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1.
Alginate beads containing entrapped DNA were produced using both external and internal calcium sources, and coated with chitosan
or poly-l-lysine membranes. The beads were assayed with DNase nuclease to determine formulation conditions offering the highest level
of DNA protection fromnucleic acid hydrolysis, simulating gastrointestinal exposure. A method was developed to extract and
assay intracapsular DNA through a modified agarose electrophoresis system. Both external and internally gelled beads were
permeable to DNase (Mw=31 kDa), indicated by the absence of DNA after nuclease exposure. At low levels of DNase exposure, coated high guluronic
content alginate beads offered a higher level of DNA protection compared with coated beads with low guluronic alginate. No
apparent correlation was found with chitosan membrane molecular weight and degree of deacetylation; however, increasing poly-l-lysine molecular weight appeared to increase DNase exclusion from beads. At elevated levels of DNase exposure, DNA hydrolysis
was evident within all coated beads with the exception of those coated with the highest molecular weight poly-l-lysine (Mw=197.1 kDa), which provided almost total nuclease protection. Optimal combination then for DNA protection from nucleases is
a high guluronic alginate core, coated with high molecular weight poly-l-lysine. 相似文献
2.
Drying dissipative patterns were observed at room temperature on a cover glass, a watch glass, and a Petri glass dish during the course of dryness of aqueous solution of sodium salts of poly (d-glutamic acid), poly (l-glutamic acid), and their low molecular weight analogs, monosodium d-glutamate, monosodium l-glutamate, and monosodium dl-glutamate. The low molecular weight analogs were hygroscopic and their drying patterns were observed in a dry box coexisted with the bags of desiccant. The broad rings, which are the typical macroscopic drying patterns, were observed for all the samples. Optical isomeric effects on the drying patterns were not recognized. Spherulite (or hedrite) and rod-like crystals from the assemblies of helical main chains of the polymers are formed mainly at the inner area from the broad ring (except central area) and the broad ring area, respectively. Coexistence of sodium chloride enhanced the crystal structures by the cooperative interactions between the polymers and the salts. The typical dissipative crystallization such as accumulation, segregation, and orientation effects of crystals were observed in the drying patterns. 相似文献
3.
Intercalation of basic amino acids into layered zirconium proline-N-methylphosphonate phosphate (α-ZPMP) was investigated at room temperature. Three kinds of host-guest compounds were prepared and characterised by elemental
analysis, inductively coupled plasma analysis (ICP), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), Raman spectrum, X-ray powder
diffraction (XRD) and thermoanalysis. The interaction of amino acid guests with P-OH of α-ZPMP host was documented by FT-IR and Raman spectra. In addition, the XRD patterns indicated that l-arginine or l-lysine were intercalated into the interlayer galleries of α-ZPMP host; the interlayer distances of the Larginine and l-lysine intercalation compounds were expanded from 1.520 nm to 2.218 nm and 2.207 nm, respectively. l-arginine and l-lysine would be arranged as a mono-molecule layer in different orientations. The interlayer distance of l-histidine (d = 1.522 nm) was similar to that of α-ZPMP host (d = 1.520 nm), l-histidine might be adsorbed on the outer surface of the α-ZPMP host. Thermoanalysis showed that the intercalated l-arginine and l-lysine were removed at 110–305°C or 150–250°C, respectively, the adsorbed l-histidine was released at a temperature of up to 320°C. 相似文献
4.
Drying dissipative structural patterns of aqueous solutions of biological polyelectrolytes, sodium poly (α, L-glutamate; NaPGA) and poly (-L-lysine hydrobromide; PLL.HBr), were studied on a cover glass. Below the critical polymer concentration, m* (ca. 0.003 and ca. 0.01 monoM for NaPGA and PLL.HBr, respectively), the dried patterns shrank only around the center of
the initial solution area wetted on a cover glass. Above the m* values, on the other hand, the drying pattern extended throughout the initial solution area. The m* values agreed excellently with the critical polymer concentrations, where the surface tensions started to decrease sharply
as the polymer concentrations increased. The broad rings were always observed in the drying patterns of any solutions examined.
The spoke-like cracks appeared at the polymer concentrations above the m* values and only in the area of the broad rings. Microscopic structures such as cross-like, rod-like, and block-like patterns
formed irrespective of polymer concentrations. Especially, the city-road-like microscopic pattern was observed for PLL.HBr
solutions, which strongly supports the formation of crystal structures of PLL.HBr that remain in the whole processes of dryness.
These patterns were correlated deeply with the crystal-like orientation of the biological polyelectrolytes at the air–solution
interfaces. 相似文献
5.
Tsuneo Okubo 《Colloid and polymer science》2008,286(12):1411-1423
Convectional, sedimentation, and drying dissipative structural patterns formed during the course of drying aqueous colloidal
crystals of silica spheres (183 nm in diameter) have been studied in a glass dish and a watch glass. Spoke-like convectional
patterns were observed in a watch glass. The broad ring sedimentation patterns formed especially in a glass dish within 30–40 min in suspension state by the convectional flow of
water and colloidal spheres. The macroscopic broad ring drying patterns formed both in a glass dish and a watch glass. The
ratio of the broad ring size in a glass dish against the initial size of suspension, i.e., inner diameter of the glass dish,
d
f/d
i, in this work, were compared with previous work of other silica spheres having sizes of 305 and 560 nm and 1.2 μm in diameter.
The d
f/d
i values in a glass dish increased as sphere concentration increased, but were rather insensitive to colloidal size. The d
f/d
i values on a watch glass also increased as sphere concentration increased, and further increased as sphere size decreased.
Segregation effect by sphere size in a watch glass takes place by the balancing between the upward convectional flow of spheres
in the lower layers of the liquid and the downward sedimentation of spheres. Colorful microscopic drying patterns formed both
in a glass dish and a watch glass. 相似文献
6.
Tsuneo Okubo Masashi Mizutani Shinya Takahashi Akira Tsuchida 《Colloid and polymer science》2010,288(16-17):1551-1559
Drying dissipative structures of aqueous solutions of hydroxypropyl cellulose, their viscosities of 2 wt.% solutions ranging from 2 to 2,000 mPa.s were studied on a cover glass, a watch glass, and a Petri glass dish. The thickness profile of the dried film shows the coexistence of a low round hill and a high broad ring on a cover glass. The broad ring size increased as molecular weight and/or concentration of the polymers increased on a cover glass and a watch glass. Microscopic drying crystal patterns of HPC changed as a function of the distance from the film center, which is one of the typical results of the dissipative crystallization. Rod-like microscopic drying patterns originated in the cholesteric liquid crystalline structures were observed. The rods oriented mainly parallel and in some case perpendicularly to the radial direction of the dried film except the central area, where the rods distributed at random. These orientation effects were significant for low molecular weight samples and in a watch glass. 相似文献
7.
Deepak S. Munavalli Shivamurti A. Chimatadar Sharanappa T. Nandibewoor 《Transition Metal Chemistry》2008,33(5):535-542
The kinetics of oxidation of l-lysine by diperiodatoargentate(III) (DPA) in aqueous alkaline medium at a constant ionic strength of 0.50 mol dm−3 was studied spectrophotometrically. The oxidation products are aldehyde, 5-aminopentanal and Ag(I). The main products were
identified by spot test, IR and GC-MS. The stoichiometry is [l-lysine]:[DPA] = 1:1. The reaction is first order with respect to diperiodatoargentate(III) concentrations, whereas the order
with respect to l-lysine and alkali concentrations changes from first order to zero order as the l-lysine and alkali concentrations are increased. The effects of added products, periodate, ionic strength, and dielectric
constant of the reaction medium were investigated. Based on the experimental results, a mechanism involving complex formation
between DPA species and l-lysine is proposed. The reaction constants involved in the mechanism were evaluated. The activation parameters with respect
to the slow step of the mechanism were determined and discussed. 相似文献
8.
Drying dissipative patterns of deionized suspensions (colloidal crystal state at high concentrations) of the thermo-sensitive
gels of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with low degree of cross-linking of 0.5% (318 nm and 116 nm in the hydrodynamic diameter at 25 °C and
45 °C) were observed at 20 °C and 45 °C on a cover glass, a watch glass and a Petri glass dish. The broad rings were observed
and their size decreased as micro-gel concentration decreased. Formation of the monodispersed agglomerated particles and their
ordered arrays were observed. This work clarified the formation of the drying microscopic structures of (a) flickering ordered spoke-lines, (b) ordered rings, (c) net structure, and finally (d) lattice-like ordered structures of the agglomerated particles. The net and lattice structures formed more favorably at higher temperatures
and/or higher degree of cross-linking of the gels. Importance of the convectional flow of the agglomerated particles during
the drying processes is supported for the ordered array formation. The role of the electrical double layers around the agglomerated
particles and the interaction of the particles with the substrate surfaces during dryness are also important for the ordering.
The microscopic drying patterns of gel spheres were quite different from those of linear-type polymers and also from typical
colloidal spheres, though the macroscopic patterns such as broad ring formation at the edges of the dried film were similar
to each other. 相似文献
9.
Tsuneo Okubo Syuji Fujii Kodai Aono Yoshinobu Nakamura 《Colloid and polymer science》2013,291(4):1019-1030
Drying dissipative patterns of deionized and colloidal crystal-state suspensions of the cationic gel spheres of lightly cross-linked poly(2-vinyl pyridine) stabilized with poly(ethylene glycol) were observed on a cover glass, a watch glass, and a Petri glass dish. Convectional patterns were recognized with the naked eyes. The broad rings were observed in the drying pattern and their size and width decreased as gel concentration decreased. Formation of the monodispersed agglomerated particles and their ordered arrays were observed. This work clarified the formation of the drying microscopic structures of (a) ordered rings, (b) flickering ordered spoke-lines, (c) net structure, and (d) lattice-like ordered structures of the agglomerated particles. The ordering of the agglomerated particles of the cationic gel spheres is similar to that of the anionic thermo-sensitive gel spheres of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide). The role of the electrical double layers around the agglomerated particles and the interaction of the particles with the substrates during dryness are important for the ordering. The microscopic drying patterns of gel spheres were different from those of linear-type polymers and also from typical colloidal hard spheres, though the macroscopic patterns such as broad ring formation at the edges were similar to each other. The addition of sodium chloride shifted the microscopic patterns from lattice to net structures. 相似文献
10.
Drying dissipative patterns of de-ionized suspensions (colloidal crystal state above the critical concentrations of crystallization) of the thermo-sensitive gels of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) with degrees of cross-linking of 10% and 2% (pNIPAm(200–10) and pNIPAm(200–2)) were observed at 20?°C and 45?°C on a cover glass, a watch glass, and a Petri glass dish. The broad rings were observed, and their size decreased as micro-gel concentration decreased. Formation of the monodispersed agglomerated particles and their ordered arrays were observed. Microscopic drying structures of (a) flickering ordered spoke-lines, (b) ordered rings, (c) net structure, and (d) lattice-like ordered structures of the agglomerated particles are observed. The net and lattice structures formed more favorably at high degrees of cross-linking, at high concentrations of the gels, and/or high temperatures. By the addition of sodium chloride, very large dendrite-like and net structures of the large agglomerated particles formed at 20?°C and 45?°C, respectively. Importance of the cooperated convectional flow of the agglomerated particles during the drying processes is supported for the ordered array formation. The role of the electrical double layers around the agglomerated particles and the interaction of the particles with the substrate surfaces during dryness are also important for the ordering. The microscopic drying patterns of gel spheres were different from those of linear type polymers and also from typical colloidal spheres, though the macroscopic patterns of gel system such as broad ring formation at the edges of the dried film were similar to other two systems. 相似文献
11.
Drying dissipative patterns of cationic gel crystals of lightly cross-linked poly(2-vinyl pyridine) spheres (AIBA-P2VP, 170?~?180 nm in diameter) were observed on a cover glass, a watch glass, and a Petri glass dish. Convectional patterns were recognized with the naked eyes. Two kinds of the broad rings were observed at the outside edge and inner region in the macroscopic drying pattern, and their size at the inner regions first decreased and then turned to increase as gel concentration decreased. Formation of the similar-sized aggregates, i.e., hierarchical aggregation and their ordered arrays were observed. This work supported strongly the formation of the microscopic drying structures of (a) ordered rings, (b) flickering ordered spoke-lines, (c) net structure, and (d) lattice-like ordered structures of the aggregated particles. The ordering of the similar-sized aggregates of the cationic gel spheres (AIBA-P2VP) in this work is similar to that of the large cationic gel spheres of poly(2-vinyl pyridine) (385?~?400 nm in diameter) and further to that of the anionic thermosensitive gel spheres of poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide). Role of the electrical double layers around the aggregates and their interaction with the substrates during dryness are important for the ordering. The microscopic drying patterns of gel spheres were different from those of linear-type polymers and also from typical colloidal hard spheres, though the macroscopic patterns such as broad ring formation were similar to each other. 相似文献
12.
Shi Nian-Qing Prahl Kristine Hendrick Jim Cruz Jose Lu Ping Cho Jae-Yong Jones Sharon Jeffries Thomas 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2000,84(1-9):201-216
Pichia stipitis CBS 6054 will grow on d-xylose, d-arabinose, and l-arabinose. d-Xylose and l-arabinose are abundant in seed hulls of maize, and their utilization is important in processing grain residues. To elucidate
the degradation pathway for l-arabinose, we obtained a mutant, FPL-MY30, that was unable to grow on d-xylose and l-arabinose but that could grow on d-arabinitol. Activity assays of oxidoreductase and pentulokinase enzymes involved in d-xylose, d-arabinose, and l-arabinose pathways indicated that FPL-MY30 is deficient in d-xylitol dehydrogenase (D-XDH), d- and l-arabinitol dehydrogenases, and d-ribitol dehydrogenase. Transforming FPL-MY30 with a gene for xylitol dehydrogenase (PsXYL2), which was cloned from CBS 6054 (Gen Bank AF127801), restored the D-XDH activity and the capacity for FPL-MY30 to grow on
l-arabinose. This suggested that FPL-MY30 is critically deficient in XYL2 and that the d-xylose and l-arabinose metabolic pathways have xylitolas a common intermediate. The capacity for FPL-MY30 to grow on d-arabinitol could proceed through d-ribulose. 相似文献
13.
The drying dissipative patterns of aqueous solutions of simple electrolytes, KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, and LaCl3, were observed on a cover glass. The macroscopic broad rings were formed at the outside edge of the drying film area, which
shrunk from the initial solution area especially at low salt concentrations. The drying area and the broad ring size decreased
as the salt concentration decreased. The microscopic block-like and dendritic cross-like patterns were observed for all the
salts. Size of single crystals dried on a cover glass increased as salt concentration increased. The drying patterns of the
binary mixtures of the salts were also observed. Size of the broad ring increased sharply by mixing. The microscopic patterns
were, on the other hand, insensitive to the mixing. 相似文献
14.
Francisco Claudece Pereira Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni 《Journal of Solid State Electrochemistry》2008,12(1):63-70
The present work describes the preparation and characterization of polyelectrolyte coatings of poly-l-lysine (PLL) to modify a glassy carbon electrode and its application to the pre-accumulation of nitroprusside (NP). The effects
of the coating on the electrochemical reduction of NP were investigated. The performance of the modified electrode indicates
that the drug can be immobilized by electrostatic interaction and the voltammetric signal monitored at all pH values in the
range of 2–12. The strong interaction between NP and PLL stabilizes the complex on the electrode surface and minimizes the
chemical reaction of lost CN− ions as a subsequent reaction of electron transfer, which could improve the action mechanism of NP. 相似文献
15.
Qian Dong-Jin Nakamura Chikashi Noda Kazuyuki Zorin Nickolai A. Miyake Jun 《Applied biochemistry and biotechnology》2000,84(1-9):409-418
An indium tinoxide (ITO) electrode was chemically modified by one layer of viologen (VIO) deri vative, which possessed a persistent
and reproducible electrochemical response. A monolayer of a thermal stable hydrogenase from Thiocapsa roseopersic ina was stabilized on a synthesized poly-l-lysine subphase surface and transferred on to the electrode for fabrication of an ITO-VIO-hydrogenase heterogeneous system.
Electrochemical properties of both the ITO-VIO monolayer and the heterogeneous ITO-VIO-hydrogenase system have been investigated.
Hydrogen evolution could be measured by potentiostating the VIO-hydrogenase-covered ITO electrode to “electroplate” [(VIO+)n]surf and a large increase in hydrogen evolution was observed when using an electrolytesolution containing sodium dithionite. We
discuss the possible electron transfer process. 相似文献
16.
Nina Kasyanenko Daria Afanasieva Boris Dribinsky Dmitry Mukhin Olga Nazarova Evgeny Panarin 《Structural chemistry》2007,18(4):519-525
DNA complexes with cationic polymers (polyvinylamine (PVA), polyallylamine (PAA), polydimethylaminoethylmethacrylate (PDMAEM),
poly-(N,N,N-trimethylammonio)ethyl methacrylate chloride (PTMAEM), poly-l-lysine (PLL)) were investigated. It was shown that volume and persistent length of DNA do not change essentially at low cationic
polymer concentration in a solution. DNA packaging in 0.005 M NaCl was observed at charge ratio N/P ≈ 1. Secondary DNA structure
in complexes was not disrupted, and DNA was protected from protonation. The comparison between DNA packaging in complexes
with polycations and DNA condensation induced by trivalent ions was made. 相似文献
17.
Drying dissipative patterns of de-ionized suspensions (colloidal crystal-state at high concentrations) of the thermosensitive gels of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) with various sizes (ca. 400–1,500?nm in diameter at 20?°C) were observed at 20 and 45?°C on a cover glass, a watch glass, and a Petri glass dish. The broad rings were observed and their size decreased as gel concentration decreased. Formation of the monodispersed agglomerated particles and their ordered arrays were observed irrespective of gel size. The macroscopic flickering spoke-like patterns were observed for the gel spheres from 70 to 600?nm in diameter at 20?°C, but almost disappeared for extremely large spheres, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(1500-5). This work clarified the formation of the drying microscopic structures of (a) ordered rings, (b) flickering ordered spoke lines, (c) net structure, and (d) lattice-like ordered structures of the agglomerated particles. The ordered rings became rather vague as gel size increased. The large net structures formed so often for large gels. Size effect on the lattice patterns was not recognized so clearly. The role of the electrical double layers around the agglomerated particles and the interaction of the particles with the substrate surfaces during dryness are important for the ordering. The microscopic drying patterns of gel spheres were quite different from those of linear type polymers and also from typical colloidal hard spheres, though the macroscopic patterns such as broad ring formation at the edges of the dried film were similar to each other. 相似文献
18.
Summary Aggregates of poly--benzyl-d (orl-glutamate were precipitated by mixing of its solution in dimethylformamide or dioxane with propionic acid. Electron micrographs showed that the aggregates were composed of well-developed helical fibrils. The sence of helix was right-handed for thed-isomer and left-handed for thel-isomer; an enantiomorphic relation was shown for the helical aggregate of optical active macromolecule. Two recent publications have given conflicting results for the helical sense of the aggregate. This seems to be ascribed to carelessness in determining the helical sense from the electron micrographs.
With 1 figure in 3 details 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Es wurden Aggregate von Poly--benzyl-d (oderl)-glutamat durch Mischung von deren Lösung in Dimethylformamid oder Dioxan mit Propionsäure ausgefällt. Die elektronenmikroskopischen Bilder zeigen, daß die Aggregate aus gut ausgebildeten Helixfibrillen bestehen. Der Drehsinn der Helix war rechtsläufig für dasd-Isomer und linksläufig für dasl-Isomer. Eine enantiomorphe Beziehung läßt sich für die Helix-Aggregate zu den optisch aktiven Strukturen der Makromoleküle zeigen. Zwei kürzliche Veröffentlichungen ergaben zu dem hier Festgestellten widersprüchliche Ergebnisse über den Schraubensinn der Helices der aggregate. Dies scheint der Sorglosigkeit bei der Bestimmung des Schraubensinns von elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern zuzuschreiben zu sein.
With 1 figure in 3 details 相似文献
19.
Fakhrullin RF Vinter VG Zamaleeva AI Matveeva MV Kourbanov RA Temesgen BK Ishmuchametova DG Abramova ZI Konovalova OA Salakhov MK 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2007,388(2):367-375
We report the development of a novel quartz crystal microbalance immunosensor with the simultaneous measurement of resonance
frequency and motional resistance for the detection of antibodies to double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). The immobilization of poly(l-lysine) and subsequent complexation with DNA resulted in formation of a sensitive dsDNA-containing nanofilm on the surface
of a gold electrode. Atomic force microscopy has been applied for the characterization of a poly(l-lysine)–DNA film. After the blocking with bovine serum albumin, the immunosensor in flow-injection mode was used to detect
the antibodies to dsDNA in purified protein solutions of antibodies to dsDNA and to single-stranded DNA, monoclonal human
immunoglobulin G, DNase I and in blood serum of patients with bronchial asthma and systemic lupus erythematosus. Experimental
results indicate high sensitivity and selectivity of the immunosensor.
In memoriam Prof. Victor G. Vinter 相似文献
20.
Tsuneo Okubo Daisuke Suzuki Tomoyo Yamagata Akihiro Katsuno Masashi Mizutani Hiroshi Kimura Akira Tsuchida 《Colloid and polymer science》2011,289(7):807-816
Drying dissipative patterns were observed at 25 °C, 33 °C, and 45 °C on a cover glass, a watch glass, and a Petri glass dish
during the course of dryness of colloidal crystals of the thermo-sensitive gels of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA). Two kinds of broad rings, i.e., transparent ring at the outside edge and the ring in the inner
area from the edge, were observed. Sizes of the former were the same as those of the initial liquids irrespective of gel concentration,
whereas sizes of the latter decreased as gel concentration decreased. These broad rings were composed mainly of the monomeric
and the agglomerated gel particles, respectively. Formation of the monodispersed agglomerated particles and their ordered
arrays in the inner area of the dried film were observed especially on a Petri glass dish and a watch glass. The important
role of the electrical double layers formed around the agglomerated particles is supported for the ordering of the agglomerated
particles. The essential differences in the drying patterns between PNIPA gel spheres and the typical colloidal particles
did not appear. 相似文献