聚能药包在岩石定向断裂爆破中的应用研究

以爆炸动力学、岩石断裂力学理论为原理,对聚能药包用于岩石定向断裂爆破时导向裂缝的形成,裂纹的起裂、扩展和贯通进行了初步研究,同时对该方法的爆破参数进行了设计,并通过现场进行试验验证其正确性。结果表明由聚能射流形成的切缝有明显的定向作用,使爆生气体的能量沿预定方向集中,裂纹的定向断裂控制效果良好,表明该方法是一种比较理想的断裂控制爆破技术。最后指出了该方法目前需要进一步研究的方面。研究成果对相关理论研究和现场应用均有一定的指导意义。     

新型水下爆破切割弹的工程应用及数值模拟研究

通过钢管爆破切割实验和LS-DYNA 数值模拟软件分析研究了爆破切割弹解决卡钻问题的可行性, 然后针对安庆铜矿某一矿井的卡钻事故, 并结合井下地质情况, 在分析卡钻原因的基础上, 设计一种新型水下爆破切割弹. 通过加入12 根铜管将线性聚能引入到新型水下爆破切割弹中, 从而在爆破过程中形成了环形切割器, 利用聚能射流侵彻钻杆以达到破坏钻杆的目的. 通过爆破切割实验和工程实践可知, 新型水下爆破切割弹能够有效解决卡钻事故, 可为类似工程提供参考.     

聚能爆破在岩石控制爆破技术中的应用研究

聚能爆破技术是岩石控制爆破技术中有待开发的领域.根据爆炸力学、岩石断裂力学理论,从当前控制爆破面临的问题入手,对线性聚能药包(Linear shaped charge)在岩石定向断裂爆破中裂纹的产生及扩展进行了研究,并利用自制线性聚能药包在巷道掘进中进行了工程试验.试验结果表明由聚能药包岩石定向断裂爆破有明显的定向作用,裂纹的定向断裂控制效果理想,经济和社会效益明显.     

高瓦斯低透气性煤层聚能爆破增透机制

为解决常规爆破增透煤层过程中煤体粉碎严重而裂隙发育不佳的难题,进行了聚能爆破煤层增透技术研究。开展了聚能爆破与常规爆破的混凝土致裂实验,对比分析了爆破后混凝土裂隙开裂程度,同时利用超动态应变仪采集了应变砖应变随时间变化的数据。利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟再现了聚能罩压垮运移、聚能射流侵彻混凝土的过程,对比分析了聚能爆破与常规爆破应力波传播特征及内部裂隙扩展过程。最后在平煤十矿进行了聚能爆破与常规爆破的煤层增透试验,对比了爆破后抽采孔瓦斯的体积分数。研究结果表明：聚能爆破后,聚能方向上混凝土的裂纹宽度为1.1 cm,垂直聚能方向上混凝土的裂纹宽度为0.4 cm,而常规爆破后混凝土形成的4条主裂纹的宽度均为约0.3 cm。数值模拟结果显示：聚能爆破混凝土的粉碎区呈“哑铃型”,常规爆破混凝土的粉碎区呈圆形,且聚能爆破混凝土的粉碎区面积小于常规爆破的;而裂隙区呈“纺锤型”,且聚能爆破混凝土的裂隙区面积大于常规爆破的,说明聚能爆破技术可有效解决爆破增透过程中煤体粉碎区严重而裂隙区发育不佳的难题,更有利于致裂增透高瓦斯低透气性煤层。现场试验结果同样显示聚能爆破后瓦斯抽采浓度明显高于常规爆...     

爆轰波碰撞聚能无网格MPM法数值模拟

爆轰聚能经常被应用于工程爆破切割,为了探索新的聚能爆破形式,本文应用无网格MPM法对圆柱筒装药和导爆索多点起爆形式的爆轰波碰撞聚能问题进行三维数值模拟,采用显式积分算法完成爆轰波形成和汇聚过程以及爆轰压力场分布的数值计算,并将数值模拟结果与实验结果做了对比分析。由此验证了无网格MPM法的准确性,也为炸药聚能爆破提供了新的思路和高效的操作方法。     

爆破中双线型聚能药包最佳成缝角度

为探究聚能张开角对双线型聚能药包结构炸药有效利用率和聚能效应的影响,通过瞬时爆轰假说理论对有效聚能炸药边界方程进行推导,分析不同聚能张开角聚能装药结构炸药的有效利用率;通过水泥砂浆物理模型试验,研究不同聚能张开角预裂孔成缝规律;采用LS-DYNA数值模拟软件,建立不同聚能张开角数值模型,揭示不同聚能张开角的双线型聚能结构药包射流的侵彻过程。研究结果表明聚能张开角为75°时,炸药产生聚能效应的有效利用率最大;聚能结构药包聚能槽张开角为75°时,预裂孔成缝效果明显优于聚能槽张开角为60°的聚能结构药包,沿聚能槽方向应力集中效应和侵彻深度最佳,炮孔壁上岩石单元最先达到应力峰值。针对聚能张开角为75°的双线型聚能结构药包开展了不同岩性预裂爆破现场试验,板岩和白云岩两种不同岩性,在孔距增大20%的条件下,双线型聚能预裂爆破效果优于常规预裂爆破。     

基于聚能射流的岩石定向劈裂机制

基于岩石材料脆性断裂模型分析,从提高炸药能量向岩石断裂表面能转换效率的角度,提出采用预切槽和多点聚能射流冲击岩石进行裂纹引导与扩展,实现岩石定向劈裂。设计了一种可用于岩石劈裂的聚能装药,利用数值计算方法研究了岩石类脆性材料在聚能射流冲击作用下的定向劈裂机制,并计算比较了不同形状金属杆射流对岩体的冲击劈裂效果。分析计算该聚能装药射流形成与岩石的侵彻断裂过程,得出用于岩石劈裂的最佳聚能装药结构与炸高。实验成功用2枚聚能装药将岩石试块按预制方向劈裂,测试获得的岩石表面应力峰值约0.5～0.8 MPa。结果表明,采用该聚能装药在25 mm炸高下能够形成长径比约1∶3的楔形金属杆射流,沿着控界面预先设计的切槽方向,多点设置聚能装药,同时起爆后形成楔形金属杆射流冲击岩石,产生了较好的定向劈裂效果。该方法将爆炸能量精准导入控界面并有效地转换成岩石断裂表面能,从而提升了岩石定向劈裂的效果及炸药的能量利用率,研究结果可为大范围岩体开挖精确控界爆破切割装置设计及降低工程爆破危害提供参考。     

聚能爆破

利用聚能效应原理加工制成的聚能药包在爆破工程中的应用,称“聚能爆破”。 本文所介绍的几种聚能药包的设计是以多次试验的总结资料为依据的。此外,文中主要介绍了试验结果和在实际爆破中的应用效果,尤其在铁道建设中的应用。     

基于双向聚能拉张爆破理论的巷道顶板定向预裂

为在切顶卸压沿空留巷中获得巷道顶板预裂炮孔的最优间距,基于双向聚能拉张爆破技术,采用以LS-DYNA动力分析软件为基础的数值模拟和现场试验对巷道顶板定向预裂进行研究,优化炮孔间距。数值模拟结果表明,当炮孔间距为400 mm时,应力波叠加后产生有效的拉应力;当炮孔间距为500 mm时,应力波叠加后也能够产生有效的拉应力,该拉应力大于孔壁围岩的抗拉强度,能够使孔壁围岩沿聚能方向形成裂缝,且利于炮孔间裂纹的扩展;随着炮孔间距进一步的增大,当炮孔间距为600 mm爆破时,由于间距过大,应力波无法有效叠加,不能产生连续裂缝。现场试验表明,间距为400和500 mm的炮孔间隔爆破时,未爆破孔自炮孔孔底至孔口产生连续有效裂缝,裂缝长度达2.4 m,相邻炮孔间沿炮孔中心线均能够形成连续有效的切缝面,能够有效控制沿空巷道顶底板位移及沿空巷道顶板压力。综合分析,在3种不同炮孔间距的试验方案中,确定间隔爆破、500 mm的炮孔间距为同一地质条件下3种试验设计中的最优方案。     

考虑岩体破坏分区的岩石爆破爆炸荷载历程研究

针对岩石爆破爆炸荷载历程中未联合考虑岩石爆破动态过程和炮孔周围岩体破坏分区的不足,开展了考虑岩体破坏分区的岩石爆破爆炸荷载历程及其适用性研究。联合岩石爆破动态过程和岩体破坏分区的理论解,推导了考虑岩体破坏分区的岩石爆破爆炸荷载理论公式,比较了考虑岩体破坏分区的岩石爆破爆炸荷载历程与实测炮孔爆炸压力曲线,开展了单孔爆破现场试验和相应条件下3种爆炸荷载工况的数值模拟,并对爆破振动现场实测和数值模拟结果进行了对比。研究结果表明：考虑岩体破坏分区的爆炸荷载历程包括上升段和衰减段Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ,上升段持续时间极短,衰减段持续时间较长且主要由填塞情况控制;考虑岩体破坏分区的爆炸荷载历程理论计算结果与实测炮孔爆炸压力曲线的变化趋势一致,验证了考虑岩体破坏分区的岩石爆破爆炸荷载理论公式的可靠性;考虑岩体破坏分区的爆炸荷载工况下,单孔爆破振动波形的数值模拟结果与现场实测结果的主要特征一致,该荷载工况下质点峰值振速计算结果与现场实测值偏差率最小,绝大部分在7%以内,表明了其应用于数值模拟的优越性;考虑岩体破坏分区的爆炸荷载可随岩石爆破系统条件的变化而动态调整,其可靠性好、适应性强、应用效果佳。     

The 7th International Conference on Fluid Mechanics May 24-27,2015,Qingdao,China

正http://www.icfm7.org First Announcement and Call for PapersThe objective of International Conference on Fluid Mechanics(ICFM)is to provide a forum for researchers to exchange new ideas and recent advances in the fields of theoretical,experimental,computational Fluid Mechanics as well as interdisciplinary subjects.It was successfully convened by the Chinese Society of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics(CSTAM)in Beijing(1987,     

INFORMATION FOR CONTRIBUTORS

Contributions： The Journal, Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica, is pleased to receive papers from engineers and scientists working in various aspects of solid mechanics. All contributions are subject to critical review prior to acceptance and publication.     

基于鲁棒滤波的捷联导引头视线角速度估计方法

针对捷联导引头无法直接获取视线角速度等信息的问题,研究了鲁棒滤波在大气层外飞行器捷联导引头视线角速度估计中的应用。为了建立非线性滤波估计模型,考虑目标视线角速度的慢变特性,采用一阶马尔科夫模型建立了状态方程;推导了视线角速度的解耦模型,并建立了量测方程;考虑到实际应用中存在系统噪声统计特性失准的问题,基于Huber-Based鲁棒滤波方法,设计了视线角速度滤波器,并完成了基于Huber-Based滤波方法和扩展卡尔曼滤波方法的数学仿真。仿真结果表明Huber-Based滤波方法的视线角、视线角速度及视线角加速度估计精度分别达到0.1140'、0.1423'/s、0.0203'/s2,而扩展卡尔曼滤波方法的视线角、视线角速度及视线角加速度估计精度仅分别为0.6577'、0.6415'/s、0.0979'/s~2。仿真结果证明了该方法可以有效地估计出相对视线角速度等信息,并且在非高斯噪声的条件下,依然可获得较高的估计精度,具有一定的鲁棒性。     

Guide for authors

正Each of the sections below provides essential information for authors.We recommend that you take the time to read them before submitting a contribution to Acta Mechanica Sinica.We hope our guide to authors may help you navigate to the appropriate section.How to prepare a submission This document provides an outline of the editorial process involved in publishing a scientific paper in Acta Mechanica     

Use specification of multiscale materials for life spanned over macro-, micro-, nano-, and pico-scale

Multiscale material intends to enhance the strength and life of mechanical systems by matching the transmitted spatiotemporal energy distribution to the constituents at the different scale, say—macro, micro, nano, and pico,—, depending on the needs. Lower scale entities are, particularly, critical to small size systems. Large structures are less sensitive to microscopic effects. Scale shifting laws will be developed for relating test data from nano-, micro-, and macro-specimens. The benefit of reinforcement at the lower scale constituents needs to be justified at the macroscopic scale. Filling the void and space in regions of high energy density is considered.Material inhomogeneity interacts with specimen size. Their combined effect is non-equilibrium. Energy exchange between the environment and specimen becomes increasingly more significant as the specimen size is reduced. Perturbation of the operational conditions can further aggravate the situation. Scale transitional functions and/or f_j/j+1 are introduced to quantify these characteristics. They are represented, respectively, by , and (f_mi/ma,f_na/mi,f_pi/na). The abbreviations pi, na, mi, and ma refer to pico, nano, micro and macro.Local damage is assumed to initiate at a small scale, grows to a larger scale, and terminate at an even larger scale. The mechanism of energy absorption and dissipation will be introduced to develop a consistent book keeping system. Compaction of mass density for constituents of size 10⁻¹², 10⁻⁹, 10⁻⁶, 10⁻³ m, will be considered. Energy dissipation at all scales must be accounted for. Dissipations at the smaller scale must not only be included but they must abide by the same physical and mathematical interpretation, in order to avoid inconsistencies when making connections with those at the larger scale where dissipations are eminent.Three fundamental Problems I, II, and III are stated. They correspond to the commonly used service conditions. Reference is made to a Representative Tip (RT), the location where energy absorption and dissipation takes place. The RT can be a crack tip or a particle. At the larger size scales, RT can refer to a region. Scale shifting of results from the very small to the very large is needed to identify the benefit of using multiscale materials.     

Impact non-pénétrant sur le thorax : influence de la courbure sur la propagation des ondesNonpenetrating impact on the thorax: influence of curvature on wave propagation

Theoretical studies of the propagation of impact waves through the thorax are needed to improve the design of bulletproof jackets and blast protections (Fung in ‘Biomechanics Motions, Flow, Stress, and Growth’, Springer-Verlag, 1990; Cooper et al., J. Trauma 40 (1996) S38–S41). The influence of the weak acoustic coupling at the interface between the thoracic wall and the lung were described in (Grimal et al., C. R. Acad. Sci. IIB 329 (2001) 655–662); in this work, we study, within the frame of elastodynamics and with an approximate analytical method, the effects of the curvature of this interface. Results are given in terms of strain energy for the pressure wave, transmitted or converted. Focalisation of energy in the medium representing the lung is important for curvatures measured in humans. To cite this article: Q. Grimal et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 569–574.     

Vérification expérimentale de la relation de réciprocité d'Onsager pour l'électro-osmose et l'électro-filtration dans une argile naturelleExperimental verification of the Onsager's reciprocal relations for electro-osmosis and electro-filtration phenomena on a saturated clay

This Note is devoted to the experimental verification of the Onsager's reciprocal relations in the particular case of electro-osmosis and electro-filtration. A special set up has been designed to carry out the measurements of both the electro-osmotic permeability and the streaming potential. This has been performed by using a natural material i.e., saturated kaolinite. To cite this article: K. Beddiar et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 893–898.