旋转爆轰的三维结构和侧向稀疏波的影响

基于带化学反应的三维Euler方程,采用氢气-空气的9组分19步基元反应简化模型,对圆环形燃 烧室内的旋转爆轰进行了数值模拟,讨论了旋转爆轰波的三维结构及侧向稀疏波对旋转爆轰波阵面的影响。 数值结果表明,爆轰波能够以旋转方式沿预混气层稳定传播。在侧向稀疏波作用下,爆轰波阵面发生变形。 与理想的C-J爆轰相比,爆轰波强度和爆轰参数都有所下降。     

基于液体碳氢燃料的旋转爆轰燃烧特性研究

为了探索液体碳氢燃料参与旋转爆轰所产生的不完全燃烧现象,采用守恒元与求解元方法,开展柱坐标系下的汽油/空气两相旋转爆轰燃烧室三维数值模拟研究,针对燃料喷注压力和反应物当量比对旋转爆轰流场结构及燃烧室性能的影响进行分析。分析结果表明:保持总当量比为1.00,随着燃料喷注压力的上升,燃烧室内燃料不均匀分布增强,产生局部富燃区,燃料在燃烧室未能完全反应,导致燃烧室燃料比冲下降;保持喷注压力不变,减小当量比,在贫燃工况下依然存在局部富燃区,导致燃烧室内出现不完全燃烧现象,降低燃烧室比冲性能。由此可知,反应物喷注方案对气液两相旋转爆轰的不完全燃烧有显著影响。     

圆盘结构下旋转爆震波传播特性的实验研究

为研究圆盘结构下旋转爆震波的传播特性,通过改变反应物的质量流率及当量比,在非预混圆盘形旋转爆震模型发动机（rotating denonation engine,RDE）上进行实验研究。结果表明,爆震波在圆盘形RDE上成功起始并能够连续传播,得到了两种传播模态:单波模态和双波模态,在发动机工作过程中发现,集气腔与燃烧室存在相互作用。当反应物质量流率小于159.20 g/s时,旋转爆震波以单波模态稳定传播,爆震波传播频率为4.56~4.62 kHz,越靠近燃烧室外圆,爆震波的压力峰值及传播速度越大;当质量流率大于186.89 m/s时,旋转爆震波以双波模态传播,传播频率为8.59~8.64 kHz。双波传播模态经历四个阶段:起爆阶段的单波段、稳定双波段、不稳定双波段、排气阶段转单波段。当质量流率介于159.20~186.89 g/s之间时,旋转爆震波以单/双波混合模态传播。反应物当量比在1附近时,爆震波的传播过程较稳定,偏离1,爆震波传播不稳定,初始阶段起爆失败或传播过程中存在间断。     

A class of exact solutions for the incompressible viscous magnetohydrodynamic flow over a porous rotating disk

The present paper is concerned with a class of exact solutions to the steady Navier-Stokes equations for the incompressible Newtonian viscous electrically conducting fluid flow due to a porous disk rotating with a constant angular speed.The three-dimensional hydromagnetic equations of motion are treated analytically to obtained exact solutions with the inclusion of suction and injection.The well-known thinning/thickening flow field effect of the suction/injection is better understood from the constructed closed form velocity equations.Making use of this solution,analytical formulas for the angular velocity components as well as for the permeable wall shear stresses are derived.Interaction of the resolved flow field with the surrounding temperature is further analyzed via the energy equation.The temperature field is shown to accord with the dissipation and the Joule heating.As a result,exact formulas are obtained for the temperature field which take different forms corresponding to the condition of suction or injection imposed on the wall.     

Numerical simulation of spinning detonation in square tube

A single spinning detonation wave propagating in a square tube is simulated three-dimensionally with the detailed chemical reaction mechanism for hydrogen/air mixture proposed by Petersen and Hanson. The spinning detonation is composed of a transverse detonation rotating around the wall normal to the tube axis, triple lines propagating partially out of phase, and a short pressure trail. The formation of an unburned gas pocket behind the detonation front was not observed in the present simulations because the rotating transverse detonation completely consumed the unburned gas. The calculated profiles of instantaneous OH mass fraction have a keystone shape behind the detonation front. The numerical results for the pitch and track angle on the tube wall agree well with the experimental results. This paper is based on work that was presented at the 20th International Colloquium on the Dynamics of Explosions and Reactive Systems at Montreal, Canada, from July 31 to August 5, 2005.     

调控燃烧室燃料初始分布建立稳定旋转爆轰波的方法

旋转爆轰发动机具有比传统航空航天发动机更高的燃烧效率,近年来引起人们的关注。其中,点火启动过程尤为重要。为达到一次点火就能在燃烧室内建立稳定旋转爆轰波的目的,本文提出通过控制点火前燃料初始分布来建立稳定旋转爆轰波的方法,并基于纳维-斯托克斯方程与10组分27可逆反应基元化学反应模型的数值模拟验证了该方法的可行性。对旋转爆轰波传播特性的研究表明,燃料在发动机燃烧室中的分布是影响旋转爆轰波建立的关键。在燃料喷注压力较低时此影响尤为明显,它决定了爆轰波发展第一周期内波前燃料层厚度。而波前燃料层与波的稳定传播密切相关。基于该方法,本文对燃烧室初始流速为360 m/s,喷注总压0.4 MPa的旋转爆轰发动机实现了点火至稳定爆轰,得到的爆轰波传播平均速度为1 604 m/s,频率为5 347.6 Hz。此外,燃料初始填充率作为燃料初始分布的量化指标,文中给出了它建立稳定旋转爆轰时的临界范围。     

The criterion of the existence or inexistence of transverse shock wave at wedge supported oblique detonation wave

A simplified theoretic method and numerical simulations were carried out to investigate the characterization of propagation of transverse shock wave at wedge supported oblique detonation wave.After solution validation,a criterion which is associated with the ratio Φ (u 2 /u CJ) of existence or inexistence of the transverse shock wave at the region of the primary triple was deduced systematically by 38 cases.It is observed that for abrupt oblique shock wave (OSW)/oblique detonation wave (ODW) transition,a transverse shock wave is generated at the region of the primary triple when Φ < 1,however,such a transverse shock wave does not take place for the smooth OSW/ODW transition when Φ > 1.The parameter Φ can be expressed as the Mach number behind the ODW front for stable CJ detonation.When 0.9 < Φ < 1.0,the reflected shock wave can pass across the contact discontinuity and interact with transverse waves which are originating from the ODW front.When 0.8 < Φ < 0.9,the reflected shock wave can not pass across the contact discontinuity and only reflects at the contact discontinuity.The condition (0.8 < Φ < 0.9) agrees well with the ratio (D ave /D CJ) in the critical detonation.     

当量比对汽油燃料两相旋转爆轰发动机工作特性影响实验研究

为了研究当量比对汽油燃料两相旋转爆轰发动机工作特性的影响,开展了以高总温空气为氧化剂的气液两相旋转爆轰实验研究。旋转爆轰发动机环形燃烧室外径、内径和长度分别为202、166和155 mm。汽油和高温空气采用高压雾化喷嘴与环缝对撞喷注的方式混合,以此提高推进剂的掺混效果与活性,采用预爆轰管作为点火装置。实验通过改变汽油质量流量改变推进剂当量比,并基于燃烧室内测得的高频动态压力和平均静压,对气液两相旋转爆轰波的传播模态和传播特性以及发动机的工作特性进行了详细分析。实验结果表明:在当量比为0.79～1.25时,燃烧室内均实现了旋转爆轰波的连续自持传播,且随着当量比的增加,爆轰波传播模态从双波对撞/单波的混合模态转变为单波模态;降低当量比至0.61～0.66,爆轰波传播稳定性变差,传播模态表现为间断爆轰以及零星爆轰;进一步降低当量比至0.53,爆轰波起爆失败。此外,燃烧室平均绝对压力与爆轰波平均传播频率均随着当量比的增加呈先增大后减小的趋势,极大值出现在当量比1.19附近。在此工况下获得了最佳实验结果,旋转爆轰波的平均传播频率为1 900.9 Hz,平均传播速度为1 110.8 m/s,与高频压力信号经快速傅里叶变换得到的主频基本一致,爆轰波传播速度存在严重亏损。     

Experimental research on the rotating detonation in gaseous fuels�Coxygen mixtures

An experimental study on rotating detonation is presented in this paper. The study was focused on the possibility of using rotating detonation in a rocket engine. The research was divided into two parts: the first part was devoted to obtaining the initiation of rotating detonation in fuel–oxygen mixture; the second was aimed at determination of the range of propagation stability as a function of chamber pressure, composition, and geometry. Additionally, thrust and specific impulse were determined in the latter stage. In the paper, only rich mixture is described, because using such a composition in rocket combustion chambers maximizes the specific impulse and thrust. In the experiments, two kinds of geometry were examined: cylindrical and cylindrical-conic, the latter can be simulated by a simple aerospike nozzle. Methane, ethane, and propane were used as fuel. The pressure–time courses in the manifolds and in the chamber are presented. The thrust–time profile and detonation velocity calculated from measured pressure peaks are shown. To confirm the performance of a rocket engine with rotating detonation as a high energy gas generator, a model of a simple engine was designed, built, and tested. In the tests, the model of the engine was connected to the dump tank. This solution enables different environmental conditions from a range of flight from 16 km altitude to sea level to be simulated. The obtained specific impulse for pressure in the chamber of max. 1.2 bar and a small nozzle expansion ratio of about 3.5 was close to 1,500 m/s.     

炸药中爆轰波拐角绕射现象研究

本文利用多狭缝扫描技术对三种不同硅炸药内爆轰波绕过惰性介质时的现象进行研究,获得了炸药内爆轰波的传播结节和炸药性质对不稳态爆轰区域的影响。     

爆轰波与激波对撞爆轰状态演化机理研究

对当量比氢氧混合气体中爆轰波与激波的正面对撞过程进行了二维数值研究. 采用了二阶精度NND差分格式与改进的两阶段化学反应模型,并以数值x-t纹影图以及烟迹图记录了对撞过程. 数值研究表明,透射爆轰波受到膨胀影响首先会衰减,甚至产生局部解耦现象;然后由于三波点的碰撞又能再次重新耦合. 在爆轰波对撞过程中,由于燃烧不均匀性而产生的弱横波对爆轰胞格的形成起着重要作用.      

不同当量比下喷管对旋转爆震特性的影响研究

为研究不同当量比下喷管构型对旋转爆震特性的影响,以煤油预燃裂解气为燃料,氧气体积分数为30%的富氧空气为氧化剂,开展了无喷管、收敛喷管、扩张喷管和收敛扩张喷管等工况下旋转爆震特性实验研究。实验发现,当量比为0.73～1.30时旋转爆震可稳定工作。随着当量比和喷管构型的变化,爆震波出现了单波、不稳定的对撞双波和稳定的对撞双波等3种传播模态。喷管构型对模态转换和旋转爆震波速有重要影响,收敛和收敛扩张喷管会促使新波头的产生,导致爆震波主要以双波对撞模态传播;而扩张喷管工况下,爆震波主要以单波模态传播。收敛喷管和收敛扩张喷管会使得波速最大值偏离化学恰当比,收敛扩张喷管可以提升爆震波速。     

旋转爆轰胞格结构的实验和数值研究

对爆轰波在环形圆管(预混气体为2H2/O2/Ar)内的传播分别进行了实验和数值研究。实验研究 采用烟迹板记录了环形圆管内爆轰波的胞格结构。数值计算利用二阶附加半隐的Runge-Kutta法和五阶 WENO格式分别离散欧拉方程的时间和空间导数项,采用基元反应简化模型描述化学反应过程,得到了旋转 爆轰的流场及数值胞格结构。实验和数值模拟结果表明:爆轰波在圆环管中传播时,由于圆环的内壁发散、外 壁收敛,圆环内侧爆轰强度小于外侧,胞格尺寸较大;内侧OH 的分布区域大于外侧,浓度较低。旋转爆轰的 这种性质,使爆轰波能以稳定的角速度绕轴旋转。     

煤油液滴直径对两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响

为探究煤油液滴不同初始直径对气液两相旋转爆轰发动机流场的影响,假设初始注入的煤油液滴具有均匀直径,考虑雾化破碎、蒸发等过程,建立了非定常两相爆轰的Eulerian-Lagrangian模型,进行了液态煤油/高温空气爆轰的非预混二维数值模拟。结果表明：在初始液滴直径为1～70μm的工况范围,燃烧室内均形成了单个稳定传播的旋转爆轰波;全局当量比为1时,爆轰波前的空气区域大于液滴煤油的蒸气区域,导致波前燃料空气混合不均匀,波前均存在富油区和贫油区,两相速度差导致分离出的空气形成低温条带;当煤油液滴的初始直径较小时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受蒸发的影响,爆轰波可稳定传播;当直径减小至1μm时,煤油液滴在入口处即蒸发,旋转爆轰波表现为气相传播的特性,爆轰波结构平整;当煤油液滴的初始直径较大时,波前的反应物混合过程主要受液滴破碎的影响;对于相同的燃料质量流量,在不同初始煤油液滴直径工况下,煤油液滴最大的停留时间均占爆轰波传播时间尺度的80%以上;爆轰波前燃料预蒸发为气相的占比越高,爆轰波的传播速度越高;初始液滴直径为10～70μm的工况范围内,爆轰波的速度随初始直径的增大先升高后降低。     

Combined effects of vortex flow and the Shchelkin spiral dimensions on characteristics of deflagration-to-detonation transition

The objective of this investigation was to achieve the shortest possible distance for the deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) for a pulse detonation engine without losing the engine’s simplicity. The effects of rapid flame propagation, rotating velocity, and Shchelkin spiral dimensions in the vortex flow (VF) on DDT characteristics were examined. A VF field was established in the ignition and transition domains of a detonation tube using a VF-type injector. The flame propagation in the ignition domain was observed by a high-speed video camera and the detonation propagation process was observed by measuring the pressure and ionization current in the detonation tube. The DDT distance in the VF could be shortened by 50–57 % of that in the counterflow by optimizing the VF and the Shchelkin spiral dimensions. The shortening effect became remarkable as the rotating velocity increased. The governing factors for this effect are considered to be the formation of an area of higher energy density in the ignition domain of the tube, as well as flame acceleration due to rapid flame propagation in the VF and turbulence promotion near the tube wall by the rotating velocity and the Shchelkin spiral in the transition domain of the tube. However, the combined effects of VF and the Shchelkin spiral on the shortening of the DDT distance were deteriorated in very strong turbulence. It is necessary to optimize the rotating velocity and dimensions of the Shchelkin spiral to achieve the shortest possible distance of DDT in the VF.     

用于推进的三种爆轰波的结构特征

爆轰发动机研究的关键技术之一是如何将其控制在燃烧室内.根据控制手段的不同,爆轰发动机可大致分为:驻定爆轰发动机、脉冲爆轰发动机和旋转爆轰发动机.存在于燃烧室的爆轰,在宏观和精细结构以及自持机理等方面皆不同于CJ(Chapman Jouget)理论为基础的经典爆轰.本文将对此类无害爆轰的特征结构进行分析、比较与评述,这对了解爆轰理论和研制爆轰发动机是有益的.      

Analysis of current induced by long internal solitary waves in stratified ocean

An approximate theoretical expression for the current induced by long internal solitary waves is presented when the ocean is continuously or two-layer stratified. Particular attention is paid to characterizing velocity fields in terms of magnitude, flow components, and their temporal evolution/spatial distribution. For the two-layer case, the effects of the upper/lower layer depths and the relative layer density difference upon the induced current are further studied. The results show that the horizontal components are basically uniform in each layer with a shear at the interface. In contrast, the vertical counterparts vary monotonically in the direction of the water depth in each layer while they change sign across the interface or when the wave peak passes through. In addition, though the vertical components are generally one order of magnitude smaller than the horizontal ones, they can never be neglected in predicting the heave response of floating platforms in gravitationally neutral balance. Comparisons are made between the partial theoretical results and the observational field data. Future research directions regarding the internal wave induced flow field are also indicated.     

Three-dimensional parallel simulation of cornstarch-oxygen two-phase detonation

Numerical simulations were performed with a parallel computer to solve for the behavior of a three-dimensional gas-solid two-phase detonation. The numerical method is a second-order modified Harten-Yee TVD upwind scheme and time integration uses a first order Euler integration. A two-step chemical reaction model represents the reaction of cornstarch-particles and oxygen. The numerical results show that a periodic two-headed detonation appears with a three-dimensional propagation mechanism before and after a triple point collisions. A comparison between the numerical and experimental results reveals that the detonation velocity of numerical results agrees well with that of experimental results. Received 8 September 1999 / Accepted 7 May 2000     

环缝宽度对旋转爆震发动机工作特性的影响

为研究环缝宽度对旋转爆震发动机(rotating detonation engine, RDE)工作特性的影响,在非预混RDE中进行实验,同时采用高频压力传感器、离子探针和高速摄影等测量设备,在同一入口质量流率的条件下,改变空气进气环缝宽度和燃烧室环缝宽度。获得了单波、双波、四波对撞及混合传播模态;当燃烧室环缝宽6 mm时,增加空气进气环缝宽度,爆震波由四波对撞转变为同向双波,最终以单波形式传播;而燃烧室环缝宽10或15 mm时,空气进气环缝宽度对爆震波传播模态的影响较小;此外,四波对撞模态下,爆震波压力峰值和离子信号峰值低于单波和双波模态时的值。