Effect of the free surface and the rigid plane on structural vibration and acoustic radiation

The coupled fluid-structure interaction equation is estabhshed for bodies in the half-space fluid domain, especially sitting on the infinite plane, based on the BEM (Boundary Element Method) theory. Then, the natural frequencies, vibration responses and the acoustic radiation for a box are calculated, and the effect of the free surface and the rigid plane is discussed. Finally, several relative factors including the plate thickness, the structure damping and the distance between the body and the infinite plane are studied. The results show that the effect of the free surface and the rigid plane on the structural natural frequencies, vibration responses and the acoustic radiation cannot be ignored.     

Numerical study on scanning radiation acoustic field in formations generated from a borehole

The directivity of acoustic transducers used in conventional acoustic logging tools is uncontrollable[1,2], which inevitably affects investigation depth and resolution. At present, deep and wide range of investigation in petroleum exploration is urgently re- quired. It is important to improve the exploration capability to find more complex and fine reservoirs[3], for which the direction of the radiated acoustic energy is a direct factor. Acoustic field in the formations generated by the source…     

Research on modal analysis of structural acoustic radiation using structural vibration modes and acoustic radiation modes

Modal analysis of structural acoustic radiation from a vibrating structure is discussed using structural vibration modes and acoustic radiation modes based on the quadratic form of acoustic power. The finite element method is employed for discretisizing the structure. The boundary element method and Rayleigh integral are used for modeling the acoustic fluid. It is shown that the power radiated by a single vibration mode is to increase the radiated power and the effect of modal interaction can lead to an increase or a decrease or no change in the radiated power, moreover, control of vibration modes is a good way to reduce both vibration and radiated sound as long as the influence of interaction of vibration modes on sound radiation is insignificant. Stiffeners may change mode shapes of a plate and thus change radiation efficiency of the plate‘s modes. The CHIEF method is adopted to obtain an acoustic radiation mode formulation without the nonuniqueness difficulty at critical frequencies for three-dimensional structures by using Moore-Penrose inverse. A pulsating cube is involved to verify the formulation. Good agreement is obtained between the numerical and analytical solutions. The shapes and radiation efficiencies of acoustic radiation modes of the cube are discussed. The structural acoustic control using structural vibration modes and acoustic radiation modes are compared and studied.     

Effects of ultrasound frequency and acoustic amplitude on the size of sonochemically active bubbles – Theoretical study

Numerical simulation of chemical reactions inside an isolated spherical bubble of oxygen has been performed for various ambient bubble radii at different frequencies and acoustic amplitudes to study the effects of these two parameters on the range of ambient radius for an active bubble in sonochemical reactions. The employed model combines the dynamic of bubble collapse with the chemical kinetics of single cavitation bubble. Results from this model were compared with some experimental results presented in the literature and good apparent trends between them were observed. The numerical calculations of this study showed that there always exists an optimal ambient bubble radius at which the production of oxidizing species at the end of the bubble collapse attained their upper limit. It was shown that the range of ambient radius for an active bubble increased with increasing acoustic amplitude and decreased with increasing ultrasound frequency. The optimal ambient radius decreased with increasing frequency. Analysis of curves showing optimal ambient radius versus acoustic amplitude for different ultrasonic frequencies indicated that for 200 and 300 kHz, the optimal ambient radius increased linearly with increasing acoustic amplitude up to 3 atm. However, slight minima of optimal radius were observed for the curves obtained at 500 and 1000 kHz.     

On the application of wavelet transform to the solution of integral equations for acoustic radiation and scattering

1 IlltroductionIt is well Anown that Boundary Element Method (BEM), based on boundary integralequation, leads the reduction of the dimensionallty of the problem by one because the prob1emis formulated in terms of the flelds on botmdary ouly BEM, hOWver, generates algebraicequations with full matrices, whose solutions are moe eapensive than that of the bandedmatrices of FEM[1'2]. On the other hand, in boundary integral forInulations, an integral operatorhas the global behavior, that can b…     

On the uncertainty of building acoustic measurements – Case study of a cross-laminated timber construction

If variations and uncertainty in building acoustic measurements can be controlled, construction costs can potentially be reduced since the building will not have to be acoustically over-designed. Field measurements of impact and airborne sound insulation were carried out for an industrially prefabricated cross-laminated timber (CLT) system of plate elements. The results from 18 rooms, forming three groups with respect to size, were compared to a similar study dealing with a prefabricated Volume Based Building (VBB) system. Large variations were found at frequencies below 100 Hz which is crucial for the low frequency adaptation terms connected to the weighted sound insulation indices. The measurement uncertainty was investigated by analysing the repeatability, measurement direction and the time dependence of the sound source. The variations due to the measurement procedure were found to be small compared to the total variations. It was also indicated that the variations in sound insulation are smaller with a prefabricated system compared to on-site production, since less work is required at the building site.     

Effect of initial phase on the Rayleigh—Taylor instability of a finite-thickness fluid shell

Rayleigh—Taylor instability (RTI) of finite-thickness shell plays an important role in deep understanding the characteristics of shell deformation and material mixing. The RTI of a finite-thickness fluid layer is studied analytically considering an arbitrary perturbation phase difference on the two interfaces of the shell. The third-order weakly nonlinear (WN) solutions for RTI are derived. It is found the main feature (bubble-spike structure) of the interface is not affected by phase difference. However, the positions of bubble and spike are sensitive to the initial phase difference, especially for a thin shell (kd<1), which will be detrimental to the integrity of the shell. Furthermore, the larger phase difference results in much more serious RTI growth, significant shell deformation can be obtained in the WN stage for perturbations with large phase difference. Therefore, it should be considered in applications where the interface coupling and perturbation phase effects are important, such as inertial confinement fusion.     

Effect of some statin group of drugs on the phase profile of liposomal membrane – a fluorescence anisotropy study

Using the fluorescent probe 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene, we have investigated the effect of some statin group of drugs, widely used in hyperlipidemia, on the phase transition of model membranes such as dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) liposomes. The nature of the changes in the fluorescence anisotropy values suggested that the drugs simvastatin and mevastatin fluidized the membrane both before and after the phase transition temperature (T _m), whereas atorvastatin fluidized the membrane below T _m but rigidified the same above T _m, i.e., introduced an intermediate fluid condition within the lipid matrix. We have calculated the changes in van’t Hoff enthalpy values associated with the phase transitions due to chain melting in all the cases, and observed that the values of enthalpy decreased with increase in drug concentrations. In order to get a better insight, the fraction of motionally restricted lipid molecules was determined.     

Effect of tilted electrostatic field on the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in a liquid dielectric and gas flow

The effect of surface ponderomotive forces on the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability is studied in the linear formulation based on the equations and boundary conditions of the electrostatics and fluid dynamics of an ideal incompressible fluid. Conditions to be satisfied by the values of determining parameters of the problem for the transition of an unstable flow in zero electric field into a stable regime after the application of a horizontal electric field have been written in the form of inequalities. It has been shown that, at the stability bound, the wavelength of the most instable mode is independent of the ponderomotive forces. In case of a liquid with large permittivity a stable flow regime exists for which the stability condition only differs in small dimensionless values from the stability condition for the charged surface of a quiescent liquid conductor in contact with a gas at rest.     

An analytical model for the polarization of synchrotron radiation in a soft X-ray region

Conventionally, the polarization of a synchrotron soft X-ray beam is measured through a polarimeter based on multilayer optical elements. The major drawback of the traditional approach is the difficulty in comparing different configurations due to the misalignment of each incident angle. In this paper, a new analytical model, based on the variation of reflectivity for different incident angles, is established to facilitate the extraction of important polarization-related information, i.e. angular distribution of polarization components, a tiny change of the direction of azimuth rotation axis of polarizer, etc.     

Effect of water–methanol content on the structure of Nafion in the sandwich model and solvent dynamics in nano-channels; a molecular dynamics study

Continuing an ongoing study, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to investigate the effects of methanol concentration on Nafion morphology, such as the size of solvent cluster, solvent location, and polymer structure via the sandwich model. Our survey shows that high methanol concentrations resulted in increment of solvent cluster size in Nafion membrane. The sulfonic acid clusters also befall much in order as subsequent layers of such ionic clusters are formed. The number of neighbouring hydronium ions around a sulfur atom is independent of methanol concentration, but the first shell of hydronium and water around sulfonic acid clusters is broader. Although methanol would prefer to interact with water molecules rather than sulfonic acid groups, gathering of methanol molecules via hydrophobic self-aggregation is preferred. Methanol is located closer to the hydrophobic part of the polymer than water, while water is located closer to the hydrophilic part of the polymer. It was found that methanol distributes specifically more than water in nano-channels. Investigation of solvent dynamics in nano-channels shows that diffusion coefficients (D) of water, methanol, and hydronium decrease with increasing methanol concentration and they may be ordered as follows: D _Water?>?D _Methanol?>?D _Hydronium (D _Water?≈?1.6–2.0D _Methanol and D _Methanol?≈?2.1–3.0D _Hydronium).     

Effect of inductive and capacitive coupling on the current–voltage characteristic and electromagnetic radiation from a system of Josephson junctions

We have studied the current–voltage characteristic of a system of long Josephson junctions taking into account the inductive and capacitive coupling. The dependence of the average time derivative of the phase difference on the bias current and spatiotemporal dependences of the phase difference and magnetic field in each junction are considered. The possibility of branching of the current–voltage characteristic in the region of zero field step, which is associated with different numbers of fluxons in individual Josephson junctions, is demonstrated. The current–voltage characteristic of the system of Josephson junctions is compared with the case of a single junction, and it is shown that the observed branching is due to coupling between the junctions. The intensity of electromagnetic radiation associated with motion of fluxons is calculated, and the effect of coupling between junctions on the radiation power is analyzed.     

Intermittency or noise – an experimental study on the ion-beam driven ion-acoustic instability

Ion-acoustic waves are destabilised in a double-plasma device by ion-beam-plasma interaction. The plasma system destabilises via a supercritical Hopf-bifurcation with the control parameter being subject to noise. This leads to erratic fluctuations between stable and oscillatory states. The experimental results, in particular the statistical properties, show that this has to be distinguished from type-I intermittency transition to chaos as reported previously for similar experimental setups.     

The study on mechanism and model of negative bias temperature instability degradation in P-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors

Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) has become one of the most serious reliability problems of metal- oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs). The degradation mechanism and model of NBTI are studied in this paper. From the experimental results, the exponential value 0.25-0.5 which represents the relation of NBTI degradation and stress time is obtained. Based on the experimental results and existing model, the reaction-diffusion model with H+ related species generated is deduced, and the exponent 0.5 is obtained. The results suggest that there should be H+ generated in the NBTI degradation. With the real time method, the degradation with an exponent 0.5 appears clearly in drain current shift during the first seconds of stress and then verifies that H+ generated during NBTI stress.     

Effect of gamma and beta radiation on I–V characterization of the solar cell panel

ABSTRACT

Optoelectronic devices, widely used in high energy and nuclear physics applications, suffer severe radiation damage that leads to degradations in its efficiency. In this paper, the influence of gamma radiation (¹³⁷Ce source) and beta radiation (⁹⁰Sr source) on the photoelectric parameters of the Si solar cell, based on the I–V characterization at different irradiation exposer, has been studied. The penetrating radiation produces defects in the base material, may be activated during its lifetime, becoming traps for electron–hole pairs produced optically and, this will, decrease the efficiency of the solar cell. The main objective of the paper is to study and measure changes in the I–V characteristics of solar cells, such as efficiency, maximum current, maximum power, and efficiency, due to the exposure of solar systems to different doses of γ and β irradiations.     

Development of the device prototype based on the semiconductor–carbon nanotubes structure for optical radiation detection and study of its parameters

A light-receiving device prototype based on the semiconductor–carbon nanotubes (CNTs) structure consisting of 16 cellular structured sensitive elements grown on the same substrate is developed. The topology of sensitive cells represents holes through metallization and insulator layers to the semiconductor from which the CNT array grows to the top metallization layer. The device prototype parameters are determined as follows: the effective wavelength range is within 400–1100 nm, the operational speed is no longer than 30 μs, the coefficients of peak sensitivity reached at wavelengths of 640 and 950 nm are 197 and 193 μA/W, respectively.     

Numerical analysis of the effects of radiation heat transfer and ionization energy loss on the cavitation Bubble?s dynamics

A numerical scheme for simulating the acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation was developed. Bubble instantaneous radius was obtained using Gilmore equation which considered the compressibility of the liquid. A uniform temperature was assumed for the inside gas during the collapse. Radiation heat transfer inside the bubble and the heat conduction to the bubble was considered. The numerical code was validated with the experimental data and a good correspondence was observed. The dynamics of hydrofoil cavitation bubble were also investigated. It was concluded that the thermal radiation heat transfer rate strongly depended on the cavitation number, initial bubble radius and hydrofoil angle of attack.     

Numerical approach for the evolution of spin-boson systems and its application to the Buck–Sukumar model

We study the evolution properties of spin-boson systems by a systematic numerical iteration approach, which performs well in the whole coupling regime. This approach evaluates a set of coefficients in the formal expression of the time-dependent Schr?dinger equation by expanding the initial state in Fock space. This set of coefficients is unique for the spin-boson Hamiltonian studied, allowing one to calculate the time evolution from different initial states. To complement our numerical calculations, we apply the method to the Buck–Sukumar model. We find that when the ground-state energy of the model is unbounded and no ground state exists in a certain parameter space, the time evolution of the physical quantities is naturally unstable.     

Metastable decay of DNA components and their compositions – a perspective on the role of reactive electron scattering in radiation damage

Here we review recent studies on the metastable fragmentation of individual DNA and RNA building blocks and their compositions using matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI). To compare the fragmentation channels of small DNA components with larger compositions we have studied the metastable fragmentation of the deprotonated nucleobases, ribose, ribose-monophoshates, the nucleosides, the nucleoside 5′-monophosphates and selected oligonucleotides. Both previously published and unpublished data are reported. To gain a comprehensive picture of the fragmentation of individual components, metastable fragmentation of native components are in many cases compared to chemically modified components and isotopic labelling is used to unambiguously identify fragments. Furthermore, to shed light on the underlying fragmentation mechanisms we complement the experimental studies with classical dynamics simulations of the fragmentation of selected compounds. For the DNA and RNA components where dissociative electron attachment studies have been conducted we compare these to the metastable fragmentation channels observed here.