超分子体系中的分子识别研究(Ⅻ)──环糊精及环糊精双核铜配合物对4-取代苯酚的分子识别

用分光光度滴定法在25.0℃时测定了不同pH值下α-,β-,γ-环糊精以及1mol/LNaOH水溶液中α-和β-环糊精双核铜配合物与4-取代苯酚形成超分子配合物的稳定常数.化学计量法表明,主体环糊精及环糊精双核铜配合物与客体4-取代苯酚形成了1：1的超分子配合物.从主-客体间的尺寸关系、pH值、多点识别和诱导契合作用等因素讨论了环糊精及环糊精双核铜配合物对客体4-取代苯酚的分子识别机制.结果表明,β-环糊精双核铜配合物对4-取代苯酚具有特殊的键合能力和分子选择性。     

冠醚取代蒽醌超分子体系的设计与合成及分子内能量转移的研究

大环冠醚由于其自组装性能及分子识别能力而引起人们广泛的重视.近来,冠醚又成为在超分子体系中用于建构主体分子的一种重要的建造单元^[1~4].Costa^[5]等曾报道苯并冠醚与被识别的稀土离子铕(Ⅲ)与铽(Ⅲ)之间的能量传递过程,选择性激发冠醚主体观察到稀土离子的发光.由于二氮杂冠醚与稀土离子能形成更稳定的配合物^[6].我们利用了冠醚分子的分子识别能力及蒽醌分子的光敏性,设计合成了一种新的氮杂冠醚取代蒽醌分子(图1)(以下文中用代号AQ-CW表示),并以该分子作为主体分子,以稀土离子作为客体构成超分子体系,研究超分子体系内的能量转移过程.     

氨基甲酸酯型α-猪去氧胆酸分子钳对分子的识别性能研究

用差紫外光谱滴定法考察了新型猪去氧胆酸分子钳1~6对苯胺、对甲氧基苯胺、对硝基苯胺等中性分子的识别性能,测定了主客体间的结合常数(Ka)和自由能变化(△G°)。结果表明,分子钳主体对所考察的客体分子显示良好的识别作用,主客体间形成1∶1型超分子配合物,最大结合常数可达3123.46L.mol-1,识别作用的主要推动力为氢键,范德华力等的协同作用。讨论了主体与客体的识别模式以及客体间形状、大小匹配和几何互补等因素对形成超分子配合物的影响,并利用核磁共振氢谱与计算分子模拟作为辅助手段对实验结果与现象进行了解释。     

环双(对-苯基-对草快)对中性客体的分子识别和分子开关

用 AM1及 MNDO方法对环双 (对 -苯基 -对草快 )与中性客体的配合物进行理论研究 ,得到稳定化能和配合物相互转换的 ΔΔE值 ;以 AM1优化构型为基础 ,用 INDO/ SCI方法计算 4种配合物光谱 ,并用AM1方法计算主体与二苯醚衍生物在 H+存在下的势能曲线 ,探讨分子开关形成机理 .     

β-环糊精聚合物与取代水杨酸、3-羟基-2-萘甲酸超分子配合物的构筑及其电流变性能

从化学设计的观点出发, 研究了环糊精聚合物形成超分子配合物的性能. 采用“固相自组装技术”合成了6种β-环糊精聚合物(β-CDP)与取代水杨酸及3-羟基-2-萘甲酸的超分子配合物, 并利用NMR, FT-IR, UV-vis和荧光分析等技术对形成超分子配合物的组成和结构进行了表征. 分别采用所合成的超分子配合物与二甲基硅油配制了电流变液. 在4 kV/mm的直流电场作用下, 超分子配合物较β-CDP电流变活性提高了34%~72%, 且以β-CDP/3-羟基-2-萘甲酸超分子配合物电流变液的屈服应力为最高, 可达9.8 kPa; 同时发现, 变更不同客体分子也可对超分子配合物电流变材料的流变效应起到调节作用, 当水杨酸苯环上含有其他取代基时, 取代基的位置及其数量对相应超分子配合物电流变液的力学响应性具有微调节作用, 并由材料的介电性能测试得到证实.     

胆甾类分子钳对氨基酸衍生物的对映选择性识别

用差紫外光谱滴定法考察了以脱氧胆酸作spacer的手性分子钳1～3对一系列α-氨基酸甲酯的对映选择性识别性能。结果表明,分子钳1和2与客体氨基酸甲酯形成1:1型超分子配合物,并显示较好的手性识别能力。分钳3对所考察的氨基酸甲酯均没有明显的识别作用。讨论了主-客体间尺寸/形状匹配、几何互补等因素对形成超分子配合物的影响,并利用计算机模拟作辅助手段对实验结果和现象进行了解释。     

硫杂冠醚铜(Ⅱ)配合物构象和性质的分子力学研究

用经改进的分子力学方法MPM对一系列硫杂冠醚铜（Ⅱ）配合物进行了研究．对它们的构象和能量的分子力学计算结果表明，在这类配合物中，五员鳌环比六员鳌环稳定，随冠醚环大小和分子内张力的变化，其配合物的结构和性质有规律地变化     

超分子体系中的分子识别研究23.多胺修饰β-环糊精及其铜配合物与萘衍生物的包结配位作用

用荧光光谱滴定法测定了单-[6-(二乙烯三胺)-6-脱氧]-β-环糊精(1)、单-[6-(三乙烯四胺)-6-脱氧]-β-环糊精(2)及其铜配合物(3,4)与一系列萘衍生物在磷酸缓冲溶液(pH 7.2,0.1 mol·dm-3)中,25℃时形成超分子体系的稳定常数,并与母体β-环糊精的配位能力进行了比较.化学计量法表明,四种化学修饰β-环糊精与萘衍生物形成了1:1的超分子配合物.从尺寸适合、几何互补及多点识别等方面讨论了主体化合物对模型底物的分子选择性键合能力.结果表明,疏水相互作用、范德华力、静电相互作用及氢键等多种非共价键弱相互作用协同贡献于超分子配合物的形成,主-客体间的结构匹配在分子受体选择性键合底物形成超分子配合物中起重要作用.     

芳酰胺-吖啶分子钳对中性分子的识别性能. II. 新型吖啶类分子钳的研究

采用差紫外谱法研究了新型芳酰胺-吖啶分子钳(1～7)对苯胺、苯二胺(邻,间,对)等中性分子的识别性能.测定了结合常数(K_a)和自由能变化(△G°),结果表明,所有的分子钳受体与所考察的客体分子均形成1∶1型超分子配合物.识别作用的主要推动力为多重氢键、van der Waals等的协同作用.主客体间尺寸/形状匹配、几何互补等因素对识别性能均有重要的影响.利用核磁氢谱与计算机模拟作为辅助手段对主要的实验结果与现象进行了解释.     

双-锌卟啉对DABCO分子识别的立体构象及其热力学研究

合成了系列不同长度以柔性侧链相连的p/p型双-锌卟啉配合物,用¹H NMR和UV-Vis研究了不同温度下该系列配合物与刚性双齿配体DABCO(1,4-二氮杂双环)的轴向配位反应,考察了侧链长度对双-锌卟啉与配体的分子识别能力影响。结果表明,主体分子双-锌卟啉可以对客体分子BABCO进行分子识别,合适长度的柔韧烷氧链可以调节主体分子的构象,使DABCO嵌入双卟啉两个卟啉环间空位中,形成锌卟啉-DABCO-锌卟啉三元夹心式配合物构象。探讨了配位反应中立体构象的变化过程,并测定了热力学参数。     

Syntheses of cis- and trans-dibenzo-30-crown-10 derivatives via regioselective routes and their complexations with paraquat and diquat

cis-Dibenzo-30-crown-10 (cis-DB30C10) diester and trans-dibenzo-30-crown-10 (trans-DB30C10) diester were synthesized regioselectively with reasonable yields. These two isomers were further reduced to cis-dibenzo-30-crown-10 diol (1) and trans-DB30C10 diol (2), respectively. The complexations of cis- and trans-DB30C10 diols with paraquat (3) and diquat (4) were investigated by (1)H NMR, mass spectrometry, UV-vis spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray analysis. The reversible control of complexations of 1 x 3 and 2 x 3 by adding small molecules (KPF 6 and dibenzo-18-crown-6) was demonstrated by (1)H NMR. The addition of 2 molar equiv of KPF 6 is enough to dissociate 2 x 3 and 1 x 3 completely while the subsequent addition of 2 molar equiv of DB18C6 allows the two complexes to reform. However, 2 molar equiv of KPF6 cannot dissociate 1 x 4 and 2 x 4 completely. Because the DB30C10 cavity has a better geometry fit with paraquat 3 than with diquat 4, 4-based complexes have much higher association constants than the corresponding 3-based complexes. In the crystal structure of 1 x 4, the two hydroxymethyl groups of the crown ether 1 were joined by a "water bridge" to form a "supramolecular cryptand" while this kind of supramolecular cryptand structure was not observed in the crystal structure of 2 x 4. This is a possible reason for the increase in association constant from 2 x 4 (3.3 x 10(4) M(-1)) to 1 x 4 (5.0 x 10(4) M(-1)).     

Conductance Study of Binding of Some Rb+ and Cs+ Ions by Macrocyclic Polyethers in Acetonitrile Solution

A conductance study of the interaction between Rb+ and Cs+ ions and18-crown-6 (18C6), dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 (DC18C6), dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6),dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8), and dibenzo-30-crown-10 (DB30C10) inacetonitrile solution has been carried out at various temperatures. The formationconstants of the resulting 1:1 complexes were determined from the molarconductance-mole ratio data and found to vary in the orderDC18C6 > 18C6 > DB30C10 > DB18C6 DB24C8for Rb+ ion andDC18C6 > 18C6 > DB30C10 DB24C8 > DB18C6for Cs+ ion. The enthalpy and entropy of complexation were determined fromthe temperature dependence of the formation constants. The complexes with the18-crowns are both enthalpy and entropy stabilized while, in the case of largecrown ethers, the corresponding complexes are enthalpy stabilized but entropydestabilized.     

Raman spectroscopic study of the conformational change of 12-crown-4 due to cation capture

Raman spectra of the Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, NH⁺₄, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Pb²⁺ complexes of 12-crown-4 and also 12-crown-4 in various states are observed. The spectra of 12-crown-4 change remarkably by complex formation with cations. Normal vibration calculations of various conformations of 12-crown-4 are carried out. On the basis of the observed spectra and the results of the calculations, the conformation of 12-crown-4 in the Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, NH⁺₄, Mg²⁺ complexes is found to have approximate D_2d symmetry, while that in the Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺ complexes is found to have approximate C_2V symmetry.     

Complexes of the Lighter Lanthanoid Nitrates with 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 ethers: Synthesis and characterization

Complexes of lanthanoid trinitrates Ln(NO₃)₃ with 15-crown-5 ether 1 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) and with 18-crown-6 ether 2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd) having a 1:1 stoichiometry as well as 4:3 complexes with 2 (Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd) have been synthesized and characterized. All the isolated complexes are solvent free. At 170–220° the 1:1 complexes of 2 are quantitatively transformed into 4:3 complexes. X-Ray powder diagrams of the neodymium complexes with 2 indicate that both the 1:1 and 4:3 complexes are genuine compounds. All the 1:1 complexes show a characteristic IR. absorption band at 875–880 cm^?1 absent from both the spectra of the free ligands and of the 4:3 complexes. The spectroscopic properties (IR. and electronic spectra, fluorescence lifetimes) of the complexes and the low magnetic moments of the Ln(III) ions in the complexes with Ln = Ce-Eu are indicative of a strong interaction between the lanthanoid ions and the crown ethers 1 and 2 .     

Raman study of 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5, 18-crown-6 and their complexation with metal cations using Fourier deconvolution of CH stretching spectra

The Raman CH stretching spectra of 12-crown-4, 15-crown-5 and 18-crown-6 and their complexes with some metal cations— Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺ and Cu⁺ in water solutions are studied. For the first time Fourier deconvolution is applied to resolve the overlapped components in the corresponding isotropic and anisotropic spectra. A model is introduced which explains the variety of components in the spectra by means of splitting of the unperturbed CH stretching frequency owing to intramolecular interactions and Fermi resonance. The coupling constants of these interactions, as well as all parameters according to the model, are calculated for studied crowns and their complexes. The differences in the number and intensity of the resolved components in the spectra of the various crowns are explained with the corresponding differences in the coupling constants and model parameters. It is established that complexation leads to some increase in the unperturbed stretching frequency, probably owing to the increase in strain of the crown molecule. It is concluded that 15-crown-5 forms 2:1 and 1:1 complexes with K⁺ and Na⁺ cations respectively and 12-crown-4 forms a 2:1 complex with the Na⁺ cation.     

A molecular mechanics study of the selectivity of crown ethers for metal ions on the basis of their size

A molecular mechanics (MM) analysis is carried out on complexes of crown ethers CH₂(OCH₂CH₂)_nCH₂O, 12-crown-4 (n=3), 15-crown-5 (n=4), 18-crown-6 (n=5), 24-crown-8 (n=7), and 30-crown-11 (n=9) to determine the nature of the selectivity shown by these ligands for metal ions on the basis of metal ion size. The MM program used is SYBYL, and M-O bonds are represented using a covalent model, i.e. the M-O bonds are modelled with ideal M-O bond lengths and force constants. The previously used technique of calculating strain energy as a function of M-O bond length is used for all the complexes, and also the complexes of the non-macrocyclic polyethylene glycol analogues. It is concluded that the crown ethers fall into three groups with regard to selectivity for metal ions. Group one consists of the smaller macrocycles such as 12-crown-4 and 15-crown-5, where metal ions generally are too large to enter the cavity of the macrocycle, and the metal ion is coordinated lying outside the plane of the donor atoms of the ligand. Here factors that control selectivity are the same as in non-macrocyclic ligands, chiefly the size of the chelate ring. Group 2 contains only 18-crown-6 of the ligands studied here. 18-Crown-6 complexes have three important conformers, one of which, theD _3d , shows sharp size match selectivity, preferring metal ions with M-O bond lengths of about 2.9 . The other two conformers are adopted by metal ions too small for theD _3d conformer, and are more flexible, exerting little size-match selectivity. These other two conformers are of higher energy than theD _3d conformer for metal ions with M-O bond lengths greater than 2.55 . Thus, a genuine size match selectivity is found for K⁺ with 18-crown-6. With an ideal M-O bond length of 2.88 , K⁺ fits the cavity of theD _3d conformer of 18-crown-6 very closely. The third group consists of very large macrocycles such as 24-crown-8 and 30-crown-10. These enfold the metal ion in extremely folded conformations, but may, as does 30-crown-10, exert considerable selectivity for metal ions on the basis of their size by virtue of the conformation resulting in a set of torsional angles in the ring atoms of the macrocycle which confer considerable rigidity on the ligand.     

Crown ether complexes of potassium and thallium(I) 2- and 4-nitrophenoxides

18-Crown-6 and dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 complexes of potassium 2- and 4-nitrophenoxide, and 18-crown-6 complexes of thallium(I) 2- and 4-nitrophenoxide have been synthesized. Solvent effects on the visible spectra of the nitrophenoxide anions are independent of the nature of the cation and the nature of the complexing agent. The 18-crown-6 complex of thallium(I) 2-nitrophenoxide is a 1:2 complex. All the other complexes are 1:1. X-ray crystallographic examination of the potassium dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 complexes showed the potassium ion is octacoordinated in the 2-nitrophenoxide and heptacoordinated in the 4-nitrophenoxide.     

<Superscript>133</Superscript>Cs NMR Study of Cs<Superscript>+</Superscript> Ion Complexes with Dibenzo-24-crown-8, Dicyclohexano-24-crown-8 and Dibenzo-30-crown-10 in Binary Acetonitrile-Nitromethane Mixtures

Complexation of the cesium ion with the macrocyclic ligands: dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8), dicyclohexano-24-crown-8 (DC24C8) and dibenzo-30-crown-10 (DB30C10) was studied in binary acetonitrile-nitromethane mixtures by ¹³³Cs NMR spectroscopy. The ¹³³Cs chemical shift data indicated that the cesium cation forms 1:1 cation:ligand complexes with DB24C8 and DB30C10 but forms 2:1, 1:1 and 1:2 cation:ligand complexes with DC24C8 in acetonitrile-nitromethane mixtures. The formation constants of the complexes were calculated from the computer fitting of the chemical shift mole ratio data. The results show that the complex formation constants with the Cs⁺ cation vary in the order DC24C8>DB24C8∼DB30C10. It was found that the stability of the resulting complexes increases with increasing nitromethane concentration in the solvent mixture.     

Charge transfer complexes of crown ethers with neutral organic π-acceptor, 2-dicyanoethylene 1,3-indane dione

The interaction of benzo-15-crown-5, dibenzo-18-crown-6 and dibenzo-24-crown-8 with 2-dicyanoethylene 1,3-indane dione in CH₂Cl₂ has been described in terms of the formation of 1 : 1 molecular complexes. The magnitude of association constants and thermodynamic parameters indicate cooperative interactions of oxygens with the acceptors. The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of the complexes show that π-π interactions are a major source of ground state stabilization in these complexes.     

Sterically crowded azulene-based dication salts as novel guests: synthesis and complexation studies with crown ethers and calixarenes in solution and in the gas phase

The 1,4-bis(3-guaiazulenylmethylium)benzene and 1,4-bis[1-(4,6,8-trimethylazulenylmethylium)]benzene dication salts were synthesized via an acid-catalyzed condensation/dehydration protocol with guaiazulene-terephthalaldehyde (2 : 1 ratio), and 4,6,8-trimethylazulene-terephthalaldehyde (2 : 1 ratio) respectively in one-pot processes. A similar condensation reaction with the parent azulene led to an insoluble oligomer that was shown by MALDI-TOF-MS to contain 1,4-bis[(diazulenyl)methylium]benzene as a repeating unit. Dication salts and were fully characterized by 2D NMR and NOE techniques and by electrospray-MS (ES-MS) and MALDI-TOF-MS. NMR studies confirm that the dications are best represented as bis-tropylium species. A delicate balance of electronic (inductive stabilization) and steric influence of the alkyl groups on the seven-membered ring seems to influence the chemo-/regioselectivity of the co-condensation process. NMR titration and T(1) measurements established that, despite its highly crowded structure, dication forms host-guest HG complexes with dibenzo-30-crown-10 (DB30C10) and dibenzo-24-crown-8 (DB24C8) in solution, but fails to complex with the smaller dibenzo-18-crown-6 (DB18C6). The corresponding HG cation-molecule cluster ions were also detected in the gas phase by ES-MS, showing the formation of both dication-crown 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes. Similar complexation of dication salt with DB30C10 was observed via NMR titration and T(1) measurements in solution and by ES-MS in the gas phase. Although solution complexation studies (NMR titration) did not indicate stable complex formation between and p-tert-butyl-methoxycalix[8]arene, their [HG](2+) and [H(2)G](2+) clusters were detectable by ES-MS. Solution decomplexation experiments (HG(2+) --> H + G(2+)) were performed on -crown complex by addition of DMSO, acetone, silver tosylate, and tropylium cation salt. Complexation of with DB30C10 was also studied by microcalorimetric titration.