Quadratic Hermite–Padé polynomials associated with the exponential function

The asymptotic behavior of quadratic Hermite–Padé polynomials associated with the exponential function is studied for n→∞. These polynomials are defined by the relation

(*)

p_n(z)+q_n(z)e^z+r_n(z)e^2z=O(z³ⁿ⁺²) as z→0,

where O(·) denotes Landau's symbol. In the investigation analytic expressions are proved for the asymptotics of the polynomials, for the asymptotics of the remainder term in (*), and also for the arcs on which the zeros of the polynomials and of the remainder term cluster if the independent variable z is rescaled in an appropriate way. The asymptotic expressions are defined with the help of an algebraic function of third degree and its associated Riemann surface. Among other possible applications, the results form the basis for the investigation of the convergence of quadratic Hermite–Padé approximants, which will be done in a follow-up paper.     

Distortion Properties of Holomorphic Functions of Several Complex Variables

Let Q(D) be a class of functions q, q(0) = 0, |q(z)| < 1 holomorphic in the Reinhardt domain D ? C ⁿ, a and b — arbitrary fixed numbers satisfying the condition — 1 ≤ b < a ≤ 1. ??(a, b; D) — the class of functions p such that p ? ??(a, b; D) iff for some q ? Q(D) and every z ? D. S*(a, b; D) — the class of functions f such that f ? S*(a, g; D) iff S^c(a, b; D) — the class of functions q such that q ? S^c(a, b; D) iff , where p ε ??(a, b; D) and K is an operator of the form for z=z₁,z₂,…z_n. The author obtains sharp bounds on |p(z)|, f(z)| g(z)| as well as sharp coefficient inequalities for functions in ??(a, b; D), S*(a, b; D) and S^c(a, b; D).     

On generalized shift bases for the wiener disc algebra

LetW(D) denote the set of functionsf(z)=Σ _n=0 ^∞ A _n Z ⁿ a _nzⁿ for which Σ_n=0 ^∞|a _n |<+∞. Given any finite set lcub;f _i (z)rcub; _i=1 ⁿ inW(D) the following are equivalent: (i) The generalized shift sequence lcub;f ₁(z)z ^kn ,f ₂(z)z ^kn+1, …,f _n (z)z ^(k+1)n−1rcub; _k=0 ^∞ is a basis forW(D) which is equivalent to the basis lcub;z ^m rcub; _m=0 ^∞ . (ii) The generalized shift sequence is complete inW(D), (iii) The function has no zero in |z|≦1, wherew=e ^2πiti /n.     

On normal forms of singular Levi-flat real analytic hypersurfaces

Let F(z) = Re(P(z)) + h.o.t be such that M = (F = 0) defines a germ of real analytic Levi-flat at 0 ∈ ℂ ⁿ , n ≥ 2, where P (z) is a homogeneous polynomial of degree k with an isolated singularity at 0 ∈ ℂ ⁿ and Milnor number μ. We prove that there exists a holomorphic change of coordinate ϕ such that ϕ(M) = (Re(h) = 0), where h(z) is a polynomial of degree μ + 1 and j ₀ ^k (h) = P.     

Polynomial projectors preserving homogeneous partial differential equations

A polynomial projector Π of degree d on is said to preserve homogeneous partial differential equations (HPDE) of degree k if for every and every homogeneous polynomial of degree k, q(z)=∑_|α|=ka_αz^α, there holds the implication: q(D)f=0q(D)Π(f)=0. We prove that a polynomial projector Π preserves HPDE of degree if and only if there are analytic functionals with such that Π is represented in the following form

with some , where u_α(z)z^α/α!. Moreover, we give an example of polynomial projectors preserving HPDE of degree k (k1) without preserving HPDE of smaller degree. We also give a characterization of Abel–Gontcharoff projectors as the only Birkhoff polynomial projectors that preserve all HPDE.     

Orientation distance graphs

For two nonisomorphic orientations D and D′ of a graph G, the orientation distance d_o(D,D′) between D and D′ is the minimum number of arcs of D whose directions must be reversed to produce an orientation isomorphic to D′. The orientation distance graph 𝒟_o(G) of G has the set 𝒪(G) of pairwise nonisomorphic orientations of G as its vertex set and two vertices D and D′ of 𝒟₀(G) are adjacent if and only if d_o(D,D′) = 1. For a nonempty subset S of 𝒪(G), the orientation distance graph 𝒟₀(S) of S is the induced subgraph 〈S〉 of 𝒟_o(G). A graph H is an orientation distance graph if there exists a graph G and a set S⊆ 𝒪(G) such that 𝒟_o(S) is isomorphic to H. In this case, H is said to be an orientation distance graph with respect to G. This paper deals primarily with orientation distance graphs with respect to paths. For every integer n ≥ 4, it is shown that 𝒟_o(P_n) is Hamiltonian if and only if n is even. Also, the orientation distance graph of a path of odd order is bipartite. Furthermore, every tree is an orientation distance graph with respect to some path, as is every cycle, and for n ≥ 3 the clique number of 𝒟_o(P_n) is 2 if n is odd and is 3 otherwise. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 36: 230–241, 2001     

The support points of several classes of analytic functions with fixed coefficients

Let B denote the set of functions ?(z) that are analytic in the unit disk D and satisfy |?(z)|?1(|z|<1). Let P denote the set of functions p(z) that are analytic in D and satisfy p(0)=1 and Rep(z)>0(|z|<1). Let T denote the set of functions f(z) that are analytic in D, normalized by f(0)=0 and f^′(0)=1 and satisfy that f(z) is real if and only if z is real (|z|<1). In this article we investigate the support points of the subclasses of B, P and T of functions with fixed coefficients.     

On Classes of Functions Related to Starlike Functions with Respect to Symmetric Conjugate Points Defined by a Fractional Differential Operator

Let A denote the class of analytic functions f, in the open unit disk E = {z : |z| < 1}, normalized by f(0) = f′(0) − 1 = 0. In this paper, we introduce and study the class ST^n,a_l,m(h){ST^{n,\alpha}_{\lambda,m}(h)} of functions f ? A{f\in A}, with \fracD^n,a_l f_m(z)z 1 0{\frac{D^{n,\alpha}_\lambda f_m(z)}{z}\neq 0}, satisfying

A linear functional equation with a singularity at a fixed point

Summary. Local solutions of the functional equation¶¶z^k f( z) = ?_k=1ⁿG_k( z) f( s_kz ) +g( z) z{^\kappa} \phi \left( z\right) =\sum_{k=1}^nG_k\left( z\right) \phi \left( s_kz \right) +g\left( z\right) ¶with k > 0 \kappa > 0 and | s_k| \gt 1 \left| s_k\right| \gt 1 are considered. We prove that the equation is solvable if and only if a certain system of k \kappa conditions on G_k (k = 1, 2, ... , n) and g is fulfilled.     

Normal families and shared functions of meromorphic functions

Let k be a positive integer, let M be a positive number, let F be a family of meromorphic functions in a domain D, all of whose zeros are of multiplicity at least k, and let h be a holomorphic function in D, h ≢ 0. If, for every f ∈ F, f and f ^(k) share 0, and |f(z)| ≥ M whenever f ^(k)(z) = h(z), then F is normal in D. The condition that f and f ^(k) share 0 cannot be weakened, and the condition that |f(z)| ≥ M whenever f ^(k)(z) = h(z) cannot be replaced by the condition that |f(z)| ≥ 0 whenever f ^(k)(z) = h(z). This improves some results due to Fang and Zalcman [2] etc.     

A criterion of normality based on a single holomorphic function

Let F be a family of functions holomorphic on a domain D ⊂ ℂ Let k ≥ 2 be an integer and let h be a holomorphic function on D, all of whose zeros have multiplicity at most k −1, such that h(z) has no common zeros with any f ∈ F. Assume also that the following two conditions hold for every f ∈ F: (a) f(z) = 0 ⇒ f′(z) = h(z); and (b) f′(z) = h(z) ⇒ |f ^(k)(z)| ≤ c, where c is a constant. Then F is normal on D.     

On Extraction of Smooth Solutions of a Class of Almost Hypoelliptic Equations with Constant Power

A linear differential operator P(x, D) = P(x₁,... x _n , D₁,..., D _n ) = ∑_αγ_α(x)D^α with coefficients γ_α(x) defined in E ⁿ is called formally almost hypoelliptic in E ⁿ if all the derivatives D^ν_ξP(x, ξ) can be estimated by P(x, ξ), and the operator P(x, D) has uniformly constant power in Eⁿ. In the present paper, we prove that if P(x, D) is a formally almost hypoelliptic operator, then all solutions of equation P(x, D)u = 0, which together with some of their derivatives are square integrable with a specified exponential weight, are infinitely differentiable functions.     

Integral inequalities for self-reciprocal polynomials

Let n ≥ 1 be an integer and let P _n be the class of polynomials P of degree at most n satisfying z ⁿ P(1/z) = P(z) for all z ∈ C. Moreover, let r be an integer with 1 ≤ r ≤ n. Then we have for all P ∈ P _n :

On the radius of α-convexity of certain classes of starlike functions

LetM (α) denote the class of α-convex functions, α real, that is the class of analytic functions? (z) =z + Σ _n=2/^∞ a _n z ⁿ in the unit discD = {z: |z | < 1} which satisfies inD the condition ?′ (z) ?(z)/z ≠ 0 and $$\operatorname{Re} \left\{ {(1 - a) \frac{{z f'(z)}}{{f (z)}} + a \left( {1 + \frac{{z f''(z)}}{{f' (z)}}} \right)} \right\} > 0. Let W (a) $$ denote the class of meromorphic α-convex functions. α real, that is the class of analytic functions ? (z) =z ^?1 + Σ _n=0/^∞ b _n z ⁿ inD* = {z: 0 < |z | < 1} which satisfies inD* the conditionsz?′(z)/?(z) ≠ 0 and $$\operatorname{Re} \left\{ {(1 - a) \frac{{z\phi ' (z)}}{{\phi (z)}} + a \left( {1 + \frac{{z\phi ''(z)}}{{\phi ' (z)}}} \right)} \right\}< 0. $$ In this paper we obtain the relation betweenM (a) and W(α). The radius of α-convexity for certain classes of starlike functions is also obtained.     

Inequalities for the Polar Derivative of a Polynomial

Let P(z) be a polynomial of degree at most n. We consider an operator D _?? which maps a polynomial P(z) into D _?? P(z) :=?nP(z)?+?(?? ? z)P??(z) and prove results concerning the estimates of |D _?? P(z)| on the disk |z|?=?R??? 1, and thereby obtain extensions and generalizations of a number of well-known polynomial inequalities.     

An explicit extension formula of bounded holomorphic functions from analytic varieties to strictly convex domains

We consider a strictly convex domain D ⁿ and m holomorphic functions, φ₁,…, φ_m, in a domain . We set V = {z ε Ω: φ₁(z) = ··· = φ_m(z) = 0}, M = V ∩ D and ∂M = V ∩ ∂D. Under the assumptions that the variety V has no singular point on ∂M and that V meets ∂D transversally we construct an explicit kernel K(ζ, z) defined for ζ ε ∂M and z ε D so that the integral operator Ef(z) = ∝ _{ζ ε ∂M} f(ζ) K(ζ, z) (z ε D), defined for f ε H^∞(M) (using the boundary values f(ζ) for a.e. ζ ε ∂M), is an extension operator, i.e., Ef(z) = f(z) for z ε M and furthermore E is a bounded operator from H^∞ to H^∞(D).     

On the Growth of Meromorphic Solutions of an Algebraic Differential Equation in a Neighborhood of a Logarithmic Singular Point

We prove that if an analytic function f with an isolated singular point at is a solution of the differential equation P(zlnz, f, f) = 0, where P is a polynomial in all variables, then f has finite order. We study the asymptotic properties of a meromorphic solution with logarithmic singularity.     

Some extremal results in cochromatic and dichromatic theory

For a graph G, the cochromatic number of G, denoted z(G), is the least m for which there is a partition of the vertex set of G having order m. where each part induces a complete or empty graph. We show that if {G_n} is a family of graphs where G_n has o(n² log²(n)) edges, then z(G_n) = o(n). We turn our attention to dichromatic numbers. Given a digraph D, the dichromatic number of D is the minimum number of parts the vertex set of D must be partitioned into so that each part induces an acyclic digraph. Given an (undirected) graph G, the dichromatic number of G, denoted d(G), is the maximum dichromatic number of all orientations of G. Let m be an integer; by d(m) we mean the minimum size of all graphs G where d(G) = m. We show that d(m) = θ(m² ln²(m)).     

Punishing Factors for Finitely Connected Domains

Let Ω and Π be two finitely connected hyperbolic domains in the complex plane \Bbb C{\Bbb C} and let R(z, Ω) denote the hyperbolic radius of Ω at z and R(w, Π) the hyperbolic radius of Π at w. We consider functions f that are analytic in Ω and such that all values f(z) lie in the domain Π. This set of analytic functions is denoted by A(Ω, Π). We prove among other things that the quantities C_n(W,P) := sup_{f ? A(W,P)}sup_{z ? W}\frac|f⁽ⁿ⁾(z)| R(f(z),P)n! (R(z,W))ⁿC_n(\Omega,\Pi)\,:=\,\sup_{f\in A(\Omega,\Pi)}\sup_{z\in \Omega}\frac{\vert f^{(n)}(z)\vert\,R(f(z),\Pi)}{n!\,(R(z,\Omega))^n} are finite for all n ? \Bbb N{n \in {\Bbb N}} if and only if ∂Ω and ∂Π do not contain isolated points.