新型小铷钟微波腔谐振特性的研究

采用模匹配法对一种陶瓷介质填充的圆柱谐振腔TE₀₁₁、TE₁₁₁模的谐振特性进行了理论分析和软件仿真. 计算了该种谐振腔的谐振频率,并与其他理论方法得到的仿真结果进行了比较,验证了理论方法的正确性. 在此基础上,分析了陶瓷介质尺寸对谐振频率的影响. 与目前铷钟广泛使用的微波腔相比,该种谐振腔腔体的体积在很大程度上得到减小,这对于铷原子钟小型化的实现具有重要的作用.     

A Single-Ridged Coaxial Hybrid TE011 Coupler with High Mode Purity

We design a single-ridged coaxial hybrid coupler which excites a TE₀₁₁ mode of high mode content in a cylindrical cavity, resonating at 28.2GHz. The coupler consists of a WR-28 rectangular waveguide, a coaxial TE_n11 cavity, and a cylindrical TE₀₁₁ cavity. Both TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity and TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity are analyzed to examine the TE₀₁₁ mode purity in the central cavity. Mode purity analysis is performed by a field expansion method using Fourier-Bessel orthonormal basis functions. Numerical calculations predict that the TE₄₁₁ single-ridged coaxial cavity excites the TE₀₁₁ mode with mode purity of 98.6%, which is improved by 3% higher compared with the TE₃₁₁ coaxial cavity. Measurements on the single-ridged coaxial coupler show a resonant frequency at 28.078GHz and ohmic and external Qs of 1560, 473 respectively, which are in good agreement with the simulated results of a 3-D finite element electromagnetic code.     

Experimental Study of a High Power Coupler for a Tunable Cavity Formed by a Vane-Type Structure

In this study, a high power coupler designed for a tunable planar cavity is experimentally tested. The cavity consists of a periodical vane-type structure, of which the height of the vane can be mechanically adjusted so that the resonance frequency can be fine tuned. The cavity is designed to be operated at mode and resonant at 2.45 GHz. The high power coupler is composed of a rectangular waveguide and a cylindrical ceramic rod with tapered ends. One end of the ceramic rod is intruded into the gap between two vanes of the cavity. Through this coupler, the TE₁₀ mode of the rectangular waveguide is converted into the TE₁₁ mode of the ceramic rod and then couples to the TEM mode in the gap between vanes of the cavity. Experimental results show that a microwave power up to 5 kW can be effectively transmitted to excite the mode of the cavity . This cavity can be used to excite large area plasmas     

石墨点阵柱状光子晶体共振腔的温度特性

构造了一种二维GaAs石墨点阵柱状光子晶体共振腔. 利用时域有限差分方法计算了这种光子晶体共振腔TE_y模的共振峰随温度变化的情况. 计算结果表明这种结构的光子晶体共振腔的共振峰主峰随温度呈分段线性变化趋势,且具有1.60 nm/℃以上的温度响应灵敏度. 同时,计算结果显示,这种结构的光子晶体共振腔具有很好的频率开关特性. 最后,利用计算结果解释了频率开关特性的成因. 关键词： 光子晶体 温度 共振腔 开关     

太赫兹波导滤波器的分析与设计

分析了不同宽边情况下对滤波器加工精度的影响,分析结果表明对于不同频段的滤波器,需要选择合适的谐振腔的宽边才能达到较好的性能,同时分析了不同谐振模式的滤波器对加工精度的影响,分析表明,对于太赫兹频段滤波器,选用TE101谐振模式时存在腔体长度会比波导的宽边小很多的情况,而选用高阶谐振模式不但可以提高滤波器的品质因数Q值,减少损耗,同时也能在一定程度上降低滤波器对加工精度的要求。最后以0.34 THz 4阶带通滤波器为例验证此方法的正确性,测试表明该滤波器最低损耗为-0.73 dB,在0.335~0.349 THz范围内损耗在-2 dB以内。     

94GHz渐变复合腔二次谐波回旋管的设计

根据注-波互作用自洽非线性理论,编写了分析渐变复合腔的计算程序,通过该程序,获得了工作模式对为TE021-TE031的注-波互作用腔体和相关电磁参量的优化结果。应用粒子模拟软件对设计的复合腔进行了模拟,模拟与数值计算结果基本一致。根据计算结果研制了二次谐波回旋管,在加速电压57.5kV、电流10A下,测得其工作频率为94GHz,输出模式为TE01,峰值功率和效率分别为156kW和27.1%。计算、模拟和实验结果基本一致。     

薄板型介质材料复介电常数的无损测量

采用带法兰结构的TE01n圆柱谐振腔,用无损检测的方法测量薄板型微波介质材料的复介电常数。利用轴向模式匹配法对谐振腔内的电磁场进行了求解,给出了相对介电常数和损耗角正切的计算公式,并利用矢量网络分析仪对几种常用微波介质材料进行了测量,其结果表明:该测量方法对相对介电常数的测量误差不超过1%,而对损耗角正切的测量误差不超过10%。该方法还具备一腔多模的测试能力,测量频率可调,可用于介质材料频率特性的测量。     

CW Operation of a Submillimeter Wave Gyrotron (Gyrotron Fu IV) for High Stability of the Output Frequency

The first cw operation of our submillimeter wave gyrotron (Gyrotron FU IV) using a 12 T superconducting magnet has been successfully carried out. Output power is more than 20 W at a frequency of 301 GHz in the TE₀₃₁ resonant cavity mode. Time-resolved frequency measurement s shows that the frequency fluctuation of the gyrotron output is smaller than 2 MHz. This frequency fluctuation is mainly due to the fluctuation in the output voltage of the power supply.     

Development of 394.6 GHz CW Gyrotron (Gyrotron FU CW II) for DNP/Proton-NMR at 600 MHz

Gyrotron FU CW II with an 8 T liquid He free superconducting magnet, the second gyrotron of the THz Gyrotron FU CW Series, has been constructed and the operation test was successfully carried out. It will be used for enhancing the sensitivity of 600 MHz proton-NMR by use of Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP). The designed operation mode of the gyrotron is TE_2,6 at the second harmonic. The corresponding frequency is 394.6 GHz. The real operation frequency is 394.3 GHz at TE₀₆ mode, because of fabrication error of the diameter of the cavity. The operation is in complete CW at the output power of around 30 W or higher at the TE₀₆ cavity mode. There are many other operation modes at the fundamental and the second harmonic. Typical output power of the fundamental and the second harmonic are higher than 100 W and 20 W, respectively. The highest frequency observed up to the present is 443.5 GHz at the second harmonic operation of TE_6,5 mode. The measured results are compared with the theoretical consideration.     

HEM11 mode magnetically insulated transmission[2mm] line oscillator: simulation and experiment

A novel magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) in which a modified HEM₁₁ mode is taken as its main interaction mode (HEM₁₁ mode MILO) is simulated and experimented in this paper. The excitation of the oscillation mode is made possible by carefully adjusting the arrangement of each resonant cavity in a two-dimensional slow wave structure. The special feature of such a device is that in the slow-wave-structure region, the interaction mode is HEM₁₁ mode which is a TM-like one that could interact with electron beams effectively; and in the coaxial output region, the microwave mode is TE₁₁ mode which has a favourable field density pattern to be directly radiated. Employing an electron beam of about 441 kV and 39.7 kA, HEM₁₁ mode MILO generates a high power microwave output of about 1.47 GW at 1.45 GHz in particle-in-cell simulation. The power conversion efficiency is about 8.4 % and the generated microwave is in a TE₁₁-like circular polarization mode. In a preliminary experiment investigation, high power microwave is detected from the device with a frequency of 1.46 GHz, an output energy of 43 J-47 J, and a pulse duration of 44 ns-49 ns when the input voltage is 430 kV-450 kV, and the diode current is 37 kA-39 kA.     

Analysis of a shielded TE011 mode composite dielectric resonator for stable frequency reference

Analysis of a TE₀₁₁ mode composite sapphire-rutile dielectric resonator has been carried out to study the temperature variation of resonance frequency, close to the Cs atomic clock hyperfine frequency of 9.192 GHz. The complementary behavior of dielectric permittivity with temperature of the composite has been exploited to obtain the desired turning point in the resonant frequency. The frequency of the composite structure is found to be independent of the shield diameter beyond four times the puck diameter.     

Magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator oscillated in a modified HEM11 mode

This paper puts forward a novel magnetically insulated transmission line oscillator (MILO) for the first time which takes a modified HEM11 mode as its main interaction mode. The excitation of the oscillation mode is made possible by carefully adjusting the arrangements of each resonant cavity in a two-dimensional (2-D) slow wave structure. The high frequency characteristics are analyzed and a PIC simulation is carried out; the detailed results are discussed to get a better understanding of this new MILO. Employing an electron beam of about 441 kV and 39.7 kA, it finds that the modified HEM11 mode MILO generates a high power microwave output of about 1.47 GW at 1.45 GHz. The power conversion efficiency is about 8.4% and the generated microwave is in a TE11-like circularly polarized mode; its polarization direction is decided by the rotation direction of the SWS.     

Experimental Study of a Slot Antenna Excited by a TE011 Mode Coaxial Cavity

A slot antenna is developed to excite the high harmonic waveguide mode for generating large-area plasmas. This antenna consists of a TE₀₁₁ mode coaxial cavity with the axial slots positioned on equal interval on the inner wall. The waves radiated from those slots can excite the high harmonic mode in the central area. With the azimuthal symmetric wave field of the TE₀₁₁ mode, the number of the slots can be chosen to match the field pattern of the high harmonic mode. In this report, the dispersion relation of the coaxial waveguide, the coupling scheme and the mode competition of the cavity are studied. A method has been successfully developed to suppress the TE₁₂₁ mode which is the most competing mode to the TE₀₁₁ mode.     

Detailed Consideration of Experimental Results of Gyrotron FU CW II Developed as a Radiation Source for DNP-NMR Spectroscopy

A CW gyrotron for the sensitivity enhancement of NMR spectroscopy through dynamic nuclear polarization has been designed. The gyrotron operates at the second harmonic and frequency of 394.6 GHz with the main operating mode TE_0,6. Operating conditions of other neighboring cavity modes such as TE_2,6 at frequency of 392.6 GHz and TE_2,3 at frequency of 200.7 GHz were also considered. The experimental conditions of the gyrotron at low and high voltages are simulated. The output power of 56 watts corresponds to the efficiency of 2 percent at low voltage operation and frequency of 394.6 GHz is expected.     

Cold tests of A 10-GHz gyrotron cavity

Experiments have been conducted to characterize a gyrotron cavity designed to operate in theTE ₀₂₁ mode at 10 GHz. Cavity excitation was accomplished via a coupling hole introduced into the cavity wall and mode detection was carried out by means of two experimental arrangements. In the first, electromagnetic energy is coupled into a receiving waveguide through a small second hole drilled in the opposite side of the cavity. The other scheme uses a horn antenna to receive the power reradiated by the open resonator. Both schemes are discussed regarding mode detection, and measured data includes resonant frequency, loadedQ factor, axial electric field profile and farfield radiation pattern. Evaluation of the loadedQ factor is based on bandwidth measurements whereas standing-wave electric field profile is determined by using perturbation techniques. For severalTE modes, close agreeent between theory and experiment is found.     

电子注对谐振腔中TM模式谐振频率和电磁场分布的影响

将电子注视为等离子体柱,从填充等离子体柱的谐振腔的物理模型出发,推导了圆柱腔填充中心电子注时TM0m0模式的特征方程,并重点分析了填充电子注的圆柱腔中TM010模式和TM020模式的谐振频率和电磁场分布随等离子频率的变化情况。研究结果表明,随着电子注的等离子体频率不断增大,谐振频率也不断增大,谐振腔内电场和磁场的分布也随之发生改变。当电子注的等离子体频率超过谐振腔的谐振频率时,谐振腔内的电磁场分布将发生很大的变化,出现了电子注内外电场方向相反和趋肤效应等现象。     

RADIATION PATTERN MEASUREMENTS ON A MILLIMETER-WAVE OPEN RESONATOR

Far-field radiation patterns can be used for identifying different kinds of resonant modes in a gyrotron cylindrical open resonator. The operating TE₀₂₁ mode is identified among its closest competitors TE₂₂₁ and TE₆₁₁ by measuring radiation patterns obtained experimentally based on millimeter wave source for exciting the open resonator. A good agreement between experimental and, theoretically predicted values was found.     

Analysis and design of the taper in metal-grating periodic slow-wave structures for rectangular Cerenkov masers

The hybrid-mode dispersion equation of the metal-grating periodic slow-wave structure for a rectangular Cerenkov maser is derived by using the Borgnis function and field-matching methods.An equivalent-circuit model for the taper of the groove depth that matches the smooth waveguide to the metal-grating structure is proposed.By using the equivalentcircuit method,as well as the Ansoft high frequency structure simulator(HFSS) code,an appropriate electromagnetic mode for beam-wave interaction is selected and the equivalent-circuit analysis on the taper is given.The calculated results show that a cumulative reflection coefficient of 0.025 for the beam-wave interaction structure at a working frequency of 78.1 GHz can be reached by designing the exponential taper with a TE z10 rectangular waveguide mode as the input and the desired TE x10 mode as the output.It is worth pointing out that by using the equivalent-circuit method,the complex field-matching problems from the traditional field-theory method for taper design can be avoided,so the taper analysis process is markedly simplified.     

Possibilities for Optimizing the Cavity of a High-Power Continuous-Wave Gyrotron

We calculated the optimal parameters of a low-Q cavity of a millimeter-wavelength continuous-wave gyrotron which ensure that the maximum efficiency is reached for a limited heat load on the cavity wall. The influence of the cavity optimization on the efficiency of energy recovery of a collector electron beam is considered. Stability of the operating mode to self-excitation of other modes is studied. Gyrotrons with radiation power 1 MW, frequency range 140–170 GHz, and operating modes TE_22.6 and TE_25.10 are studied as the example. The obtained results are generalized to gyrotrons with other operating modes and frequencies.     

INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD INHOMOGENEITY ON OPERATION OF THE THz GYROTRON WITH A PULSE MAGNET

Influence of magnetic field tapering on operation of a gyrotron working in the TE _4,12 mode at the second harmonic frequency 1013.67 GHz is investigated. It is found that the existing inhomogeneity of the magnetic field of the order of 0.25%–0.50% in the cavity allows one to achieve higher efficiencies. It improves also mode competition scenario by suppressing oscillations of the two parasitic TE _3,6⁺ and TE _5,5⁻ modes at the fundamental frequencies 513.35 GHz and 503.64 GHz, respectively.