内压圆筒斜接管结构的棘轮效应分析

利用自行设计的圆筒斜接管面内弯曲加载装置, 采用电阻应变法, 在多轴疲劳实验机上对循环弯曲载荷作用下的20$^{\#}$钢内压圆筒斜接管结构进行了棘轮效应试验, 发现斜接管结构的锐角区存在棘轮应变, 且主要发生在第一主应变方向即指向焊缝的方向. 对于所研究的实验结构, 最大棘轮应变点出现在对称面锐角区的接管侧. 采用阶梯加载的方法确定了各考察点的棘轮边界. 选取4种典型的随动强化模型, 借助ANSYS软件的二次开发对面内循环弯矩作用下内压斜接管结构的棘轮效应进行数值模拟, 发现Ohno-Wang模型及基于Ohno-Wang模型的改进模型对棘轮应变的预测较为准确. 采用MJS(modifed Jiang-Sehitoglu)模型按等效塑性应变增量控制法得到了与实验结果基本吻合的各考察点的棘轮边界, 并根据最大棘轮应变点的数据确定了结构的棘轮边界, 可用于该结构的塑性安定性评价.      

表面裂纹前缘塑性区分布的研究

本文利用屈服条件对表面裂纹前缘塑性区分布进行了研究,给出了表面裂纹前缘各点法平面内塑性区分布的数字表达式.讨论了塑性区随各点定位角α和复合裂纹倾斜角β的变化情况以及载荷、裂纹尺寸对塑性区分布的影响.     

用全息和散斑干涉法对含穿透裂纹的有限宽薄板进行弹塑性分析

本文用激光全息和散斑干涉法,测量了含中心疲劳裂纹、双边切缝、45°斜切缝的有限宽铝合金板试件(LY12—CZ),在均匀单向拉伸载荷作用下,直至大范围屈服时,裂纹尖端附近区域的三维位移场.给出了下列结果:①裂纹尖端塑性区的尺寸、形状随载荷增加的变化情况.中心疲劳裂纹与双边切缝试件的裂纹尖端塑性区形状的比较;②裂纹尖端特征点的COD—σ/σ_s 曲线,裂纹起裂点的张开位移δ_(?)(即COD);③试件对称轴上一定标距内△—σ/σ_s 曲线,标称应变ε_0与载荷比σ/σ_s 关系,即ε_0—σ/σ_s 曲线,实验表明标称应变ε_0是衡量试件屈服情况的参数;④定量地测定了裂纹尖端附近的位移场;⑤裂纹尖端附近的应变场;⑥对失稳断裂载荷进行了塑性极限分析.并将上述结果与有关理论,实验及数值计算结果进行了比较.     

压电体内孔边裂纹的应力强度因子

本文研究含有Ⅲ型孔边裂纹压电弹性体的反平面问题.根据Muskhelishvili的数学弹性力学理论,并利用保角变换和Cauchy积分的方法,对含有圆孔孔边单裂纹和双裂纹的压电弹性体分别进行了分析.基于电不可穿透裂纹模型,得到了在反平面剪力和面内电载荷的共同作用下裂纹尖端应力强度因子的解析解.最后,通过数值算例,讨论了应力强度因子随裂纹长度变化的规律.结果表明:应力强度因子随着裂纹和孔的相对尺寸的增加而增加,并且单边裂纹的应力强度因子要比双边裂纹的应力强度因子大.     

拐角角度对爆轰波拐角效应的影响

利用高速摄影技术研究了拐角角度分别为６０、９０、１２０情况下注装ＴＮＴ中爆轰波的拐角绕射现象。结果表明,拐角距离和死区面积随拐角角度的变化而变化。拐角为６０时没有明显的爆轰波滞后现象;随着拐角角度的增大,拐角距离减小;拐角为１２０时,有死区（ 未爆区） 存在。     

含孔边裂纹球壳的断裂分析

在依据Reissner理论得出的球壳裂纹尖端应力应变场展开式基础上,采用局部—整体分析法和权函数方法分别计算承受内压的含孔边裂纹球壳的应力强度因子.在有限元的模式中考虑剪切变形的影响,并对奇异元模式的应力应变场展开式的项数选择、奇异元最佳尺寸的选取进行了分析.本文计算和分析了在不同几何尺寸,不同开孔大小以及不同剪切参量条件下承受内压的含孔边裂纹球壳的应力强度因子及其变化规律.     

圆夹杂内裂纹对SH波的动力响应

利用特殊函数的Graf加法公式和波函数展开方法得出了圆夹杂内作用集中力的格林函数．根据Bessel函数的渐近性质，对所得格林函数的奇异部分和有界部分进行了分离．利用所得的格林函数和互易定理得出了圆夹杂内裂纹在SH波作用下的散射场．根据裂纹的散射场建立了圆夹杂内裂纹的超奇异积分方程．对超奇异积分方程的数值求解，可得裂纹端点的动应力强度因子。     

磁电弹性体中纳米孔边任意位置贯穿裂纹的解析解

本文研究了反平面机械载荷、面内电载荷和面内磁载荷作用下磁电弹材料中含有纳米尺度孔边任意位置贯穿裂纹的Ⅲ型断裂力学性能.基于Gurtin-Murdoch表面弹性理论考虑纳米缺陷(孔洞和裂纹)的表面效应,利用磁电弹理论和复变弹性理论获得了纳米缺陷表面为磁电不可通条件下磁电弹场的精确解,给出了贯穿裂纹两端裂尖的磁电弹场强因子的解析表达.所得结果与已有研究比较说明了本文方法的有效性.讨论了裂纹位置、裂纹相互作用与施加多物理场载荷对无量纲磁电弹场强因子的影响.结果表明：贯穿裂纹裂尖的无量纲磁电弹场强因子尺寸效应显著;缺陷表面效应对裂纹耦合尖端场的影响受裂纹位置的制约;无量纲磁电弹场强因子受贯穿裂纹两端的裂纹长度比与施加力电磁载荷的显著影响.     

冲击载荷下两裂纹间的连通规律

脆性材料内部含有大量裂纹,当某一裂纹扩展时,其他裂纹会对扩展裂纹产生影响。为了研究冲击载荷下,脆性材料内两裂纹的相互影响、连通规律及裂纹尖端应力强度因子的变化规律,利用有机玻璃板制作了含非平行双裂纹的实验试件,利用落板冲击设备进行了中低速冲击实验,结合有限元分析软件ABAQUS计算出裂纹尖端应力强度因子,利用有限差分软件AUTODYN进行了动态数值模拟研究,并将其模拟结果与实验结果进行对比分析。实验及模拟结果表明:裂纹破坏形态与AUTODYN数值模拟破坏形态基本一致;试件的断裂形态随着两裂纹间距不同而不同;裂纹间的相互影响程度随着裂纹间间距增大而减小;裂纹尖端应力强度因子K_I随着裂纹间距的增大而减小,而K_II随着裂纹间距增大而增大。     

单轴拉伸条件下脆性岩石微裂纹损伤模型研究

利用断裂力学、损伤力学和均匀化原理,对脆性岩石单轴拉伸条件下的力学特性进行分析,建立了脆性岩石的微裂纹损伤本构模型.首先对岩石内部微裂纹的统计分布规律进行分析,给出了理论分析过程中微裂纹分布的假设条件,在此基础上,参考已有研究成果,得到含细长微裂纹脆性岩石有效弹性参数的计算公式.然后,对岩石内部单一微裂纹进行断裂力学和损伤力学分析,得到了扩展裂纹尖端的应力强度因子计算公式,在一定微裂纹断裂扩展准则和断裂扩展速率的假设基础上,利用积分原理,得到了岩石整体的损伤变量和损伤演化方程,由此建立单轴拉伸条件下脆性岩石的微裂纹损伤本构模型.最后,通过一花岗岩的单轴拉伸试验结果对微裂纹损伤本构模型进行了验证.     

Shape factors for nozzle-corner cracks

Epoxy pressure vessels with fatigue cracks in the nozzle corner were burst.¹ The remains were cut into beams forK _Ic measurements. With nominal stress from burst pressures, crack sizes from measurements and stress intensities fromK _Ic, the shape factors were determined from the fundamental equation of fracture mechanics.     

THE FULLY PLASTIC J-INTEGRAL OF CORNER CRACKS AT A HOLE IN A PLATE

The line-spring model of surface cracks is applied to the fully plastic analysis of cornercracks at a hole in a plate.The generalized fully plastic constitutive relations and the fully plastic J-in-tegral,as well as its coefficients in polynomial expressions are given.The model obtained is incorpo-rated into a finite element program.The corner cracks at a hole in a plate subjected pure tensions arecalculated by the present model.The fully plastic J-integral is then estimated.The results obtainedshow that the line-spring model is effective for the analysis of corner cracks.The influence of thecrack depth and the hardening exponent on the fully plastic J-integral is also discussed.     

连铸板坯热轧中角部裂纹变化的研究

采用有限元方法对轧件角部横向和纵向裂纹在多道次立-平轧制过程中变形行为进行了模拟,分析了裂纹的闭合与扩展行为．结果表明:采用平立辊,裂纹很好闭合,但变形程度大,可能延伸和往轧件顶面移动,对角部横向裂纹,裂纹尖端节点往外扩散,对三角形横向和纵向裂纹,裂纹可能发生折叠;采用孔型立辊,立轧后,轧件裂纹很好地闭合,平轧后,横向和侧面纵向裂纹可能被拉开,顶面纵向裂纹闭合较好,只有三角形横向裂纹可能发生折叠．     

Surface cracks in a plate of finite width under extension or bending

In this paper the problem of a finite plate containing collinear surface cracks is considered. The problem is solved by using the line spring model with plane elasticity and Reissner's plate theory. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of interaction between two cracks or between cracks and stress-free plate boundaries on the stress intensity factors and to provide extensive numerical results which may be useful in applications. First, some sample results are obtained and are compared with the existing finite element results. Then the problem is solved for a single (internal) crack, two collinear cracks and two corner cracks for wide range of relative dimensions. Particularly in corner cracks the agreement with the finite element solution is surprisingly very good. The results are obtained for semielliptic and rectangular crack profiles which may, in practice, correspond to two limiting cases of the actual profile of a subcritically growing surface crack.     

Surface acoustic wave measurements of small fatigue cracks initiated from a surface cavity

A model for the low frequency scattering of a surface acoustic wave by a surface cylindrical cavity with two corner cracks is presented. It is applied to determine the depth of the small fatigue cracks initiated from a pit-type surface flaw. The general scattering formalism based on the elastodynamic reciprocity principle is employed. The effect of the cylindrical cavity on the surface wave reflection from cracks is considered using an approximate stress intensity factor for the corner cracks. In situ surface acoustic wave measurements have been performed during fatigue tests for an Al 2024-T3 sample. The surface wave signal was acquired continuously at different cyclic load levels. The model is verified by comparing calculated reflection signals and spectra with those from experiments. The depths of fully and partially open cracks are determined from the predicted and the measured surface wave reflections. The surface wave reflection is observed to be sensitive to crack closure.     

Equivalent thickness conception for corner cracks

Thickness dependence of the one-parameter-based fracture toughness has been well recognized and widely studied. However, it is still a challenge to predict the fracture of structures with curved cracks from the fracture toughness data obtained from the standard through-the-thickness cracked specimens. The complicated three-dimensional (3D) stress fields near the crack front play a vital role in the fracture strength of materials. Based on a systematical numerical study of the 3D stress fields near the crack tip of quarter elliptic corner cracks and comparison with that of ideal through-the-thickness cracks, an equivalent thickness conception for curved cracks is proposed from the viewpoint of out-of-plane constraint, and a semi-analytical solution for the equivalent thickness of corner cracks is obtained. With the evaluated equivalent thickness, the fracture toughness of corner cracked specimens is predicted efficiently by the plane-strain toughness value of the material obtained from the standard through-the-thickness specimen.     

Calculation of a supersonic jet emerging from a hole with planar walls

The coordinates of the sonic line are derived by means of Frankl's solution [1], while the supersonic part of the jet is considered by the method of characteristics. The numerical solution has been used to calculate the family of rarefaction waves and a family of nozzles having a corner point and a curvilinear transition surface. These calculations show that, when there is a corner point, the shape of the sonic line has hardly any effect on the velocity distribution along the symmetry axis. It is also shown that a positive pressure gradient arises on the surface of the nozzle beyond the corner point if that point lies upstream from the limiting characteristic of the first family.     

裂纹分析中的单节点二次边界元

提出一种新的边界单元；单节点二次元，利用这种单元，位移及其沿边界的切向导数在正规单元端点的连续条件自然得到满足，单节点二次元能很好地模拟角点处面力多值条件，特殊裂纹尖端单节点二次单元包括近裂纹尖端位移近似级数展开第二项。由于每个单元只有一个节点，计算程序大大简化。对直裂纹，圆弧裂纹和边裂纹进行了计算。数值计算结果表明，单节点二次边界单元计算精度高，收敛性好。     

Stress singularities at crack corners

In this paper the stress and displacement fields near an embedded crack corner in a linear elastic medium are analytically computed. The conical-spherical coordinate system is introduced to solve this problem. It is observed that the strength of the stress singularity depends on the angle of the crack corner. The singularity becomes weaker, varying from r ^-1 to r ⁰, as the angle of the crack corner varies from 360° to 0°. Both symmetric and skew-symmetric loadings give the same variation of the behavior of the stress singularity. It is also found that the order of the singularity is independent of the Poisson's ratio, unlike the corner cracks at a free surface where Poisson's ratio affects the results.     

Use of flows with straight sonic line in nozzles with corners

The optimal scheme of a Laval nozzle is discussed. In the case of a profiled nozzle with a corner it is possible to use in the region of mixed flow both flows of general form with curvilinear sonic line as well as the special case when the sonic line is straight. It is shown that the latter alternative is preferable: when the supersonic part of the profile is determined by the simple wave method, the velocity at the wall increases monotonically and the flow does not contain shock waves. In contrast, in nozzles with curvilinear sonic line, a section in which the velocity decreases is formed immediately behind the corner, which can lead to boundary layer separation. In addition, for values of the supersonic velocity at the nozzle exit near the velocity of sound it is proved that the characteristics of the simple wave intersect in the flow region.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, pp. 168–170, January–February, 1981.