钢质套筒被动围压下混凝土材料的冲击动态力学性能

为了研究混凝土材料在钢质套筒侧限约束下的动态力学性能参数和破坏规律,采用分离式大直径（75 mm）SHPB实验技术,测试了钢质套筒侧限约束下不同混凝土试件在不同载荷作用下轴向或径向的应力、应变峰值,平均应变率,计算了混凝土材料的损伤值,描述了加载破坏现象,对实验结果进行了分析。结果表明:混凝土材料在被动围压下,延性、抗破坏能力得到加强,具有明显的增强效应。被动围压下SHPB实验中混凝土材料的破坏应变为典型SHPB实验中破坏应变的1.8～2.8倍;破坏应力达到150 MPa以上,为静力学无围压条件下的2～5倍。     

水泥砂浆石在准一维应变下的动态力学性能研究

以改进的SHPB被动围压试验方法 ,研究了水泥砂浆石在准一维应变下的动态力学响应。分析讨论了试验结果与围压套筒材料性质、几何尺寸等的关系。得到了水泥砂浆石的动态泊松比、动态杨氏模量、动态压缩强度。分析了试验中的摩擦力效应及其对围压下轴向应力应变关系的影响 ,完成了对材料弹性常数的修正。     

PMMA材料的动态压缩力学特性及应变率相关本构模型研究

利用INSTRON万能试验机和分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)对PMMA试件在较宽应变率范围内进行了单轴压缩实验,研究加载应变率对PMMA材料力学性能的影响.利用扫描电子显微镜对回收的试样进行了显微观察,重点分析不同加载应变率下PMMA的微观损伤破坏模式.结果表明:随着应变率的增大,PMMA的流动应力显著地增加,且冲击加载条件下,峰值应力的应变率敏感性明显高于准静态;在准静态加载条件下,PMMA试样呈现明显的延性破坏特征,在动态加载条件下则表现为脆性破坏.最后,对PMMA材料的ZWT粘弹性本构模型参数进行了拟合,拟合结果与实验结果吻合较好,表明该本构模型能够较好地描述较宽应变率范围内PMMA材料的应力应变关系.     

较低应变率大应变条件下聚氨脂泡沫材料的态力学性能实验

利用加长型分离式霍普金森压杆(入射杆长6000mm、子弹长800mm)研究聚氨脂泡沫材料在较 低应变率大应变条件一维应力状态下的动态力学性能,获得了约550s的长加载脉冲,得到了该材料在应变 率520s-1、应变0.15条件下的应力应变曲线,对较低应变率条件下,应变率与动态应力平衡之间的关联进行 了讨论。     

摩擦材料在无围压和加围压条件下的形变比较

研究铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料在无围压和加围压条件下的动态力学特性及其形变特征。试验在Hopkinson压杆上完成,通过试验发现,材料在无围压、应变率低于1000-1s时,有应变率强化效应;在更高应变率下,材料有损伤软化效应。微观分析可以看到试件上大量的平行滑移裂纹导致了材料破坏,形变是滑移伴随少量的孪晶;裂缝中有大量的碳纤维组织,这些纤维状组织对裂纹的扩展起抑制作用。而材料在加围压下的性能得到了很大的改善,同一应变率下最大应力、屈服极限和动态杨氏模量均有提高。在高应变率时,无论是加围压还是无围压,破碎的硬质颗粒都是长条状的。由此得出推论,球状、细化的硬质颗粒,可提高基体的强度。     

一种用于材料高应变率剪切性能测试的新型加载技术

高应变率下的冲击剪切实验技术是材料动态力学行为及其微观机理研究的重要基础.采用分离式霍普金森压杆(split Hopkinson pressure bar)装置一般可以获得材料在104s-1以内应变率的动态力学性能.在超过104s-1的应变率下对材料进行冲击剪切测试时,通常需要采用高速压剪飞片技术或由气炮发射子弹对试样进行直接加载.本文提出一种可用于传统霍普金森压杆技术的新型双剪切试样,可以在103~105s-1剪应变率范围实现对材料剪切性能的精确测量;同时,可以对材料的变形及失效过程进行直接观测.试样与压杆之间避免了复杂的界面或连接装置,通过转接头可以保证试样与压杆直接接触,提高测试精度,同时可以防止因试样的横向位移而导致的非均匀变形.获得了紫铜在1400~75000s-1应变率下的剪应力-剪应变曲线,并采用计算软件"ABAQUS/Explicit"对双剪切试样的动态加载过程进行了数值模拟和结果验证.分析表明,剪切区的主要区域内剪切成分占主导地位,其应力应变场沿厚度及宽度方向基本呈均匀分布.实验得到的剪应力-剪应变曲线与模拟结果吻合较好,说明所提出的基于分离式霍普金森压杆系统的双剪切试样可以为材料的高应变率力学性能测试提供一种方便有效的加载技术.      

分级加载条件下紫色泥岩三轴蠕变特性研究

流变性质是岩石材料的重要力学特性,以紫色泥岩为例,在分级加载条件下研究了其三轴蠕变特性。采用自行研制的重力杠杆式岩石蠕变实验机,并配备三轴压力室,对紫色泥岩实施分级加载三轴蠕变实验。实验结果表明,紫色泥岩在相同轴压条件下,围压越大,瞬时弹性变形和蠕变变形越小;在相同围压条件下,轴压越大,二者变形越大。紫色泥岩的蠕变速率具有相同的变化趋势,且在相同轴压条件下,围压越大,稳定蠕变阶段的蠕变速率越不明显。另外,应力与瞬时应变线性拟合结果表明,瞬时轴向应变与轴向荷载近似成比例增长。通过分析紫色泥岩蠕变曲线变化趋势,认为采用H/M模型进行模拟较为合理。并且采用MATLAB软件非线性回归分析进行模型参数拟合,最后得到实验曲线与理论曲线的最大误差在2e-5左右。证明采用的H/M模型能较好地描述紫色泥岩的蠕变特性。     

基于0.2定围压比状态下的约束混凝土性能研究

通过对混凝土施加0.2定围压比,使单轴受压混凝土裂缝发展受到约束,研究了混凝土在接近无裂纹发展状态下的受压力学性能。本文以在MTS815.02岩石电液伺服系统上对不同强度等级的混凝土试件在定围压比为0.2时的单调、循环加卸载受压常规三轴试验为基础,研究分析了0.2定围压比对混凝土受压应力-应变规律的影响和围压对混凝土裂缝发展的限制效果,并根据0.2定围压比下混凝土材料的特殊性能,提出了无裂纹发展状态下混凝土上升段表达式及参数。分析结果表明,0.2定围压比下,各强度混凝土本构关系均表现出了类似金属材料的本构关系,且低强混凝土试件应力-应变的提高幅度优于中强混凝土试件。综上所述,0.2定围压比改善了混凝土在受压时无征兆失效(脆性破坏)的力学性能。     

基于DIHPB技术的高应变率剪切测试方法

在测试材料动态力学性能时,直接撞击式霍布金森压杆（direct impact Hopkinson pressure bar,DIHPB）实验系统相对于分离式霍布金森压杆（split Hopkinson pressure bar,SHPB）,往往能获得更高的应变率。本文中采用一种新型双剪切试样,在DIHPB系统下对603钢进行了动态剪切测试。获得了603钢在应变率1 500～33 000 s⁻¹的剪应力-剪应变曲线,并与SHPB系统下的测试结果进行了对比。结果表明,由两种测试方法获得的流动应力具有较好的一致性,但曲线的上升沿存在明显区别。采用数值模拟对DIHPB方法的准确性进行了验证,并对该实验方法的适用条件进行了分析。采用DIHPB方法,可以观察到603钢的流动应力存在明显的应变率效应,但在较高的加载速度下材料的失效应力随着加载速度的增加而呈降低趋势。

     

混凝土材料的层裂特性

利用Hopkinson压杆作为实验设备,通过试件后面吸收杆上应变波形研究了混凝土材料的层裂特性。不同强度混凝土在不同加载率下的实验结果表明,混凝土层裂强度与其压缩强度以及加载速率有关,给出了层裂强度和压缩强度以及加载率之间关系的经验公式,并指出不同加载速度下混凝土裂纹扩展方式不同是层裂强度率效应的主要原因。加载压缩波损伤的影响、重复加载实验以及多次层裂的顺序都表明,损伤对混凝土的层裂过程有重要影响。     

Modelling of compressive behaviour of concrete-like materials at high strain rate

Uniaxial compression tests are the most common tests for characterizing the strength of concrete-like materials. The dynamic compression strength of concrete-like material is typically obtained by Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) tests. The increase in material strength under dynamic loading is usually attributed to the strain rate effect and modelled with a dynamic increase factor (DIF). However, it was observed by some researchers that the radial inertial confinement caused apparent increase of dynamic strength of concrete-like specimen in SHPB tests. They attributed the material strength increase to this inertial effect, instead of the strain rate effect. In the present study, numerical analyses are performed to investigate the compressive behaviour of concrete-like material at high strain rates. A homogeneous macroscale model and a heterogeneous mesoscale model are developed in the study. In the macroscale model, the material is assumed to be homogeneous and isotropic. In the mesoscale model, the test sample is modelled as a three-phase composite consisting of aggregate, mortar matrix and interfacial transaction zone (ITZ) between the aggregate and the mortar matrix. The aggregate is assumed to be circular and the ITZ is modelled as a thin boundary around the aggregate. In the both models, the materials are assumed to be insensitive to the strain rate first. Therefore, the obtained strength enhancement is only due to the inertial confinement. Strain rate sensitive material properties are then used in the two models in the calculations. Numerical simulations of the concrete samples under compression at different strain rates are carried out. The relative contribution of the inertial effect and the strain rate effect on the compressive strength DIF is examined based on the numerical results. The failure process of concrete specimen is also studied.     

EQUIVALENT MODEL OF EXPANSION OF CEMENT MORTAR UNDER SULPHATE EROSION

The expansion property of cement mortar under the attack of sulfate ions is studied by experimental and theoretical methods. First, cement mortars are fabricated with the ratio of water to cement of 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. Secondly, the expansion of specimen immerged in sulphate solution is measured at different times. Thirdly, a theoretical model of expansion of cement mortar under sulphate erosion is suggested by virtue of represent volume element method. In this model, the damage evolution due to the interaction between delayed ettringite and cement mortar is taken into account. Finally, the numerical calculation is results indicate that the model perfectly describes performed. The numerical and experimental the expansion of the cement mortar.     

粗骨料粒径对混凝土动态压缩行为的影响研究

粗骨料作为混凝土材料组成最主要的部分,对混凝土力学性能和破坏模式有着很重要的影响。为了研究粗骨料平均粒径对混凝土动态力学性能的影响规律,针对不同平均粗骨料平均粒径（6、12、24 mm）的混凝土和砂浆材料进行了一系列SHPB试验,得到了不同应变率下各试件的应力-应变曲线,并对每种材料的动态增长因子（dynamic increase factor,DIF）与应变率的对数进行了线性拟合。结果表明:砂浆和混凝土材料的抗压强度具有明显的应变率效应,其动态抗压强度随着应变率的增加而逐渐增大,应力-应变曲线呈现相似的变化趋势;在相同的动态应变率条件下,平均粗骨料粒径为12 mm的混凝土的动态抗压强度最大,这与准静态条件下砂浆抗压强度最大截然不同;不同粗骨料粒径混凝土材料的应变率强化系数均大于砂浆材料,且随着粗骨料无量纲尺寸的增大,混凝土材料的应变率强化因子呈现先增大后减小的趋势。     

多层氧化石墨烯-水泥基复合材料的力学性能与微观结构

研究了大片径多层氧化石墨烯(Graphene Oxide,GO)对水泥砂浆力学性能和微观结构的影响。发现掺入多层GO对水泥砂浆的抗压强度和抗折强度增强效果明显。随着GO掺量的增加,水泥砂浆的抗压强度和抗折强度呈现出先增大后减小的趋势。通过SEM观察其微观结构,发现GO作为载体,促使花状晶体和针状晶体等水化产物的生成,并且调节水泥的水化产物规则生长,形成致密结构。此外,GO纳米片可以形成阻止裂纹扩展的屏障,抑制裂纹在水泥砂浆中的传播,增强水泥砂浆的力学性能。相比于小片径薄层GO,大片径多层GO对水泥基材料性能的增强效果明显,经济实用性更高。     

Dynamic behavior of frozen soil under uniaxial strain and stress conditions

The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) method is used to investigate the dynamic behavior of the artificial frozen soil under the nearly uniaxial strain and uniaxial stress conditions. The tests are conducted at the temperatures of −3^?C, −8^?C, −13^?C, −17^?C, −23^?C, and −28^?C and with the strain rates from 900 s⁻¹ to 1 500 s⁻¹. The nearly uniaxial stress-strain curves exhibit an elastic-plastic behavior, whereas the uniaxial stress-strain curves show a brittle behavior. The compressive strength of the frozen soil exhibits the positive strain rate and negative temperature sensitivity, and the final strain of the frozen soil shows the positive strain rate sensitivity. The strength of the frozen soil under the nearly uniaxial strain is greater than that under the uniaxial stress. After the negative confinement tests, the specimens are compressed, and the visible cracks are not observed. However, the specimens are catastrophically damaged after the uniaxial SHPB tests. A phenomenological model with the thermal sensitivity is established to describe the dynamic behavior of the confined frozen soil.     

Mechanical characterization of sisal reinforced cement mortar

This work aims at evaluating the mechanical behavior of sisal fiber reinforced cement mortar. The composite material was produced from a mixture of sand, cement, and water. Sisal fibers were added to the mixture in different lengths. Mechanical characterization of both the composite and the plain mortar was carried out using three point bend, compression, and impact tests. Specimens containing notches of different root radii were loaded in three point bending in an effort to determine the effect of the fibers on the fracture toughness of the material. The results obtained indicate that, while fiber reinforcement leads to a decrease in compressive strength, J-integral calculations at maximum load for the different notch root radii have indicated, particularly for the case of long fibers, a significant superiority of the reinforced material in comparison with the plain cement mortar, in consistence with the impact test data.     

True triaxial cyclic behavior of concrete and rock in compression

Results from true triaxial cyclic tests on concrete are presented and compared with corresponding ones for dense rocks (mainly marbles) obtained under the same laboratory conditions. Common basic characteristics are confirmed regarding the essential effect of intermediate stress, the cataclastic mode of deformation under low confinement, the coupling between volumetric strain and deviatoric stress, the dependence of the equivalent modulus E_q and the hysteresis loops. Common characteristics are also revealed in meridian and deviatoric sections of peak strength surfaces, moreover a stress invariant and its work conjugate plastic strain increment are approximately equal. Concrete behavior is different on the postpeak plastic contraction under high confinement, on the creep rate, on the validity of the condition of convexity and on the considerable degree of violation of the condition of normality. A simple empirical equation is proposed and experimentally verified for predicting deviatoric sections of strength surfaces.     

Recovery of creep and observations on the mechanism of creep of concrete

Summary Test data on the recovery of creep of mortar specimens made with different cements are presented. It is shown that, whereas creep depends on the strength of mortar (as influenced by the cement), the creep recovery is not a function of this strength. From measurements on the change in weight of specimens, under load and free-standing, it is concluded that creep is not caused by the movement of water from the cement paste into the surrounding medium. The possibility of creep being connected with the removal of zeolitic water from calcium silicate hydrates is discussed, and reasons for the non-reversible character of creep recovery are suggested.     

Fracture analysis of concrete using singular fractal functions with lattice beam network and confirmation with acoustic emission study

In the present study singular fractal functions (SFF) were used to generate stress-strain plots for quasi-brittle material like concrete and cement mortar and subsequently stress-strain plot of cement mortar obtained using SFF was used for modeling fracture process in concrete. The fracture surface of concrete is rough and irregular. The fracture surface of concrete is affected by the concrete’s microstructure that is influenced by water cement ratio, grade of cement and type of aggregate [1], [2], [3] and [4]. Also the macrostructural properties such as the size and shape of the specimen, the initial notch length and the rate of loading contribute to the shape of the fracture surface of concrete. It is known that concrete is a heterogeneous and quasi-brittle material containing micro-defects and its mechanical properties strongly relate to the presence of micro-pores and micro-cracks in concrete [1], [2], [3] and [4]. The damage in concrete is believed to be mainly due to initiation and development of micro-defects with irregularity and fractal characteristics. However, repeated observations at various magnifications also reveal a variety of additional structures that fall between the ‘micro’ and the ‘macro’ and have not yet been described satisfactorily in a systematic manner [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [15], [16] and [17]. The concept of singular fractal functions by Mosolov was used to generate stress-strain plot of cement concrete, cement mortar and subsequently the stress-strain plot of cement mortar was used in two-dimensional lattice model [28]. A two-dimensional lattice model was used to study concrete fracture by considering softening of matrix (cement mortar). The results obtained from simulations with lattice model show softening behavior of concrete and fairly agrees with the experimental results. The number of fractured elements are compared with the acoustic emission (AE) hits. The trend in the cumulative fractured beam elements in the lattice fracture simulation reasonably reflected the trend in the recorded AE measurements. In other words, the pattern in which AE hits were distributed around the notch has the same trend as that of the fractured elements around the notch which is in support of lattice model.     

Effects of pressure on small foil strain gages

This paper describes the behavior of small foil strain gages under high pressure. Effects of pressure were determined and calibration curves were established in prelininary experiments. The calibrations were then used for correcting measured strains in pressure vessels. Preliminary experiments at room temperature were conducted on small foil strain gages for pressures up to 35,000 psi. The effects of pressure on the gages bonded with a cynoacrylate contact cement, a room-temperature epoxy cement, a high-temperature epoxy cement and a filled epoxy resin were evaluated. Because the contact cement was least affected by pressure and was easiest to apply, it was chosen for use in successive experiments with different gage installations. Calibration curves were determined for strain gages of 0.031-, 0.062- and 0.125-in. gage lengths. The compensating gages were under atmospheric pressure. The calibrations included the pressure effects of gages bonded on both concave and convex surfaces, and the effect of tensile prestrains. Data could be duplicated for successive pressure tests and for several gage installations. The calibration curves proved to be an effective way for obtaining accurate readings from the foil strain gages bonded internally to a pressure vessel.