Refinement of the method for determining of the angular size of the halo from the plane wave passed through a statistically inhomogeneous screen

A two-position sensing scheme was used to determine the dependence of the angular size of the halo around a sensing beam on the hole size in an opaque screen. It was shown that the angular size of the halo is inversely proportional to the transverse hole size. This allowed us to refine the general scenario of microstructure measurements for the screen with random transmittance modulation. It was shown that the estimate of the error in the angular size of the plane wave halo is controlled by the sum of the errors of the angular sizes of the undistorted beam and the beam passed through the statistically inhomogeneous screen.     

微光夜视系统光晕效应定量表征与建模方法北大核心CSCD

研究了微光夜视系统输出图像中光晕尺寸和灰度分布与系统参数之间的关系,建立了系统光晕效应的定量化表征模型。首先分析了系统输出图像中光晕的产生机理;其次依据微光夜视系统成像原理,通过分析光电阴极产生的光电子数及初角度分布、光电子在光电阴极与微通道板之间的运动、光电子与微通道板非开口壁碰撞后的运动规律及微光成像系统各环节对能量的逐级传递,研究了光晕的定量化表征方法;结合上述理论研究,建立了光晕的数字仿真模型。结果表明:所提出的光晕效应表征模型能够与实验结果中光晕的灰度分布及尺寸较好地吻合;随着强光源能量增大,系统光晕效应越明显,光晕效应对系统成像质量影响越大。     

Scattering by inhomogeneous particles: microwave analog experiments and comparison to effective medium theories

It is common practice to use effective medium theories (EMT) to estimate average, “effective” optical constants of inhomogeneous materials. A variety of EMTs were developed for different internal structures of the medium and for a variety of shapes, size distributions and physical properties of the inhomogeneities. The most popular EMTs (Maxwell Garnett, Bruggeman, Looyenga, etc.) consider inhomogeneities that are much smaller than the wavelength. The so-called extended EMTs were developed to find effective optical constants in the case of inhomogeneities comparable and slightly larger than the wavelength. This paper compares angular distribution and wavelength dependence of intensity and polarization of scattered light obtained from calculations using the most popular EMTs and extended EMTs with the results of microwave analog measurements at the microwave facilities of the University of Florida. We simulated the light scattering by organic grains with silicate inclusions of size parameter x=0.075 (≈0.01 μm), 0.60 (≈0.1 μm), and 1.24 (≈0.2 μm). The conclusion is that for inclusions of a small size and for a small volume fraction of them in the mixture all EMTs yield similar results and show reasonable agreement with experimental results. The accuracy is better for the angular dependencies of the intensity and of the polarization of the scattered light than for their wavelength dependencies. For inhomogeneities comparable and larger than the wavelength extended EMTs work better but for smaller inclusions non-extended EMTs show more accurate results. Large volume fractions of the inclusions in the mixture (>10%) essentially reduce the accuracy of the results obtained with EMTs. Based on our study we do not recommend to use EMTs in the back-scattering domain and at the scattering angles 30°<θ<70°.     

The angular dependence of the coefficient of sound reflection from anisotropic volume inhomogeneities of the ocean

The small perturbation method is used to consider the scattering of sound by random volume inhomogeneities of the ocean. The inhomogeneities are assumed to be horizontally anisotropic with their horizontal dimensions far exceeding the vertical ones. Expressions are obtained for the angular dependence of the scattering coefficient. Vertical and horizontal sections of the scattering pattern are presented, and the angular widths of its maxima are analytically estimated.     

Role of light-induced scattering in the optical limitation of laser radiation on the basis of fullerene-containing media

A theoretical and experimental study of the contribution of light-induced scattering to nonlinear optical limitation is made. It is shown that light-induced scattering makes a considerable contribution to the optical limitation of radiation by fullerene-containing solutions. Radiation is scattered by small-scale (1–10 μm) inhomogeneities of density, and the corresponding increments are rather large. Because of this, scattering can be initiated by small-scale inhomogeneities of the input beam. Numerical simulation of nonlinear scattering is made, and the angular distribution and limitation of radiation in optical limiters are calculated. The calculation results are compared with the experiment.     

Evolution of the angular power spectrum of scattered radiation from a point source upon propagation in a turbid medium

The propagation of radiation from a point source through a plane layer of an absorbing medium with smooth random permittivity inhomogeneities is considered for the case in which the source and a receiver are spaced by different distances from the layer boundaries. The angular power spectra of the scattered radiation are calculated by the method of statistical modeling for different values of the layer thickness, positions of the source and the receiver relative to the layer, and absorption in the layer. The results for the moments of the angular power distribution obtained earlier in the small-angle approximation are fully confirmed. The transformation of the angular power spectrum upon variation of the source or receiver position with respect to the layer is analyzed for the first time.     

Some peculiarities of wave multiple scattering in a statistically anisotropic medium

This paper investigates the evolution of the angular distribution of the intensity of an electromagnetic wave incident on a thick layer of a random statistically anisotropic medium. The anisotropy of the medium is caused by the presence of prolate random inhomogeneities of the refractive index oriented along the normal to the medium boundary. Oblique and normal illumination of the layer are considered. A characteristic gap in the angular distribution is detected and investigations are made using Monte Carlo simulations.     

Simple analysis of the energy density distribution of the diffracted ultraviolet beam from a fiber Bragg grating phase mask

The energy density distribution of the diffracted ultraviolet field from a phase mask used for fiber Bragg grating fabrication is efficiently analyzed at short-to-intermediate distances by application of a thin phase screen model and the angular spectrum decomposition method. A direct comparison with the results obtained from a rigorous coupled-wave model shows good agreement.     

The influence of inhomogeneous properties of a system on the percolation process in two-dimensional space

The percolation process in a two-dimensional inhomogeneous lattice is studied by the Monte Carlo method. The inhomogeneous lattice is simulated by a random distribution of inhomogeneities differing in size and number. The influence of inhomogeneities on the parameters (critical concentration, average number of sites in finite clusters, percolation probability, critical exponents, and fractal dimension of an infinite cluster) characterizing the percolation in the system is analyzed. It is demonstrated that all these parameters essentially depend on the linear size of inhomogeneities and their relative area.     

Beam propagation in a randomly inhomogeneous medium

An integrodifferential equation describing the angular distribution of beams is analyzed for a medium with random inhomogeneities. Beams are trapped because inhomogeneities give rise to wave localization at random locations and random times. The expressions obtained for the mean square deviation from the initial direction of beam propagation generalize the “3/2 law.”     

Sound scattering by random fractal inhomogeneities in the ocean

Sound scattering by random volume inhomogeneities (fluctuations of the refraction index in a medium) with an arbitrary anisotropy is considered using the small perturbation method (Born’s approximation). Surfaces (boundaries) of the inhomogeneities are deemed to be fractal ones: the energy spectra of the refraction index fluctuations follow the power law with a nonintegral exponent. Formulas are obtained for the volume scattering coefficient. Frequency and angular dependences of the scattering coefficient and their relations to the fractal dimension of inhomogeneities with different kinds of anisotropy and different sizes (on the sound wavelength scale) are presented. The fractal dimension of the inhomogeneities is estimated.     

The effect of intensity fluctuations on the measurement of the angular position of a radiation source by the opticoelectronic single—pulse method

The expression is derived for the mean-square error of measuring the angular position of a distant radiation source, which is caused by the random amplitude fluctuations due to atmospheric turbulence. The theoretical results obtained and the experimental data allow estimation of the possibility of the one-pulse method of measuring the angular position of the source of optical radiation in a medium with random inhomogeneities.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 55–61, January, 1972.The authors thank V. A. Osovalyuk and S. A. Shilin for their help in the preparation for performing the experiments and likewise in the handling of the data.     

Axial segregation of a settling suspension in a rotating cylinder

A rotating suspension of nonbuoyant particles can develop striking inhomogeneities in particle concentration, with regular bands of high and low concentration along the symmetry axis. We report Stokes-flow simulations showing that the formation of axial bands is correlated with an inhomogeneous particle distribution in the radial plane. An order parameter, based on the average angular velocity of the particles, characterizes two distinct phases: a low-frequency segregated phase and a high-frequency dispersed phase. The axial band structure develops during the transition between these two phases.     

强流加速器基于空间限束的亚毫米焦斑产生技术研究

焦斑大小是评价加速器性能的关键指标之一,减小焦斑尺寸可以有效提高闪光照相中对客体成像的空间分辨能力。本文研究设计空间限束结构,减小加速器光源焦斑的有效尺寸降低成像几何模糊。采用蒙特卡罗方法对电子束打靶产生轫致辐射和光子穿过空间限束结构的成像过程进行模拟,分析采用不同空间限束结构时光源有效焦斑的分布及大小、光子角度分布和能谱分布等特征参数。理论计算结果表明,通过空间限束可以使强流加速器光源焦斑FWHM减小至亚毫米量级。     

Transition radiation of sound under uniform motion of momentum and mass sources in inhomogeneous media

Theoretical investigations of transition radiation of sound under the uniform motion of small momentum and mass (heat) sources in a gas with chaotic inhomogeneities of density and temperature are briefly discussed. We analyze two basic methods for calculating the source losses by the radiation of acoustic waves. The first method is based on the calculation of the energy flux in the Born approximation over small perturbations of the parameters of the medium, and allows us, in particular, to clarify the problem of the angular distribution of the radiation. The second method is based on the use of the effective permittivity tensor, which links together the spatiotemporal Fourier transforms of the average momentum of a unit volume of the medium and the average (over the ensemble) velocity of the wave perturbations. The dependence of the radiation reaction force on the velocity of the motion of source is analyzed for the case of small-scale and large-scale inhomogeneities of the medium.Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 38, Nos. 1–2, pp. 44–55, January–February, 1995.     

On the mechanism of quartz surface crimping under laser irradiation

The influence of an artificial inhomogeneity on the surface of a solid on the formation of periodic structures under laser irradiation has been studied experimentally. Inhomogeneities of this kind are found to catalyse the arising of periodic structures which appear in the vicinity of inhomogeneities and are of a regular nature. A theory is suggested to explain the principal experimental patterns such as the size of a periodic structure, its only weak dependence on laser radiation intensity, angular dependences, etc.     

The role of configurations of neutron halo in the formation of the model vertex function for description of the two-neutron transfer reaction

The nuclear vertex functions for virtual decay of halo nuclei ⁶He → α + n + n (¹¹Li-⁹Li + n + n) for dineutron and cigarlike configurations of the neutron halo have been analytically investigated using the diagram method of direct nuclear reactions. These vertex functions describe the one-step process of two-neutron transfer. It is shown that the angular and energy distributions of the reaction products (α particles, ⁹Li, etc.) in different ranges of variables correspond to different structural elements of the halo. The vertex function describing the two-step process of halo neutron transfer has also been analyzed.     

Atomic force microscopy study of Gd(Co,Cu)<Subscript>5</Subscript> single-crystal surface relief

A comprehensive study of the magnetic properties, magnetic viscosity, and microstructure of Gd(Co,Cu)₅ intermetallic compounds has been carried out using vibrating-coil magnetometry and atomic force microscopy. High-quality images of liquation inhomogeneities at the basal planes of Gd(Co_{1 − x} Cu _x )₅ single crystals with x = 0.1−0.6 have been obtained. Their size distribution curves have been plotted, and a correlation between the size of the structure inhomogeneities and the effective width of domain walls has been established.     

Total Nuclear Reaction Cross Section Induced by Halo Nuclei and Stable Nuclei

We develop a method for calculation of the total reaction cross sections induced by the halo nuclei and stable. nuclei. This approach is based on the Glauber theory, which is valid for nuclear reactions at high energies. It is extended for nuclear reactions at low energies and intermediate energies by including both the quantum correction and Coulomb correction under the assumption of the effective nuclear density distribution. The calculated results of the total reaction cross section induced by stable nuclei agree well with 30 experimental data within 10 percent accuracy. The comparison between the numerical results and 20 experimental data for the total nuclear reaction cross section induced by the neutron halo nuclei and the proton halo nuclei indicates a satisfactory agreement after considering the halo structure of these nuclei, which implies quite different mean fields for the nuclear reactions induced by halo nuclei and stable nuclei. The halo nucleon distributions and the root-mean-square radii of these nuclei can be extracted from the above comparison based on the improved Glauber model, which indicates clearly the halo structures of these nuclei. Especially,it is clear to see that the medium correction of the nucleon-nucleon collision has little effect on the total reaction cross sections induced by the halo nuclei due to the very weak binding and the very extended density distribution.     

Total Nuclear Reaction Cross Section Induced by Halo Nuclei and Stable Nuclei

We develop a method for calculation of the total reaction cross sections induced by the halo nuclei and stable nuclei. This approach is based on the Glauber theory, which is valid for nuclear reactions at high energies. It is extended for nuclear reactions at low energies and intermediate energies by including both the quantum correction and Coulomb correction under the assumption of the effective nuclear density distribution. The calculated results of the total reaction cross section induced by stable nuclei agree well with 30 experimental data within 10 percent accuracy.The comparison between the numerical results and 20 experimental data for the total nuclear reaction cross section induced by the neutron halo nuclei and the proton halo nuclei indicates a satisfactory agreement after considering the halo structure of these nuclei, which implies quite digerent mean fields for the nuclear reactions induced by halo nuclei and stable nuclei. The halo nucleon distributions and the root-mean-square radii of these nuclei can be extracted from the above comparison based on the improved Glauber model, which indicates clearly the halo structures of these nuclei. Especially,it is clear to see that the medium correction of the nucleon-nucleon collision has little effect on the total reaction cross sections, induced by the halo nuclei due to the very weak binding and the very extended density distribution.