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1.
The sound radiated when inflow turbulence is present in axial flow fans has been investigated. Theoretically, two noise radiating mechanisms can be identified: (i) interaction of turbulence with the rotor potential field results in a quadrupole-type volume source distribution, producing “flow-interaction” noise; (ii) impingement of turbulence on the blades results in a dipole-type (fluctuating force) surface source distribution, producing “fluctuating lift” noise. A theoretical expression for the flow interaction sound power in the upstream radiation field has been developed, in terms of parameters that can be experimentally determined by near field flow measurements involving spatial cross-correlations of the fluctuating axial velocity, with respect to both radial and circumferential position. Both these measurements and radiated sound pressure measurements have been made for eight- and ten-bladed rotors of relatively low tip Mach number (< 0·3). The sound pressure measurements revealed the occurrence of band-spreading of discrete tones at the blade passing frequency and its harmonics, as would be theoretically predicted for quadrupole-type sources here. The theoretical predictions and the measurements, respectively, of the sound power radiated upstream were compared. The results indicated that, for the fans tested, the “fluctuating lift” noise strongly predominated over the “flow-interaction” noise. The observed sound power levels were consistent with levels estimated from the theory. 相似文献
2.
The purpose of this study was to develop methods for visualizing the sound radiation from aeroacoustic sources in order to identify their source strength distribution, radiation patterns, and to quantify the performance of noise control solutions. Here, cylindrical Near-field Acoustical Holography was used for that purpose. In a practical holographic measurement of sources comprising either partially correlated or uncorrelated subsources, it is necessary to use a number of reference microphones so that the sound field on the hologram surface can be decomposed into mutually incoherent partial fields before holographic projection. In this article, procedures are described for determining the number of reference microphones required when visualizing partially correlated aeroacoustic sources; performing source nonstationarity compensation; and applying regularization. The procedures have been demonstrated by application to a ducted fan. Holographic tests were performed to visualize the sound radiation from that source in its original form. The system was then altered to investigate the effect of two modifications on the fan's sound radiation pattern: first, leaks were created in the fan and duct assembly, and second, sound absorbing material was used to line the downstream duct section. Results in all three cases are shown at the blade passing frequency and for a broadband noise component. In the absence of leakage, both components were found to exhibit a dipole-like radiation pattern. Leakage was found to have a strong influence on the directivity of the blade passing tone. The increase of the flow resistance caused by adding the acoustical lining resulted in a nearly symmetric reduction of sound radiation. 相似文献
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提出和优化了环形稀疏声源阵列涡旋声场的形成方法,进行了涡旋声压,相位和振动速度的理论推导和特性分析。通过改变声源数、声源频率和观测距离等参数,对声涡旋场的模拟结果证明,声涡旋半径主要由信号波长决定,声源频率越高,声涡旋半径越小,能量越集中;涡旋声压随着声源数的增加而线性提高,随着传播距离的增加而减小;声涡旋环形相位分布的线性度随着声源数、声源波长和传播距离的增加而提高。建立了3/4/6/8声源实验系统,径向声压和相位分布以及环形相位分布的测量结果和模拟结果具有较好的一致性,同时悬吊泡沫盘的旋转证明了声涡旋角动量的传输。本研究中声涡旋场的特性分析和参数优化为粒子操控及其在生物医学中的应用提供了依据。 相似文献
5.
Auralizations are commonly used today by architectural acousticians as a tool to model acoustically sensitive spaces. This paper presents investigations employing an auralization methodology known as multi-channel auralizations, to determine the benefits of using an increasing number of channels in such auralizations. First an objective evaluation was conducted to examine how acoustic parameters, such as reverberation time, vary when using “quadrant” (one fourth of a spherical source) or “thirteenth” sources to create the binaural room impulse responses. Large differences in the values were found between the different sections of the sphere, on the order of several just noticeable differences. Two subjective studies were then pursued, first to determine if auralizations made with an increasing number of channels sound more realistic and have an increased perceived source size, using solo musical instruments of varying directivity indices as the sources. Overall, subjects perceived the auralizations made with an increasing number of channels as more realistic, whereas results for perceived source size are less clear. The second subjective study assessed the ease with which subjects could identify the source orientation from the auralizations as a function of number of channels. Results indicate that more channels made it easier for subjects to differentiate between source orientations. 相似文献
6.
S.J. MARTIND.C. HOTHERSALL 《Journal of sound and vibration》2002,251(4):671-681
Outdoor sound propagation from road traffic is modelled by solving a boundary integral equation formulation of the wave equation using boundary element techniques in two dimensions. In the first model, the source representing a traffic stream can be considered as a coherent line source of sound. The results can then be transformed to derive a pseudo-three dimensional solution to the problem. In the second model the line source is incoherent. For receivers near the ground, the second model predicted significantly higher values of ground attenuation than the first. The first model generally produced better agreement with ground attenuation results obtained using the U.K. traffic noise prediction model. For conditions when a noise barrier was present and the ground was absorbent, the incoherent line source model generally predicted significantly higher values of attenuation than those from the barrier and ground attenuation calculated separately. Over a range of receiver positions and barrier heights a similar, but less marked effect was observed when the coherent line source model was used. On dual carriageway roads, it is possible to incorporate barriers on the central reservation as a noise control measure. These are “median” noise barriers. The incoherent line source model is used to assess the performance of median barriers in reducing noise when installed alone and also with associated roadside barriers. A sound absorbent median noise barrier 1m in height produced consistent values of insertion loss of between 1 and 2dB over the range of receiver positions and ground conditions considered. When the median barrier was used in conjunction with a roadside barrier it produced a consistent improvement in insertion loss of between 1 and 2 dB over the range of conditions considered. 相似文献
7.
The objective of this paper is to present recent investigations in characteristics of the sound field generated by neurosurgical endoscopic ultrasonic probes (NEUPs) for minimally invasive surgery. The importance of this information has been investigated and discussed taking into account following facts: 1. According to the International Standard IEC 61847:1998 basic acoustical output characteristics of ultrasonic surgical equipment is declared for and measured in an acoustical free field. The standard generally treats the ultrasonic probe as an omnidirectional point source of the zero order (monopole source). 2. In real conditions, operations with NEUPs are performed within the acoustical near field. Having in mind that the cavitational and hydrodynamic effects are dominant, two theoretical boundary conditions can be present. The first one takes place when operations are performed near the "soft" acoustical boundary (tissue/air), and the second one is near the "rigid" acoustical boundary (tissue/bone). Reflections of sound waves from boundaries have influence on the characteristics of the ultrasonic probe (transducer) and on the sound field. In such cases spherical waves of the first and second order are generated. Directivity of sound sources takes shape in the far field and is easier to measure there. On the basis of measured directivity patterns, the influence of different operational conditions (immersion depth of the probe tip, boundary type, acoustical impedance of the medium etc.) on the radiated sound power and spatial distribution of the sound pressure can be estimated. 相似文献
8.
针对常规统计最优近场声全息在空间多源声场重建过程中所需波函数项数多、重建精度不理想的问题,本文提出了一种基于振速测量的改进统计最优近场声全息算法。与常规算法不同,改进算法主要根据声源特点选取合适的波函数组合来计算声场传递矩阵。通过数值仿真初步验证了该方法的准确性和有效性,并与常规算法进行了详细的对比分析。仿真结果表明,改进算法重建精度高,随频率的变化相对误差波动较小,且随着频率的增大相对误差有逐渐减小的趋势;此外,不同的波函数组合,重建效果差异很大,当选取的波函数与声源共形且数量一致时重建效果最好。 相似文献
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High brightness Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) sources for laboratory operation are needed in nano-fabrication and actinic (“at-wavelength”) inspection of the masks for high volume manufacturing in next generation lithography. Laser-plasma EUV sources have the required compactness and power scalability to achieve the demanding requirements. However, the incoherent emission lacks the brightness for single-shot high contrast imaging. On the other hand, fully coherent sources are considered to be unsuitable for full-field sample illumination and prone to speckles. We evaluate the capabilities of a lab-scale amplified-spontaneous-emission (ASE) EUV laser source to combine brightness and high quality imaging with full-field imaging, along with rapid acquisition and compactness. 相似文献
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Monika Rychtáriková Tim van den Bogaert Gerrit Vermeir Jan Wouters 《Applied Acoustics》2011,(4):196-204
The reliability of algorithms for room acoustic simulations has often been confirmed on the basis of the verification of predicted room acoustical parameters. This paper presents a complementary perceptual validation procedure consisting of two experiments, respectively dealing with speech intelligibility, and with sound source front–back localisation.The evaluated simulation algorithm, implemented in software ODEON®, is a hybrid method that is based on an image source algorithm for the prediction of early sound reflection and on ray-tracing for the later part, using a stochastic scattering process with secondary sources. The binaural room impulse response (BRIR) is calculated from a simulated room impulse response where information about the arriving time, intensity and spatial direction of each sound reflection is collected and convolved with a measured Head Related Transfer Function (HRTF). The listening stimuli for the speech intelligibility and localisation tests are auralised convolutions of anechoic sound samples with measured and simulated BRIRs.Perception tests were performed with human subjects in two acoustical environments, i.e. an anechoic and reverberant room, by presenting the stimuli to subjects in a natural way, and via headphones by using two non-individualized HRTFs (artificial head and hearing aids placed on the ears of the artificial head) of both a simulated and a real room.Very good correspondence is found between the results obtained with simulated and measured BRIRs, both for speech intelligibility in the presence of noise and for sound source localisation tests. In the anechoic room an increase in speech intelligibility is observed when noise and signal are presented from sources located at different angles. This improvement is not so evident in the reverberant room, with the sound sources at 1-m distance from the listener. Interestingly, the performance of people for front–back localisation is better in the reverberant room than in the anechoic room.The correlation between people’s ability for sound source localisation on one hand, and their ability for recognition of binaurally received speech in reverberation on the other hand, is found to be weak. 相似文献
11.
This article is devoted to the acoustical properties of hemp concrete, a “green” building material. In the study, hemp concretes made of different binders and different kinds of particles were characterised, and then modeled using equivalent-fluid models. Further, it is shown that the sound absorption of these materials can be controlled and significantly enhanced by means of suitable constituents and fabrication processes. Finally, good results are provided by the models. 相似文献
12.
测量孔径尺寸的有限性,在基于空间傅里叶变换的平面近场声全息中会带来窗效应和卷绕误差. 为了克服窗效应和卷绕误差,引入了统计最优平面近场声全息技术. 运用声场叠加原理,证明了统计最优平面近场声全息的理论公式.通过在空间波数域限定kx,ky的取值范围,并离散其确定的空间波数面的途径,提出了一种确定波数矢量的方法.为了克服常规统计最优平面近场声全息技术的应用局限性——全息面一侧的声场必须为自由声场,提出了适用于统计最优平面近场声全息的、基于双全息面测量的空间声场分离技术. 通过实验和数值仿真对理论推导的正确性进行了验证.
关键词:
统计最优
平面近场声全息
波数矢量
声场分离 相似文献
13.
In the present study, patch near-field acoustical holography was used in conjunction with a multireference, cross-spectral sound pressure measurement to visualize the sound field emitted by a subsonic jet and to predict its farfield radiation pattern. A strategy for microphone array design is described that accounts for the low spatial coherence of aeroacoustic sources and for microphone self-noise resulting from entrained flow near the jet. In the experiments, a 0.8-cm-diameter burner was used to produce a subsonic, turbulent jet with a Mach number of 0.26. Six fixed, linear arrays holding eight reference microphones apiece were disposed circumferentially around the jet, and a circular array holding sixteen, equally spaced field microphones was traversed along the jet axis to measure the sound field on a 30-cm-diameter cylindrical surface enclosing the jet. The results revealed that the jet could be modeled as a combination of eleven uncorrelated dipole-, quadrupole-, and octupole-like sources, and the contribution of each source type to the total radiated sound power could be identified. Both the total sound field reconstructed in a three-dimensional space and the farfield radiation directivity obtained by using the latter model were successfully validated by comparisons to directly measured results. 相似文献
14.
In workplaces, wall facings are often based on periodic or aperiodic sound scattering surfaces. It is necessary to develop acoustic characterization methods for these kinds of walls to predict the acoustic pressure cartography in the room in order to improve the acoustical treatment. However, this characterization is quite difficult because of the partially reverberant conditions. We developed a measurement system which determines in situ the sound scattering coefficients of relief surfaces. The measurement method, originally operating in free-field conditions, was adapted for indoor use. To overcome problems of parasite echoes coming from reverberation and from noisy sources present on the site, we developed a dedicated emission/reception system. An acoustic antenna with constant directivity over the full frequency range allows spatial filtering of the parasite echoes and an impulsive sound source enables the use of a broad temporal window, resulting in adequate time separation of the different signals received by the antenna. Measurements of the sound scattering coefficient of a corrugated panel were carried out for several incidence angles in free-field and in a noisy workshop and allowed the in situ validation of this system. 相似文献
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This paper presents theoretical models for blind sound source localization and separation of the signals emitted by arbitrary point sources in free space. Source localizations are achieved by a model based approach that accounts for the spherical spreading of an acoustic wave and utilizes an iterative triangulation, based on the signals measured by a three-dimensional microphone array. Once source locations are determined, the source signals are separated by using the point source separation (PSS) method, which is valid for all types of signals, including harmonic, continuous, transient, random, narrowband and broadband. General solutions for signals separation are presented. Theoretically, PSS can reconstruct the individual source signals exactly. This is because it employs the free-space Green's function, which defines the exact correlation among individual sources and measurement microphones. To validate PSS, numerical simulations are carried out and results are compared with those obtained by FastICA (Independent Component Analysis) code. The impacts of various parameters such as the microphone configuration, type of source signals, signal to noise ratio, number of microphones and source localization errors on the quality of signals separation by using PSS and FastICA are examined. The advantages and disadvantages of PSS and FastICA are compared and discussed. 相似文献
16.
Carlo R. Laing 《Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena》2009,238(16):1569-1588
We study a variety of mixed synchronous/incoherent (“chimera”) states in several heterogeneous networks of coupled phase oscillators. For each network, the recently-discovered Ott-Antonsen ansatz is used to reduce the number of variables in the partial differential equation (PDE) governing the evolution of the probability density function by one, resulting in a time-evolution PDE for a variable with as many spatial dimensions as the network. Bifurcation analysis is performed on the steady states of these PDEs. The results emphasise the commonality of the dynamics of the different networks, and provide stability information that was previously inferred. 相似文献
17.
To investigate the acoustical quality of a sound field in a bamboo forest, acoustical measurements were conducted to obtain orthogonal acoustical factors of the sound field. These results are compared with previous results for a sound field in an ordinary forest [H. Sakai, S. Sato, and Y. Ando, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104, 1491-1497 (1998)]. The IACC, which is defined as a maximum value of the normalized interaural cross-correlation function between signals at the ears, was 0.07 (4 kHz) and 0.16 (2 kHz) at positions 20 and 40 m from the source, respectively. These values are much better than those in the previously investigated forest. The measured subsequent reverberation time Tsub was up to 1.5 s in the frequency range above 1 kHz at the position 40 m from the source. For certain music sources with higher frequency components, therefore, sound fields in a bamboo forest have excellent acoustic properties. 相似文献
18.
Corrugated pipes are commonly used because of their local rigidity combined with global flexibility. The flow through such a pipe can induce strong whistling tones, which is an environmental nuisance and can be a threat to the mechanical integrity of the system. This paper considers the use of a composite pipe: a shorter corrugated pipe segment embedded between smooth pipe segments. Such a pipe retains some flexibility, while the acoustical damping in the smooth pipe reduces whistling tones. Whistling is the result of coherent vortex shedding at the cavities in the wall. This vortex shedding is synchronized by longitudinal acoustic waves traveling along the pipe. The acoustic waves trigger the vortex shedding, which reinforces the acoustic field for a critical range of the Strouhal number values. A linear theory for plane wave propagation and the sound production is proposed, which allows a prediction of the Mach number at the threshold of whistling in such pipes. A semi-empirical approach is chosen to determine the sound source in this model. This source corresponds to a fluctuating force acting on the fluid as a consequence of the vortex shedding. The functional form of the Strouhal number dependency of the dimensionless sound source amplitude is based on numerical simulations. The magnitude of the source and the Strouhal number range in which it can drive whistling are determined by matching the model to results for a specific corrugated pipe segment length. This semi-empirical source model is then applied to composite pipes with different corrugated segment lengths. In addition, the effect of inlet acoustical convective losses due to flow separation is considered. The Mach number at the threshold of whistling is predicted within a factor 2. 相似文献
19.
为了重构非自由声场中目标声源的声场响应,提出单层传声器阵列信号空间重采样的声波分离方法.以球面波函数为基函数,建立由系列球面波函数叠加表达的声场数学模型.基于近场声全息原理,利用单层传声器阵列面上空间重采样形成的两组声压测量信号,求解基函数系数,并重构出传声器阵列两侧声源各自的声场响应,实现声波分离.使用脉动球和振动球共同作用的非自由声场,检验了数学模型以及传声器信号信噪比、传声器阵列形状和面积、声源中心位置、频率等关键参数对声波分离精度的影响,并在全消声室内进行了实验验证.最后,对单层传声器阵列重采样的声波分离方法的实施给出了建议. 相似文献
20.
Frigyes Reis 《Applied Acoustics》2002,63(2):119-137
A significant part of the input data for planning the acoustical quality of building is the result of laboratory measurements. Detailed modelling of complex phenomena of sound transmission, like structure borne sound propagation can be solved based on on well planned laboratory experiences. However it seems the constructional details of the testing facilities have important effect on the measured results. The paper describes the process of planning the testing facilities of the Laboratory of Building Acoustics, TU Budapest, which operate as a standardised laboratory, a modelling “tool” for flanking transmission in research and development and which is utilised in teaching too. Some results and conclusions of recent experiments are also reported and discussed here related to the sound reduction index of a heavy brick wall without and with flanking transmission, to the impact sound insulation between the rest of a stair and an adjacent room and also to a possibility to determine the reduction of impact sound transmission of floor coverings. 相似文献