单取代烷烃液相生成焓估算新方法

根据烷基R和取代基X(Cl、Br、I、OH、SH、NO2、CN、NH2、CHO和COOH等)本身的电子效应, 应用烷基R的极化效应指数PEI和取代基X的电负性χX定量描述单取代烷烃RX中R和X间的相互作用, 再结合已提出的C—C键和C—H键的键连接矩阵的特征根, 建立了一个估算单取代烷烃RX液相生成焓的方程： ΔfH0(RX, l)＝－39.5001ΣX1CC＋33.5508NCC－0.0789ΣX1CH－25.7087NCH＋0.1557ΣSij＋0.9976H(X)－ 27.6642 PEI(R)×χX＋31.5043χX 此方程用于估算RX的生成焓, 不仅结果非常令人满意(其相关系数R达到0.9999, 标准偏差SD仅为2.87 kJ•mol^-1), 而且方程中各项参数的物理意义也非常明确, 便于人们深入地理解分子结构与性能的关系. 应用去一法(leave-one-out)对以上方程进行交叉验证分析表明该方程具有较好的稳定性和较强的预测能力. 研究发现, 著名的Luo氏方程是上述方程的一种特殊形式, 上述方程是对Luo氏方程的一个较大扩展. 该方法为研究更复杂体系内基团之间的相互作用提供了一种新的方法和思路.     

PdYn±(n=0, 1, 2, 3)分子离子的结构与稳定性

在Pd和Y原子相对论有效原子实势和基函数SDD下, 使用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法对PdYn±(n=0, 1, 2, 3)分子离子的势能曲线与稳定性进行计算研究, 结果表明, PdY分子和PdY−, PdY2−, PdY3−与PdY+分子离子的基态电子状态分别为X2Σ、X1Σ、X2Σ、X1Σ、X1Σ, 能稳定存在, 势能函数可用Murrell-Sorbie函数表达, 并计算得到相应的力常数与光谱数据; PdY2+和PdY3+分子离子的基态分别为X2Σ和X1Σ, 是亚稳定态, PdY3+分子离子的三重态是排斥态, 不能稳定存在.     

原子电负性和极化度对卤代甲烷C 1s电子电离能的影响

以原子的电负性χP和极化度α为基本参数, 估算卤代甲烷CHnY4−n−mZm(Y, Z=F, Cl, Br, I) C 1s电子电离能的电荷效应和松弛效应. 电荷效应由C—H和C—Y(Z)键两端原子的电负性差来度量, 松弛效应由碳原子带的电荷乘上氢和卤素原子极化度来衡量, 进而用电荷效应和松弛效应一起表达卤代甲烷中C 1s电子电离能的静电-松弛屏蔽效应ΔSi. 将ΔSi代入类-Slater模型, 得到卤代甲烷中C 1s电子电离能E1,C的估算方程, 该方程的相关系数r=0.99987, 对27个卤代甲烷的计算值与实验值之间的平均绝对误差仅为0.038 eV, 小于实验误差0.1 eV. 同时, 用留一法(leave-one-out)进行交叉验证(相关系数rcv=0.99977, 预测值与实验值之间的绝对平均误差只有0.049 eV), 结果表明所得方程具有良好的预测能力和稳定性.     

BH4中性分子和离子结构的量子拓扑研究

采用密度泛函方法B3LYP和耦合簇方法CCSD分别在6-311+G(d,p)水平上对BH4+、BH4和BH4−的构型进行全优化, 并从量子拓扑学的角度对各稳定构型进行电子密度拓扑分析. 研究表明, BH4+、BH4和BH4−分别具有C2v、C2v和Td对称性. BH4+和BH4中都存在B—H键、H—H键和原子-分子键；而BH4−中存在着四个相同的B—H键；BH4中含有未成对电子, 其主要围绕B原子运动.     

丙烯的臭氧化反应动力学研究

使用自行研制的烟雾箱实验装置, 研究了模拟实际大气环境臭氧浓度下(最小浓度6.6×10−8)臭氧与丙烯的反应动力学. 结合Model 49C-O3 Analyzer与GC-FID对臭氧与丙烯在282~314 K温度范围内的速率常数进行了测定, 得到臭氧初始浓度为6.61×10−8、温度为282 K时臭氧与丙烯的反应速率常数为6.73×10−18 cm3•molecule−1•s−1. 并根据不同温度下测得的反应速率常数, 求得该反应的阿仑尼乌斯方程为k2=(5.8±1.2)×10−15e(−1907±53)/T. 对比前人结果, 我们测得的速率常数偏小, 活化能偏高, 但速率常数的最大误差仅为11%, 活化能的最大误差为5%. 说明我们的研究设备在实际大气条件下是可靠的, 可用于进一步深入研究臭氧有关的反应.     

磷酸铁锂在饱和硝酸锂溶液中的电极过程动力学

利用循环伏安法(CV)、充放电测试和恒电位间隙滴定技术(PITT)研究了LiFePO4在饱和LiNO3溶液中的电极过程动力学. 研究结果表明, LiFePO4在饱和LiNO3溶液中具有良好的电化学可逆性, 其首次放电比容量达116.2 mAh•g−1, 首次充放电效率达92%. CV法估算出氧化峰和还原峰处锂离子在LiFePO4中的扩散系数分别为4.3×10−11和3.8×10−11 cm2•s−1. 采用PITT测定出锂离子在LiFePO4中的扩散系数随电位的变化规律, 其在充电平台附近达到最小值5.5×10−11 cm2•s−1.     

亚稳态SO(c~1Σ~-,v′=0)的猝灭动力学

在流动余辉装置上,研究了SO(c1Σ-)的猝灭动力学过程.获得了SO2,O2,CO2,N2,He,CS2,CH3OH,C2H5OH,C3H7OH,C4H9OH,CH3COCH3,C6H6,CH2Cl2,CH2Br2,CHCl3,CCl4等16种分子与SO(c1Σ-)发生猝灭反应的速率常数.初步分析表明:醇类分子CnH2n 1OH(n=1,2,3,4)中的C—H键的数目与其对SO(c1Σ-)的猝灭速率成正比;CO2,N2等非极性无机小分子对SO(c1Σ-)的猝灭作用不明显,强极性分子SO2对SO(c1Σ-)的猝灭作用较强.卤代烷烃中的卤素原子的大小对SO(c1Σ-)的猝灭过程发挥着较重要的作用;而氯代烷烃中氯原子的个数与猝灭速率之间的关系不明显.     

土卫六大气中H2和N+反应的动力学研究

依据Titan大气的压强和温度条件计算了N++H2→NH++H反应的热化学函数. 结果发现, 该反应是一个吸热反应, 在Titan的低温环境中不具有反应自发性. 运用量子化学理论计算研究了反应的动力学性质, 发现该反应在300 K温度下的反应速率k=4.16×10−10 cm3•mol−1•s−1, 在实验室温度下(298.15 K)的反应势垒是109.847 kJ•mol−1. 依据Titan电离层气压温度条件计算了90 Pa压强条件下1 K到5000 K温度范围内(极低温度和极高温度)的 反应活化能和反应速率, 研究发现低温下该反应的反应速率非常低, 而且, 随着温度的降低, 反应速率急剧降低. 理论计算值和文献中的实验值也符合得较好, 理论计算数据可以为星际分子的模拟实验提供一定的参考.     

新型气体扩散电极体系高效产H2O2的研究

以自制新型石墨/聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)气体扩散电极在无隔膜体系中进行双氧水发生工艺的优化研究, 主要探讨了不同石墨和PTFE质量比、阴极电位、pH值和氧气流速对H2O2产率的影响. 结果表明, 以石墨和PTFE质量比为2:1的气体扩散电极为阴极, 在pH=3, Na2SO4浓度为0.1 mol•L−1, 氧气流速为0.4 L•min−1, 阴极电位为−0.55 V (vs SCE)时, 2 h后H2O2可以达到60 mg•L−1. 该新型体系有较高的H2O2产率和电流效率(可达60%以上), 且pH值适用范围较广, 可望应用于水中污染物的处理.     

乙烯基A2A″电子态的振转分析

通过193 nm光解丁烯酮分子产生乙烯基自由基(•C2H3). 经射流冷却后, 以另一束可调谐激光光解•C2H3, 生成的氢原子碎片经共振增强多光子电离(REMPI)过程, 记录氢离子信号随光解波长变化, 得到21180~21320 cm-1范围内乙烯基 A2A″(µ′5,6,8=1)←X2A′(µ″=0)跃迁的振转光谱. 结合量化计算和光谱拟合, 对该段光谱进行了细致的振转分析, 确定了各振动谱带位置, 识别了其中主要的转动跃迁. 由光谱拟合得到各振动能级的预解离寿命, 讨论了其与振动模式及激发转动量子数的依赖关系, 证实了理论预测的乙烯基A2A″电子态的面内解离机制.     

离子性指数、极化效应指数烷烃^13C NMR化学位移的 关系研究

定义了烷烃分子中碳原子的离子性指数(INI)，用离子性指数(INI)、极化效应指数(PEI)及N^i~H(i=αβΥ)结构信息参数研究了烷烃的^13CNMR化学位移模型，结果表明，烷烃^13CNMR化学位移(CS)可用下式来定量描述：CS=194.6156-37.7394(INI)+98.6505(ΣPEI)+27.1630(INI/ΣPEI)-652.9106(ΣPEI/INI)+0.7735N^α~H+2.2468N^β~H-0.1742N^γ~H。用上式估算了304个碳原子的化学位移，平均绝对误差仅为0.77δ，标准差0.9860δ，预测值与实验值非常吻合。     

卤代甲烷的键离解能与取代基效应

将芳环上取代基的电子效应参数引入卤代甲烷, 以卤代甲烷分子Y-CH_nX_{3－n (n＝0～3; Y＝H, F, Cl, Br, I; X＝F, Cl, Br, I)中Y-C键的标准键焓 与中心C原子相键连原子的场/诱导效应之和ΣFi、共轭效应之和ΣRi以及诱导偶极之和Σ(α×F)为参数, 建立了一个定量估算卤代甲烷分子中Y-C键离解能(BDE)的通用模型, BDE(Y-C)＝57.5460＋0.8855 －101.0780ΣRi－64.8390ΣFi－10.1034Σ(α×F). 对35个C-H, C-F, C-Cl, C-Br和C-I键回归分析结果表明, 估算Y-C键离解能的精度在实验误差范围内. 对外部数据集的预测结果表明, 该模型具有较高的预测精度, 可用于预测还没被实验测定的卤甲烷中Y-C键离解能. 还对卤代甲烷中104个C-Y键的键离解能进行了预测. 将芳环上取代基效应用于研究饱和体系化学键性能, 有利于深入理解取代基效应对化学键性能的影响.}     

Phase behaviour of binary n-alkanenitrile and n-alkane,and nitromethane and alkane mixtures

Upper critical solution temperatures of nitromethane and alkanes, and alkanenitriles and alkanes have been used to obtain a parameter, ψ, characterising the interaction between the pairs of unlike molecules in the mixture. Values of ψ have been calculated using a “hard sphere and attractive force” equation of state together with the van der Waal's one fluid model.Values of ψ obtained for the ethanenitrile and alkane mixtures have been compared with those obtained from an analysis of gas—liquid critical temperatures. There is a discrepancy of several percent between the values calculated from the two properties.     

Origin of the variation with vibrational and rotational state of the fine-structure constants in O2, SO and S2

Calculations of the spin—orbit part λ_SO of the fine-structure parameter λ have been performed at several internuclear distances for the molecules O₂, SO and S₂ in their ground (X ³Σ^?) states. Only the interaction with the lowest ¹Σ⁺ state was considered and two-centre integrals were neglected. λ_SO is found to make the dominant contribution to λ. The variation of the matrix elements in λ_SO with internuclear distance has been derived and when combined with expressions for the variation of the energy denominator in λ_SO enables the coefficients for the vibrational and rotational dependence of λ to be estimated. Excellent agreement with experiment is found.     

Predicting the viscosity of halogenated alkane mixtures at the boiling line

A new correlation for predicting the viscosity of liquid halogenated alkanes at the boiling line within a wide temperature interval was suggested. The modified orthochor concept, for which new values of the contributions of functional groups contained in alkanes and their halogenated derivatives were calculated, was used in our proposed structural-additive method for predicting viscosity. It was shown that application of this method allowed us to calculate the viscosities of halogenated alkane solutions without using experimental information and with an error of up to 4% within the reduced temperature interval of 0.1 ≤ 1 − T/T _c ≤ 0.35.     

Kinetics of the ?OH-radical initiated reactions of acetic acid and its deuterated isomers

Kinetics of the ^•OH-initiated reactions of acetic acid and its deuterated isomers have been investigated performing simulation chamber experiments at T = 300 ± 2 K. The following rate constant values have been obtained (± 1σ, in cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹): k ₁(CH₃C(O)OH + ^•OH) = (6.3 ± 0.9) × 10⁻¹³, k ₂(CH₃C(O)OD + ^•OH) = (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10⁻¹³, k ₃(CD₃C(O)OH + ^•OH) = (6.3 ± 0.9) × 10⁻¹³, and k ₄(CD₃C(O)OD + ^•OH) = (0.90 ± 0.1) × 10⁻¹³. This study presents the first data on k ₂(CH₃C(O)OD + ^•OH). Glyoxylic acid has been detected among the products confirming the fate of the ^•CH₂C(O)OH radical as suggested by recent theoretical studies.     

Theoretical study of the reaction of ethane with oxygen molecules in the ground triplet and singlet delta States

Quantum chemical calculations are carried out to study the reaction of ethane with molecular oxygen in the ground triplet and singlet delta states. Transition states, intermediates, and possible products of the reaction on the triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces are identified on the basis of the coupled-cluster method. The basis set dependence of coupled-cluster energy values is estimated by the second-order perturbation theory. The values of energy barriers are also refined by using the compound CBS-Q and G3 techniques. It was found that the C(2)H(6) + O(2)(X(3)Σ(g)(-)) reaction leads to the formation of C(2)H(5) and HO(2) products, whereas the C(2)H(6) + O(2)(a(1)Δ(g)) process produces C(2)H(4) and H(2)O(2) molecules. The appropriate rate constants of these reaction paths are estimated on the basis of variational and nonvariational transition-state theories assuming tunneling and possible nonadiabatic transitions in the temperature range 500-4000 K. The calculations showed that the rate constant of the C(2)H(6) + O(2)(a(1)Δ(g)) reaction path is much greater than that of the C(2)H(6) + O(2)(X(3)Σ(g)(-)) one. At the same time, the singlet and triplet potential surface intersection is detected that leads to the appearance of the nonadiabatic quenching channel O(2)(a(1)Δ(g)) + C(2)H(6) → O(2)(X (3)Σ(g)(-)) + C(2)H(6). The rate constant of this process is estimated with the use of the Landau-Zener model. It is demonstrated that, in the case of the existence of thermal equilibrium in the distribution of molecules over the electronic states, at low temperatures (T < 1200 K) the main products of the reaction of C(2)H(6) with O(2) are C(2)H(4) and H(2)O(2), rather than C(2)H(5) and HO(2). At higher temperature (T > 1200 K) the situation is inverted.