为设计制备基于苯硼酸的新型蛋白质药物胞内递送体系提供借鉴.     

间-氨基苯硼酸盐酸盐的晶体与分子结构

间－氨基苯硼酸盐酸盐的晶体与分子结构李洪峰,王祥云,杨清传,刘元方（北京大学技术物理系,北京大学化学系,北京,１０８８７１）关键词间－氨基苯硼酸,晶体结构,分子结构我们选择了一种新的取代硼酸（ＯＨ）２ＢＣ６Ｈ４ＮＨ２（ｍ－ＡＰＢＡ）以制备新的ＢＡＴＯ...     

壳聚糖作为药物缓释载体的研究进展

壳聚糖作为药物缓释载体在减少给药次数,降低药物毒副作用,提高药物疗效等方面具有重要作用。本文综述了壳聚糖作为药物缓释载体的研究进展,主要包括壳聚糖纳米粒子、微球、片、膜和凝胶等的制备和缓释特性,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

Recent Applications of Dual-Stimuli Responsive Chitosan Hydrogel Nanocomposites as Drug Delivery Tools

Polysaccharides are a versatile class of macromolecules that are involved in many biological interactions critical to life. They can be further modified for added functionality. Once derivatized, these polymers can exhibit new chemical properties that can be further optimized for applications in drug delivery, wound healing, sensor development and others. Chitosan, derived from the N-deacetylation of chitin, is one example of a polysaccharide that has been functionalized and used as a major component of polysaccharide biomaterials. In this brief review, we focus on one aspect of chitosan’s utility, namely we discuss recent advances in dual-responsive chitosan hydrogel nanomaterials.     

Oxidation Responsive PEGylated Polyamino Acid Bearing Thioether Pendants for Enhanced Anticancer Drug Delivery

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in biological tissues are in a state of dynamic balance. However, many diseases such as cancer and inflammation, are accompanied by a long-term increase in ROS. This situation inspires researchers to use ROS-sensitive nanocarriers for a site-specific release of cargo in pathological areas. Polyamino acid materials with good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and regular secondary structure are widely used in the biomedical field. Herein, a new oxidation responsive PEGylated polyamino acid is synthesised for anticancer drug delivery by ring-opening polymerisation of N-carboxyanhydrides bearing thioether pendants. The obtained block copolymer mPEG-b-PMLG self-assembles into spherical nanoparticles (NPs) in water with diameter ≈68.3 nm. NMR measurement demonstrated that the hydrophobic thioether pendants in the NPs can be selectively oxidised to hydrophilic sulfoxide groups by H₂O₂, which will lead to the disassociation of NPs. In vitro drug release results indicated that the encapsulated Nile red is selectively released in the trigger of 10 mM H₂O₂ in PBS. Finally, anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX) is encapsulated to the NPs, and the obtained NPs/DOX exhibits an improved antitumor efficacy in 4T1 tumour-bearing mice and lower cardiotoxicity than free DOX. These results indicates that the mPEG-b-PMLG NPs are promising for anticancer drug delivery.     

Chitosan Cross-Linked Films for Drug Delivery Application

This work evaluated such a cross-linked chitosan based controlled release device to be later used for sustained drug release. Cross linking was required to control chitosan swelling/deswelling rate. Hexamethylene 1,6-Bis (aminocarboxysulfonate), a bisulfite blocked diisocyanate obtained by the reaction of 1,6 Hexamethylene Diisocyanate and Sodium bisulfite, was used as cross linking agent. Two films formulations were tested: 30 and 50% cross-linked, and they were prepared by solvent evaporation technique. Chitosan cross-linked films were characterized for cross linkage by FTIR, for hydrophilicity by Contact Angle and for swelling behavior by Gravimetric method. Cross linking reaction was confirmed by FTIR. Moreover, cross linking increased the hydrophilic character of cross-linked films and suppressed swelling. However, 30% cross-linked film swollen less than the 50% one, while 50% cross-linked film swollen less than chitosan film itself. This behavior was attributed to the hydrophilic character of the cross linking agent and to the polymeric network formation by cross linking.     

Stimulus‐Responsive Hydrogel for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery

Blindness and vision impairment are major global health problems. Effective ophthalmic drug delivery poses a significant challenge because of protective physiological barriers and various biological clearance mechanisms that result in extremely low ocular bioavailability. Over the past several decades, several safe and effective ophthalmic drug delivery approaches have been promoted to combat these problems and to improve ocular bioavailability. Among these approaches, the stimulus‐responsive hydrogel for topical drug delivery has gained increasing attention because of its prolonged drug retention at the local site and enhanced ocular bioavailability. This review summarizes and presents recent advances and perspectives of a stimulus‐responsive hydrogel for ophthalmic drug delivery.     

Glucose and pH Dual‐Responsive Nanogels for Efficient Protein Delivery

Direct delivery of protein suffers from their in vitro and in vivo instability, immunogenicity, and a relatively short half‐life within the body. To overcome these challenges, pH and glucose dual‐responsive biodegradable nanogels comprised of dextran and poly(L‐glutamic acid)‐g‐methoxy poly‐(ethylene glycol)/phenyl boronic acid (PLG‐g‐mPEG/PBA) are designed. The cross‐linked network imparted drug‐loading efficacy of α‐amylase up to 55.6% and hyaluronidase up to 29.1%. In vitro protein release profiles reveal that the release of protein is highly dependent on the pH or glucose concentrations, that is, less amount of protein is released at pH 7.4 or healthy blood glucose level (1 mg mL^?1 glucose), while quicker release of protein occurs at pH 5.5 or diabetic blood glucose level (above 3 mg mL^?1 glucose). Circular dichroism spectra show that the secondary structure of released protein is maintained compared to naive protein. Overall, the nanogels have provided a simple and effective strategy to deliver protein.     

肿瘤微环境响应药物递送系统的设计

化学药物治疗(化疗)是目前临床上治疗肿瘤最有效的方法之一,但传统的给药方式导致药物对肿瘤的靶向性差、药物利用率低.在杀伤肿瘤细胞的同时,化疗药物对人体正常细胞也有很大的损伤,因此在化疗过程中通常伴随着严重的副作用,例如恶心、呕吐以及脱发等.随着肿瘤学和纳米材料的迅速发展,多种纳米药物载体被应用于肿瘤的治疗.纳米药物载体...     

磁应答型药物递送载体的设计与构建

复合磁性生物材料的发展和应用已引起生物医学领域的极大关注。磁性纳米粒子因其易功能化而具有靶向药物传递、可控药物释放及磁成像特性逐渐成为药物传递和新型诊疗领域最有前途的材料之一。基于磁性纳米粒子或掺杂的铁氧化物构建的远程触发磁性载药递送系统,有望实现在运输过程中携载药物不泄露的情况下,提高药物递送效率且对病灶周围的健康细胞无毒或低毒性。为构建理想的可控靶向磁性药物递送系统,多种材料或配体可以与磁性纳米粒子复合来构建更安全有效的磁性药物递送系统。一些生物分子、聚合物及天然产物等通过与磁性纳米粒子相结合,构建出可用于药物传递且具有独特性质的磁性复合新材料。迄今为止,具有磁场应答能力的磁性药物递送载体已经在远程控制药物释放领域得到了长足发展。本文总结了近年来磁性药物递送载体作为远程控制治疗体系在设计与构建上的研究进展。重点关注了磷脂分子、聚合物、多孔微纳米材料以及天然产物等与其构建的复合材料,并对当前磁性复合特定给药载体的优点、局限及发展前景等做了简要阐述。     

一种新型CO_2响应型肿瘤靶向药物传递载体

将透明质酸(HA)依次接枝1,12-二氨基十二烷和N,N-二甲基乙酰胺二甲缩醛(DADA),构建得到CO_2刺激响应的透明质酸-脒基(HA-ami)。为了考察其结构、CO_2刺激响应性、细胞水平作为药物载体的可行性和肿瘤靶向性,进行了结构表征、CO_2刺激响应性表征、细胞摄取、细胞毒性和体内的组织分布实验。结果表明:HA-ami成功构建,并具有一定的CO_2刺激响应性,可携带模型药物摄取进入人乳腺癌细胞(MCF-7),而且没有出现明显的细胞毒性,具有体内肿瘤靶向性。     

pH和还原性双响应性壳聚糖纳米粒子作为药物传输载体

用硫辛酸修饰壳聚糖并制备纳米粒子,用催化量的二硫苏糖醇(DTT)处理得到二硫键交联的壳聚糖纳米粒子.二硫键结构的引入不仅使纳米粒子具有还原相应性,而且还引入疏水基团,疏水性的抗癌药阿霉素和荧光探针荧光素通过疏水作用负载于纳米粒子内.二硫交联结构的形成使负载的阿霉素在没有还原剂的环境中(模拟血液的低还原环境)的释放速率大大减慢,而在10 mmoL/L DTT(模拟细胞内高浓度谷胱甘肽环境)存在下,交联纳米粒子负载的阿霉素快速释放,这可归因于DTT还原二硫键使交联结构破坏.流式细胞实验表明,当介质的pH值由7.4(血液和正常组织pH值)降低到7.0、6.8和6.5(模拟肿瘤组织的微酸性环境)时,交联纳米粒子进入细胞的倾向逐渐增加,这是由于在中性环境中纳米粒子表面是电中性和亲水性的,而在酸性介质中,氨基的质子化使纳米粒子表面带正电荷,zeta电位数据证实这种推断.细胞毒性实验表明,在pH6.5的环境中负载阿霉素的交联纳米粒子对HeLa细胞的毒性大于在pH 7.4时的毒性.     

Facile Solvothermal Synthesis of Mesostructured Fe3O4/Chitosan Nanoparticles as Delivery Vehicles for pH‐Responsive Drug Delivery and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents

We report a facile fabrication of a host–metal–guest coordination‐bonding system in a mesostructured Fe₃O₄/chitosan nanoparticle that can act as a pH‐responsive drug‐delivery system. The mesostructured Fe₃O₄/chitosan was synthesized by a solvothermal approach with iron(III) chloride hexahydrate as a precursor, ethylene glycol as a reducing agent, ammonium acetate as a porogen, and chitosan as a surface‐modification agent. Subsequently, doxorubicin (DOX), acting as a model drug (guest), was loaded onto the mesostructured Fe₃O₄/chitosan nanoparticles, with chitosan acting as a host molecule to form the NH₂? Zn^II? DOX coordination architecture. The release of DOX can be achieved through the cleavage of coordination bonds that are sensitive to variations in external pH under weakly acidic conditions. The pH‐responsive nature of the nanoparticles was confirmed by in vitro releases and cell assay tests. Furthermore, the relaxation efficiency of the nanoparticles as high‐performance magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents was also investigated. Experimental results confirm that the synthesized mesostructured Fe₃O₄/chitosan is a smart nanovehicle for drug delivery owing to both its pH‐responsive nature and relaxation efficiency.