Saturation of a One-Sided Multipactor in Crossed Fields

We analyze the saturation mechanism of a vacuum resonance microwave discharge (multipactor) for systems in which a magnetostatic field returns electrons to the metal surface with secondary-emission multiplying. The steady-state model suggested earlier is improved essentially. In particular, we take into account the near-surface interaction of saturated electron bunches during the limited time of discharge-electron-surface impact. It is found that the Coulomb defocusing of electron bunches prevails over their microwave focusing (toward the resonance phase of the field), making it possible to extract superfluous secondary electrons when the electron bunches are reproduced on the discharge surface. Basic characteristics of the discharge, such as its existence conditions and proper fields and phase disposition of the resonance electron bunches, are determined as functions of the magnetostatic field and the secondary-emission coefficient. The results are discussed in comparison with the data of known experiments. An explanation of some differences related to both the observation conditions and the used analytical model is given.     

Multipactor discharge on a dielectric surface in the field of circularly polarized plane waves

The secondary-emission discharge (multipactor) on a dielectric surface irradiated by a plane TEM wave of circular polarization is analyzed theoretically. It is shown that interaction of electrons with the electromagnetic wave field can provide their return to the emission surface, which makes a multipactor possible even without any external static fields. Multipactor conditions for different reflection coefficients of the incident wave are found. The obtained results are used to estimate the throughput of the output window of a high-power vacuum microwave device. Specifically, it is established that decreasing the high-frequency field amplitude on the window surface when the mode of a partially standing wave is realized in the vicinity of the window does not always help raise its electric strength.     

两种外磁场形式对介质面次级电子倍增的抑制

利用自编1D3V PIC程序,数值研究了不同外加磁场方式对次级电子倍增抑制的物理过程,给出了次级电子数目、平均能量、密度、运动轨迹、渡越时间、介质表面静电场及沉积功率等物理量时空分布关系。模拟结果表明:不同方向外加磁场抑制次级电子倍增的机理有所不同。轴向外加磁场利用电子回旋运动干扰微波电场对电子加速过程,使其碰壁能量降低以达到抑制二次电子倍增的效果;横向外加磁场利用电子回旋漂移过程中,电子半个周期被推离介质表面（不发生次级电子倍增）,半个周期被推回介质表面（降低电子碰撞能量）的作用机理,达到抑制二次电子倍增的效果。讨论了横向磁场在回旋共振下,电子回旋同步加速导致回旋半径增大,电子能量持续增加的特殊过程。两种外加磁场方式都可以通过增加磁场达到进一步抑制次级电子倍增的目的。轴向外加磁场加载容易,但对磁场要求较高;横向外加磁场需要磁场较低,但加载较为困难。     

介质材料二次电子发射特性对微波击穿的影响

以介质填充的平行板放电结构为例,本文主要研究了介质填充后微波低气压放电和微放电的物理过程.为了探究介质材料特性对微波低气压放电和微放电阈值的影响,本文采用自主研发的二次电子发射特性测量装置,测量了7种常见介质材料的二次电子发射系数和二次电子能谱.依据二次电子发射过程中介质表面正带电的稳定条件,计算了介质材料稳态表面电位与二次电子发射系数以及能谱参数的关系.在放电结构中引入与表面电位相应的等效直流电场后,依据电子扩散模型和微放电中电子谐振条件,分别探讨了介质表面稳态表面电位的大小对微波低气压放电和微放电阈值的影响.结果表明,介质材料的二次电子发射系数以及能谱参数越大,介质材料的稳态表面电位也越大,对应的微波低气压放电和微放电阈值也越大.所得结论对于填充介质的选择有一定的理论指导价值.     

介质窗横向电磁场分布下的次级电子倍增效应

本文利用自编P3D3V PIC程序, 数值研究了BJ32矩波导传输TE₁₀模式高功率微波在介质窗内、 外表面引发的次级电子倍增过程, 给出了次级电子3维空间位置分布特征、介质窗表面法向静电场分布规律以及电子数密度分布特性. 模拟结果表明: 对于介质窗内侧, 微波强场区域率先进入次级电子倍增过程; 而对于介质窗外侧, 则是微波弱场区域优先进入次级电子倍增过程. 形成机理可以解释为: 微波坡印廷矢量方向与介质窗外表面法向相同而与内表面法向相反, 内侧漂移运动导致强场区域电子易于被推回表面, 有利于次级电子倍增优先形成; 外侧漂移运动导致强场区域电子易于被推离表面, 不利于次级电子倍增形成. 准3维模型相对1维模型: 介质窗内侧次级电子倍增过程中, 次级电子倍增进入饱和时间长、饱和次级电子数目少、平均电子能量高、 入射微波功率低、沉积功率低; 介质窗外侧次级电子倍增过程中, 次级电子倍增进入饱和时间短、饱和次级电子数目少、平均电子能量低、 入射微波功率低、沉积功率低. 沉积功率与入射微波功率比值与微波模式、强度及介质窗内外侧表面关系不大, 准3维和1维模型计算结果均在1%–2%左右水平. 关键词： 高功率微波 介质表面次级电子倍增 粒子模拟 横向电磁场分布     

介质面刻槽抑制二次电子倍增蒙特卡罗模拟

利用蒙特卡罗方法,针对介质表面刻槽抑制二次电子倍增的实验现象,进行了数值模拟研究。给出了二次电子倍增动力学方程、刻槽边界条件、二次电子初始能量与角度分布以及发射率分布关系;讨论了槽深、槽宽对二次电子倍增的抑制效果,以及同一刻槽结构对不同微波场强度和频率的二次电子倍增抑制能力;分析了双边二次电子倍增区域。数值研究结果表明:增加槽深、缩短槽宽可以抑制二次电子倍增;同一刻槽结构,更易于抑制高频场、场强较低或较高下的二次电子倍增;刻槽尺寸的选择还应避开双边二次电子倍增区间。将数值模拟结果与相关实验现象进行了对比,吻合得较好。     

Influence of the angular anisotropy of secondary emission on the characteristics of a two-sided multipactor

We study the influence of the thermal spread in ejection velocities of secondary electrons on the initial stage of development of a two-sided multipactor. The analysis employs a statistical method based on an exact analytical solution for the electron distribution function over times of transit through the vacuum gap. The obtained theoretical relations are used as the basis for a numerical algorithm which takes into account both the angular and energy distributions of secondary electrons and makes it possible to calculate quantitatively the main multipactor characteristics for the actual dependence of the secondary-emission ratio of the walls on the energy of bombarding electrons. Detailed numerical calculations of the multipactor zones are presented. It is shown that the presence of angular anisotropy can change significantly the conditions of production of the secondary-emission discharge as compared with the case of isotropic emission. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 406–415, May 2006.     

Influence of an external magnetic field on the threshold of multipactor onset on a dielectric surface

In this paper, we propose a theoretical model of the initial stage of development of a one-sided secondary-emission (multipactor) discharge on a dielectric surface. Consideration is based on a statistical method supported by an exact analytical solution for the transit-time distribution function of secondary electrons. The general integral equation allowing us to determine the stationary emission-phase distribution functions and the threshold of multiplicator onset in the presence of an external magnetic field is formulated. It is shown that the presence of an external magnetic field can significantly change the conditions of multipactor onset. It is found that the discharge-zone boundaries calculated within the framework of a statistical model are in qualitative agreement with the results obtained by the Monte-Carlo method. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 118–133, February 2007.     

高功率微波沿面闪络击穿机制粒子模拟

针对高功率微波介质沿面闪络击穿物理过程,首先建立了理论模型,包括:动力学方程、粒子模拟算法、二次电子发射, 以及电子与气体分子蒙特卡罗碰撞模型、电子碰撞介质表面退吸附气体分子机制;其次,基于理论模型,编制了1D3V PIC-MCC程序,分别针对真空二次电子倍增、高气压体电离击穿和低气压面电离击穿过程,运用该程序仔细研究了电子和离子随时间演化关系、电子运动轨迹、电子及离子密度分布、空间电荷场时空分布、电子平均能量、碰撞电子平均能量、碰撞电子数目随时间演化关系、电子能量分布函数、平均二次电子发射率以及能量转换关系。研究结果表明:真空二次电子倍增引发的介质表面沉积功率只能达到入射微波功率1%左右的水平,不足以击穿;气体碰撞电离主导的高气压体电离击穿,是由低能电子（eV量级）数目指数增长到一定程度导致的,形成位置远离介质表面,形成时间为s量级;低气压下的介质沿面闪络击穿,是在二次电子倍增和气体碰撞电离共同作用下,由于数目持续增长的高能电子（keV量级）碰撞介质沿面导致沉积功率激增而引发的,形成位置贴近介质沿面,形成时间在ns量级。     

Statistical Theory of Two-Sided Multipactor

We develop a statistical theory of secondary-emission discharge (SED) taking the energy distribution of secondary electrons into account. The theory allows one to describe quantitatively the initial stage of development of a two-sided multipactor. For an arbitrary probability density of normal components of the ejection velocity and an arbitrary distance between the walls enclosing the microwave discharge plasma, we construct an analytical solution for the electron distribution function over transit times. The performed analysis is based on the results of a detailed study of conditions under which an electron reaches the opposite side. With allowance for the spread in thermal velocities, we derive a recurrence relation between the electron distribution functions over emission phases and formulate a general integral equation from which the resulting stationary distribution and the threshold of SED onset are determined.     

Investigation of multipactor breakdown in communication satellite microwave co-axial systems

Multipactor breakdown or multipactor discharge is a form of high frequency discharge that may occur in microwave components operating at very low pressures. Some RF components of multi-channel communication satellites have co-axial geometry and handle high RF power under near-vacuum conditions. The breakdown occurs due to secondary electron resonance, wherein electrons move back and forth in synchronism with the RF voltage across the gap between the inner and outer conductors of the co-axial structure. If the yield of secondary electrons from the walls of the co-axial structure is greater than unity, then the electron density increases with time and eventually leads to the breakdown. In this paper, the current due to the oscillating electrons in the co-axial geometry has been treated as a radially oriented Hertzian dipole. The electric field, due to this dipole, at any point in the coaxial structure, may then be determined by employing the dyadic Green’s function technique. This field has been compared with the field that would exist in the absence of multipactor.     

微波磁场和斜入射对介质表面次级电子倍增的影响

分别研究了微波磁场和斜入射微波电场对介质表面次级电子倍增的影响.利用particle-in-cell/Monte Carlo方法,获得了微波磁场和斜入射微波电场条件下电子数量、介质表面直流场、电子平均能量和介质表面吸收功率的时间变化图像.模拟结果表明,斜入射和微波磁场虽然会显著影响电子的平均能量,但对电子数量和介质表面吸收功率的影响并不大,因此不会对微波介质表面击穿产生太大作用.     

高功率微波及材料特性参数对沿面击穿的影响

为研究高功率微波及材料特性参数对介质沿面闪络击穿过程的影响,采用自编的1D3V PIC-MCC程序,通过粒子模拟手段,得到了电子与离子数目、电子及离子密度分布、空间电荷场时空分布、电子平均能量、放电功率、表面沉积功率、激发电离损耗功率、电离频率等重要物理量。结果表明:电离频率随场强增加而增加,达到饱和后缓慢下降,强场诱发的二次电子数目更多导致本底沉积功率增高;电离频率随频率减小而增加,达到饱和后缓慢下降,频率太高会抑制次级电子倍增;因此,低频强场下击穿压力较大;反射引发表面电场下降及磁场增加效应,降低表面场强虽使表面击穿压力下降,但磁场的增加会导致二次电子倍增起振时间缩短,且会增加器件内部击穿风险;圆极化相对线极化诱导二次电子数目更多、本底沉积功率更高,击穿风险增加;短脉冲产生电子、离子总数少,平均能量低,沉积功率低,击穿风险低于长脉冲;脉冲上升时间的缩短和延长,只会提前或推后击穿时间,并不会改善击穿压力;材料二次电子发射率的增加会给击穿造成巨大压力,表面光滑度对击穿过程影响不大;电离频率和电子平均能量随释气压强增加均先增加后减小,低气压二次电子倍增占优,高气压碰撞电离占优。     

Multipactor Breakdown Prediction in a Rectangular Waveguide: Statistical Theory and Simulation Results

Statistical theory of the initial study of the multipactor discharge in a rectangular waveguide is constructed. The recurrent relation between the emission phase and position distributions is derived taking into account the velocity spread of secondary electrons. A general integral equation allowing prediction of the threshold value of the secondary yield (above which electron multipaction occurs) is formulated. It has been found that the presence of directional anisotropy can significantly alter the multipacting discharge cutoff conditions in comparison with isotropic emission. It has been established that the combined action of tangential velocity components and magnetic field leads to an increase of the threshold of multipactor growth. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Development of a multipactor discharge in the output channel of a powerful pulsed gyroklystron

Reasons for microwave discharge initiation in the vacuum section of the output waveguide of a powerful gyroklystron are discussed. It is found that the discharge is located near the range of an electron cyclotron resonance. A one-sided multipactor discharge is numerically simulated in wide ranges of tilt angles and permanent magnetic fields. It is shown that the cyclotron resonance may considerably lower the multipactor discharge threshold in contrast to earlier concepts.     

多载波微放电阈值的粒子模拟及分析

多载波微放电阈值的准确分析对于空间大功率微波系统的长期可靠性至关重要.近年来,一种源于多载波包络周期间少量剩余电子累积的"长周期"微放电机制引发广泛关注.国内外研究者普遍认为,相对源于单个周期内电子累积的"周期内"微放电,"长周期"微放电应该被优先激发、具有更低的阈值.但依据长周期微放电判据分析所得的阈值显著高于实验结果.针对这一问题,本文采用与实验系统可比拟的微放电判据,在相同多载波信号激励、相同微波部件条件下,对微放电的演化过程进行了粒子模拟,分析了多载波微放电、特别是周期内微放电的行为特性和发生条件,有效地解释了实验结果.本文的粒子模拟结果表明,给定微波部件被优先激发的多载波微放电类型取决于载波频率的配置,长周期微放电并非一定被优先激发,这是导致基于长周期微放电判据分析所得阈值显著高于实验结果这一问题的原因所在.以上结论对于空间大功率微波部件的多载波微放电全局阈值评估和抑制设计具有指导意义.     

介质部分填充平行平板传输线微放电过程分析

本文主要研究了介质填充微波部件微放电随时间演变的过程,重点分析了介质微波部件微放电自熄灭机理.以介质部分填充平行平板传输线为研究对象,忽略空间电荷效应,采用自主研发粒子模拟软件模拟微放电过程,并将模拟结果与金属微波部件结果进行对比.结果表明,在一定功率下,金属微放电过程中电子数目呈指数形式增长,而介质微放电过程经历初始电子倍增后发生自熄灭现象,同时发现在电子数目即将下降为0时,介质表面的平均二次电子发射系数大于1或约等于1.另外,在上述模拟结果的基础上对微放电过程中介质表面积累电荷问题进一步分析,模拟结果表明,如果持续向微波部件内注入电子,介质表面的平均二次电子发射系数最终都约等于1.所得结论对研究复杂介质填充微波部件微放电的机理具有一定的理论指导价值.     

真空高功率微波介质窗表面击穿破坏现象的研究进展

综述了国内外真空中高功率微波(HPM)下介质窗表面击穿问题的研究现状和进展。在介质窗表面击穿实验研究方面,介绍了国外最具代表性的研究成果,给出了介质窗材料表面及内部的破坏发展规律,并提出相应的理论模型。在理论仿真方面,重点介绍了国外在运用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)程序和PIC模型对认识HPM下介质窗表面倍增放电机理上做出的突出贡献,给出了HPM下介质窗表面电子在不同影响因素下的运行状态,并提出了一个理论模型,从本质上解释了倍增电子数目和表面静电场以微波频率的2倍振荡的原因。介绍了目前几种可有效抑制介质窗表面微波击穿的技术手段。     

双面次级电子倍增效应向单面次级电子倍增效应发展规律的研究

次级电子倍增效应引起的输出窗失效问题往往给微波器件造成灾难性的影响, 是限制微波器件功率进一步提升的瓶颈. 以S波段高功率盒形窗为研究对象, 针对盒形窗内无氧铜金属边界与陶瓷介质窗片相对的区域, 建立了研究法向电场作用下次级电子倍增效应的Monte-Carlo模型. 通过拟合这两种材料间双面次级电子倍增以及单面次级电子倍增效应的敏感曲线, 对次级电子倍增发展特点进行详细分析, 获得了金属与介质之间的次级电子由双面倍增向单面倍增演变的规律.