微生物燃料电池处理餐饮废水及同步发电性能研究

针对食堂餐饮废水,建立微生物燃料电池实验系统,研究微生物燃料电池废水处理与同步发电性能。首先使用Fe(NO3)3溶液作为阴极电解液进行实验,证明餐饮废水生物降解及产电的可行性;分别采用NaCl溶液和K3[Fe(CN)6]溶液作为阴极电解液进行对比实验,研究不同运行环境下微生物燃料电池的发电性能和污水净化效果。结果表明,采用NaCl溶液和K3[Fe(CN)6]溶液作为阴极电解液时的COD去除率分别是30%和22%左右,平均电流密度分别为5.6和5.2mA/m2。在污水稀释比为2∶1、NaCl电解液浓度为0.4mol/L的情况下,微生物燃料电池系统的发电性能和净水效果达到最佳状态,稳态电流密度为8.8mA/m2,COD去除率为33.3%。     

Optimization for the improvement of power in equal volume of single chamber microbial fuel cell using dairy wastewater

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are a type of sustainable technology that may treat wastewater and generate power at the same time. Therefore, researchers are being challenged to design a technically feasible bio electrochemical system that generates environmentally friendly and renewable electricity from waste water. The current research examined at how MFC may be used to generate electricity while treating real dairy wastewater (RDW) with Pseudomonas aeruginosa-MTCC-7814. The experiments were carried out in fed-batch mode for 15 days in two 300 ml single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs) that were connected in series. During a fed batch investigation, three process parameters such as inoculum percentage, temperature, and pH were optimized. Inoculum percentage, temperature, and pH were found to be optimal at 5%, 37 °C, and 7.4, respectively and the highest open-circuit voltage was found to be 1025 mV. The COD removal efficiency and columbic efficiency (CE) were found to be 95.84% and 37.13% respectively. The optimized fed batch process yielded the maximum current density and power density of 313 mA/m² and 105 mW/m², respectively. Thus, this work successfully demonstrates that connecting single chamber microbial fuel cells (SCMFCs) in series is a viable technique for generating sustainable power utilizing Pseudomonas aeruginosa-MTCC-7814 from dairy wastewater.     

阴极催化剂对微生物燃料电池性能的影响

以不同载量的MnO_2/rGO和Pt/C修饰阴极电极构建了生物阴极型双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),考察了不同阴极催化剂修饰MFC对其产电性能以及老龄垃圾渗滤液主要污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明,以MnO_2/rGO修饰MFC阴极电极材料,能显著提高MFC产电性能及对老龄垃圾渗滤液中污染物去除效果;输出电压为372 mV,功率密度为194 mW/m~3(是未经催化剂修饰MFC的两倍),内阻为264Ω,化学需氧量(COD)和氨氮(NH_3-N)去除率分别为58.68%和76.64%。当MnO_2/rGO载量为.0 mg/cm~2时,MFC性能与负载Pt/C的MFC性能接近,但构建成本却明显降低。     

生物燃料电池处理生活污水同步产电特性研究

以某生活污水处理厂缺氧池活性污泥为接种体,以葡萄糖为模拟生活废水,构建双室型微生物燃料电池。利用微生物燃料电池(MFC,Microbial fuel cell)实现生活废水降解与同步产电。研究基质降解动力学及温度对MFC电极过程动力学的影响,明确微生物电化学活性、阳极传荷阻抗、阳极电势、电池产能之间的关系,考察库伦效率及COD去除率。研究结果表明,电池功率输出与基质浓度关系遵循莫顿动力学方程:P=Pmaxc/(ks+c),其中,半饱和常数ks为138.5 mg/L,最大功率密度Pmax为320.2 mW/m2。葡萄糖浓度较小时,反应遵循一级动力学规律:-dcA/dt=kcA,k=0.262 h-1。操作温度从20℃提高到35℃,生物膜电化学活性不断提高,传荷阻抗从361.2Ω减小到36.2Ω,阳极电极电势不断降低,同时,峰值功率密度从80.6 mW/m2提高到183.3 mW/m2。45℃时,产电菌活性降低,峰值功率密度减小到36.8 mW/m2。葡萄糖浓度为1 500 mg/L,温度为35℃时,MFC电化学性能最佳,稳定运行6 h后库伦效率为44.6%,COD去除率为49.2%。     

阳极改性对单室微生物燃料电池性能的影响

构建了老龄垃圾渗滤液为底物的空气阴极型单室微生物燃料电池,以考察阳极不同改性方式对微生物燃料电池产电性能和对老龄垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响。结果表明,碳毡阳极经过热处理、浓硝酸、酸性重铬酸钾、混酸的改性后,电池的最大输出功率密度分别提高了104%、241%、51%、181%,COD的去除率变化不大,但氨氮去除率分别增加了22.2%、21.8%、2.3%、47.3%。垃圾渗滤液pH值升高、电导率呈下降趋势。     

共基质改善MFC处理链霉素废水及产电性能的研究

以K_3[Fe(CN)_6]和NaCl混合溶液为阴极液,以驯化的人工湖泊底泥为微生物菌种,以链霉素废水为阳极液,构建微生物燃料电池实验系统,研究添加共基质前后微生物燃料电池的废水处理效果与同步发电性能。结果表明,以链霉素废水为阳极液的微生物燃料电池的产电能力及废水处理效果均较差,并且随着链霉素浓度的增大而进一步恶化;但将葡萄糖作为共基质添加至阳极链霉素废水后,微生物燃料电池的产电能力和废水处理效果均显著提高。链霉素浓度为50 mg/L时,未添加共基质的微生物燃料电池处理链霉素废水的COD去除率为52%,产电电流密度为25 m A/m~2,输出电压为4.72 m V;添加共基质后,COD去除率为92%,稳态产电电流密度为300 m A/m~2,稳态输出电压为54 m V。     

Electricity production by a microbial fuel cell fueled by brewery wastewater and the factors in its membrane deterioration

Electricity production from brewery wastewater using dual-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with a tin-coated copper mesh in the anode was investigated by changing the hydraulic retention time (HRT). The MFCs were fed with wastewater samples from the inlet (inflow, MFC-1) and outlet (outflow, MFC-2) of an anaerobic digester of a brewery wastewater treatment plant. Both chemical oxygen demand removal and current density were improved by decreasing HRT. The best MFC performance was with an HRT of 0.5 d. The maximum power densities of 8.001 and 1.843 μW/cm2 were obtained from reactors MFC-1 and MFC-2, respectively. Microbial diversity at different condi-tions was studied using PCR-DGGE profiling of 16S rRNA fragments of the microorganisms from the biofilm on the anode electrode. The MFC reactor had mainlyGeobacter,Shewanella, andClostridium species, and some bacteria were easily washed out at lower HRTs. The fouling characteristics of the MFC Nafion membrane and the resulting degradation of MFC performance were examined. The ion exchange capacity, conductivity, and diffusivity of the membrane decreased significantly after foul-ing. The morphology of the Nafion membrane and MFC degradation were studied using scanning electron microscopy and attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.     

Long-term operation of a domestic wastewater treatment plant with membrane filtration

Possibilities of membrane technology and the use of membrane processes in wastewater treatment were investigated. The main focus was the monitoring of the starting phase of a domestic wastewater treatment plant. Experimental part of the study was realized at the municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Devínska Nová Ves — Bratislava during the period from February 2005 to September 2006. The system was stable without any external chemical treatment of the membrane modules and the permeate quality was very high. Observed decrease of COD and BOD₅ values ranged between 91 % and 98 %. The process of nitrification was very successful considering its high efficiency (> 95 %). Presented at the 34th International Conference of the Slovak Society of Chemical Engineering, Tatranské Matliare, 21–25 May 2007.     

微生物燃料电池中生物膜成长对电池电化学性能的影响

以大肠杆菌为接种体,葡萄糖为基质,在1 000 Ω恒外阻下生成电活性生物膜,研究了生物膜的形成对电池电化学行为的影响。应用循环伏安、阻抗测试、极化分析、输出功率和阳极电势来考察其电化学表现。研究结果表明,随着生物膜完全成熟,阳极极化电阻减小66.5%,阳极电势逐渐降低,最大输出功率密度增加260%。     

层状双金属氢氧化物(LDH)基光催化剂在太阳能燃料生产领域的研究进展

半导体光催化剂吸收太阳光分解水制氢或还原CO2,实现了太阳能燃料生产,不仅可获取清洁、可再生、高热值的太阳能燃料,还能有效减少CO2的排放.层状双金属氢氧化物(LDHs)是一类基于水镁石结构的二维阴离子黏土矿物材料,具有独特的层状结构、主体层金属阳离子可调性、客体阴离子可交换、多维结构和可分层等优势,在CO2还原、光电催化水产氧及光解水制氢等领域研究广泛,有望成为新型半导体光催化材料.但单纯LDHs载流子迁移率低和电子空穴复合率高,在太阳辐射下的量子效率非常低.因此,研究人员采用缺陷控制、设计多维结构或偶联不同类型半导体构建异质结等方法,获得高能量转换效率的LDH基光催化剂.本文首先总结了传统光催化剂的优缺点及其能带分布,阐述了LDHs的六个主要方面特性,包括主体层板金属阳离子可调性、客体阴离子插层、热分解、记忆效应、多维结构特征及分层,进而提出LDH基光催化材料在增强反应物吸附活化、扩宽吸光范围、抑制光生载流子与空穴复合三个方面的改性策略.然后,分析了LDH光催化剂的光催化水解产氢反应机理,并从材料结构与性能的关联,概述LDH基复合光催化剂(金属硫化物LDH复合材料、金属氧化物LDH复合材料、石墨相氮化碳LDH复合材料)、三元LDH基光催化剂及混合金属氧化物光催化剂在水分解制氢领域的研究进展.最后,分析了LDH光催化还原CO2反应机理,归纳石墨相氮化碳复合LDH材料、MgAl-LDH基复合光催化剂、CuZn-LDH光催化剂及其它半导体系列LDH的结构特点和在还原CO2领域的研究进展.尽管LDH基光催化剂研究取得了一定的进展,但是对LDH的结构调控及其光催化机理仍需进一步探索,光催化活性位点、不同组分之间的协同作用和界面反应机理还有待进一步研究.未来LDH在光催化领域的应用可以微观尺度调控和宏观性能为导向设计,进一步研究不同组分的协同效应、界面反应及材料组成对物理化学性质的影响,不断完善LDH基光催化剂的理论系统和开发其应用潜能.     

电极面积对老龄垃圾渗滤液为底物的微生物燃料电池性能影响

构建生物阴极型双室微生物燃料电池,处理老龄垃圾渗滤液。研究了阳极与阴极面积比值对微生物燃料电池产电能力和对老龄垃圾渗滤液处理效果的影响。结果表明,阳极与阴极面积比为1:2、2:2、2:1的3组生物阴极型微生物燃料电池输出电压分别为408、452、396mV,最大电功率密度分别为145.73、237.65、136.50mW/m³,内阻分别为350、200、400Ω,COD的去除率分别为21.18%、20.20%、22.31%。3组微生物燃料电池运行30d后,垃圾渗滤液中氨氮、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮浓度均下降,其中,氨氮去除率分别为80.88%、73.61%和66.17%,其去除效果与产电性能相关。     

阳极改性对微生物燃料电池处理秸秆水解物性能影响

以玉米秸秆稀酸水解液为阳极底物,用污水处理厂活性污泥为产电微生物菌源构建双室微生物燃料电池(MFC),采用三种不同方法改性阳极碳毡,并对其MFC产电性能进行研究。结果表明,以未改性碳毡(CC)、HNO_3酸解CC(HNO_3/CC)、壳聚糖改性CC(chitosan/CC)、PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3层层自组装改性碳毡(PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3/CC)的MFC的最大产电量分别为248、315、452和522 mV,最大功率密度分别为54.6、92.7、203.8和248.1 mW/m~2,COD的去除率分别为82.21%、81.46%、82.53%和86.44%。循环伏安曲线显示,PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3层层自组装改性的阳极碳毡具有较高的氧化还原电位。电化学阻抗谱图表明,PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3层层自组装改性碳毡的极化内阻最小,为7Ω。几种改性材料为阳极的MFC性能依次为PDADMAC/α-Fe_2O_3/CC壳聚糖/CCHNO_3/CC空白CC。     

6-氨基青霉烷酸生产废水厌氧和深度处理实验研究

针对6-氨基青霉烷酸生产废水高污染物浓度,高硫酸根,难降解物质多的特点对废水经过硫酸根预处理,稀释3倍和6倍后,废水对厌氧污泥没有急毒性,厌氧污泥可以逐步适应废水环境。经过厌氧处理以及后续的Fenton深度处理,高浓度的6-氨基青霉烷酸生产废水COD_cr可由45450 mg/L 降到255 mg/L。出水COD_cr可达到污水三级排放标准。     

微生物燃料电池电能原位利用及其衍生形式的研究进展

作为一种生物催化的电化学系统,微生物燃料电池(MFC)目前研究多集中于提高产电能力和污水处理能力。将MFC产生的电能进行原位利用,可以有效对废水进行处理和修复。为了更有效地原位利用MFC产生的电能并修复污染水体,本文介绍了一种电能原位利用的新形式—微生物电化学呼吸器(MES)并综述了其的研究进展。MES作为一种短路的新型MFC,将产生的电能进行原位利用,可以提高废水的优化处理效率。作为一种新型污水处理装置,MES在环保领域将会拥有广阔的应用前景。     

Enhanced power production of microbial fuel cells by reducing the oxygen and nitrogen functional groups of carbon cloth anode

The physicochemical properties of anode material are important for the electron transfer of anode bacteria and electricity generation of microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this work, carbon cloth anode was pretreated with isopropanol, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in order to reduce the anode functional groups. The influence of functional groups on the electrochemical properties of carbon cloth anode and power generation of MFCs was investigated. The anode pretreatments removed the surface sizing layer of carbon cloth and substantially reduced the contents of C‐O and pyridinic/pyrrolic N groups on the anode. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry analyses of the biofilm‐matured anodes revealed an enhanced electrochemical electron transfer property because of the anode pretreatments. As compared with the untreated control (612 ± 6 mW m^?2), the maximum power density of an acetate‐fed single‐chamber MFC was increased by 26% (773 ± 5 mW m^?2) with the isopropanol treated anode. Additional treatment with H₂O₂ and NaOCl further increased the maximum power output to 844 ± 5 mW m^?2 and 831 ± 4 mWm^?2. A nearly inverse liner relationship was observed between the contents of C‐O and pyridinic/pyrrolic N groups on anodes and the anodic exchange current density and the power output of MFCs, indicating an adverse effect of these functional groups on the electricity production of anodes. Results from this study will further our understanding on the microbial interaction with carbon‐based electrodes and provide an important guidance for the modification of anode materials for MFCs in future studies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Recent advances in osmotic microbial fuel cell technology: A review

Integration of Forward Osmosis (FO) and Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology is called Osmotic Microbial Fuel Cell (OMFC). It has several advantages, including improved performance in electricity generation and drinking water recovery compared to MFC. Making OMFC efficient for treatment and resource recovery, basic concepts of MFC and FO must be properly understood and implemented. Various researchers have focused on its components, degradation of wastewater, electron and proton transport mechanism, designs, the role of draw solution, etc. Recent publications have also shown growth in FO membrane composition and OMFC design. Utilizations of an efficient draw solution for better compatibility of anodic bacteria along with its recovery are also a big challenge. The aim of this review paper is to compile all the scattered information on the above aspects and present it in a more logical way in one place for the easy understanding of researchers. The paper also focuses on encouraging OMFC technology for commercial use by developing cost-effective FO membranes and electrodes, improving bacterial metabolic activity for energy production, and enhancing draw solution and cost-effective draw solution recovery methods. Therefore, OMFC technology seems the ultimate solution for wastewater treatment, electricity generation, and freshwater recovery in the coming future.     

阳极底物对微生物燃料电池处理秸秆水解物性能的影响

以双室微生物燃料电池为反应器,铁氰化钾为阴极液,研究污水处理厂活性污泥菌液和玉米秸秆水解液对MFC的产电性能的影响。结果表明,随着阳极中活性污泥菌液体积（1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0 mL）增加,MFC的产电量逐渐增加,当活性污泥的体积增加至7.5 mL时,产电量开始呈下降趋势;玉米秸秆水解液在底物中的浓度为0、10、15、20、30、40 g/L时,电池的稳定电压分别为54、157、248、208、170、146 mV。当阳极活性污泥菌液体积为6 mL、玉米秸秆水解液浓度为15 g/L时,微生物燃料电池的产电性能最佳,此时MFC的功率密度为54.6 mW/m²,内阻为496 Ω。同时,循环伏安曲线（C-V）和交流阻抗曲线（EIS）测试可知,MFC的电极过程由电荷传递和扩散过程共同控制,反应过程受电子传递控制。     

Photocatalytic fuel cell for simultaneous antibiotic wastewater treatment and electricity production by anatase TiO2 nanoparticles anchored on Ni foam

Photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) holds great potential for the sustainable production of electricity and degradation of organic pollutants for solving global energy and environmental problems. However, the efficient photodegradation of organic dyes and antibiotic drugs, such as ciprofloxacin (CIP) and methylene blue (MB), remains challenging. Aiming at improving the separation efficiency of hole and electron for electricity generation in the PFC system, TiO₂-NPs@NF-x photoanode was fabricated by a cost-effective and laborsaving hydrothermal approach. The as-fabricated photoanode demonstrated abundant active sites, enhanced light harvesting capacity and photogenerated charge carrier separation. At a CIP-HCl concentration of 10 mg/L and pH value of about 7, 85% of CIP-HCl can be efficiently removed after 3 h irradiation by 300 W Xe lamp. TiO₂-NPs@NF-20 photoelectrode based PFC system exhibited an impressed ability to simultaneously degrade ciprofloxacin and generate electricity under light irradiation with an open circuit voltage of 1.021 V, short circuit current density and maximum power density of 2.4 mA/cm², 0.357 mW/cm², respectively. This work provided a cost-effective method for the treatment of organic waste and generation of electrical power.     

污泥水解液基质微生物燃料电池的研究

研究不同污泥热水解时间下水解液特性及其对微生物燃料电池（MFC）产电的影响.水解时间由2 h增至96 h,水解液pH基本稳定于7.4 ~ 8.0;水解时间增加,其电导率逐渐提高至2.53 mS·cm^-1,COD浓度和碱度也不断增加,水解液的缓冲能力不断得到提高.MFC最大功率密度达到25 W·m^-3,COD去除率呈现先增后降,水解6 h时达到最大（47%）;库仑效率在预水解4 h时达到最高（71%）.阳极室pH下降可归因于NH⁴⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺等阳离子迁移,其中NH⁴⁺的迁移量最大.     

A review on the role of proton exchange membrane on the performance of microbial fuel cell

Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) are the most frequently used separators in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The role of proton transportation in MFC performance makes PEMs one of the most important components in the cell. The effect of PEMs in MFC performance is commonly determined according to generated power density and coulombic efficiency. Nafion is the commonly used membrane in MFCs, but there are still a number of problems associated with the use of Nafion including oxygen transfer rate, cation transport and accumulation rather than protons, membrane fouling and substrate loss. Moreover, additional problems can also be attributed to the effect of PEMs including internal resistance and pH change in MFCs. Recent developments in PEM performance are attributed to two categories including utilization of other types of membranes and improvements in Nafion by pre‐treatment methods. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.