Ru修饰前后Pd(111)面的性质及对糠醛吸附的比较研究

采用密度泛函理论研究了Pd(111)面和Ru-Pd(111)面的性质及对糠醛的吸附.原子尺寸因素、相对键长、形成能及d带中心等计算结果表明,Ru-Pd(111)面比Pd(111)面稳定且活性强,Ru的修饰优化了Pd(111)面的几何构型.糠醛在Pd(111)面及Ru-Pd(111)面的初始吸附位分别为P(top-bridge)位及P(Pd-fcc-Ru-fcc)位时,吸附能最大,吸附构型最稳定.由电荷布局和差分电荷密度可得,糠醛在Ru-Pd(111)面上电荷转移数更多,相互作用更强烈,因此吸附能更大.分析态密度可知,产生吸附的主要原因是位于-7.34 eV处至费米能级处的p,d轨道杂化.吸附于Ru-Pd(111)面后糠醛分子的p轨道向低能级偏移程度更明显,使Ru改性后的Pd催化剂具有更好的催化活性.     

Pd/Cu(111)双金属表面催化糠醛脱碳及加氢的反应机理

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究糠醛在最稳定Pd/Cu(111)双金属表面上的吸附构型和糠醛脱碳及加氢的反应机理。结果表明,当糠醛初始吸附于O_3-Pd-top、O_7-Cu-hcp位时,吸附构型最稳定,其吸附能为73.4 kJ/mol。糠醛在Pd/Cu(111)双金属表面上更易发生脱碳反应。对于糠醛脱碳反应,所需活化能较低,各个基元反应均为放热反应,糠醛更易先失去支链上的H形成(C_4H_3O)CO,然后中间体脱碳加氢得到呋喃,其中,C_4H_3O加氢生成呋喃所需活化能(72.6 kJ/mol)最高,是反应的控速步骤。对于加氢反应,糠醛与首个氢原子的反应需要最大的活化能(290.4 kJ/mol),是反应的限速步骤。     

噻吩在M(111)(M=Pd,Pt,Au)表面的吸附(英文)

采用密度泛函理论(DFT),选取DMol3程序模块,对噻吩在M(111)(M=Pd,Pt,Au)表面上的吸附行为进行了探讨.通过对噻吩在不同底物金属上的吸附能、吸附构型、Mulliken电荷布居、差分电荷密度以及态密度的分析发现,噻吩在Pd(111)面上的吸附能最大,Pt(111)面次之,Au(111)面最小.吸附后,噻吩在Au(111)面上的构型几乎保持不变,最终通过S端倾斜吸附于top位;噻吩在Pd(111)及Pt(111)面上发生了折叠与变形,环中氢原子向上翘起,最终通过环平面平行吸附于hollow位.此外,噻吩环吸附后芳香性遭到了破坏,环中碳原子发生sp3杂化,同时电子逐渐由噻吩向M(111)面发生转移,M(111)面上的部分电子也反馈给了噻吩环中的空轨道,这种协同作用最终导致了噻吩分子稳定吸附于M(111)面.     

噻吩在M(111)(M=Pd,Pt, Au)表面的吸附

采用密度泛函理论(DFT), 选取DMol³程序模块, 对噻吩在M(111) (M=Pd, Pt, Au)表面上的吸附行为进行了探讨. 通过对噻吩在不同底物金属上的吸附能、吸附构型、Mulliken 电荷布居、差分电荷密度以及态密度的分析发现, 噻吩在Pd(111)面上的吸附能最大, Pt(111)面次之, Au(111)面最小. 吸附后, 噻吩在Au(111)面上的构型几乎保持不变, 最终通过S端倾斜吸附于top 位; 噻吩在Pd(111)及Pt(111)面上发生了折叠与变形, 环中氢原子向上翘起, 最终通过环平面平行吸附于hollow 位. 此外, 噻吩环吸附后芳香性遭到了破坏, 环中碳原子发生sp³杂化, 同时电子逐渐由噻吩向M(111)面发生转移, M(111)面上的部分电子也反馈给了噻吩环中的空轨道, 这种协同作用最终导致了噻吩分子稳定吸附于M(111)面.     

氢和硫原子在Pd、Au和Cu及PdAu、PdCu合金(111)表面吸附的密度泛函研究

用密度泛函理论研究了氢和硫原子在金属Pd、Au、Cu以及合金PdM3、Pd2M2 和Pd3M(111)表面的吸附(M=Au, Cu), 得到了覆盖率为0.25时最稳定的吸附位、结合能以及吸附前后表面的驰豫情况. 结果表明, 氢和硫均与Pd形成最稳定的吸附, Cu次之, Au的吸附最弱, 其在三种纯金属(111)表面的最稳定吸附位均为fcc位. 由于PdAu合金具有较大的晶格常数, Pd3Au 合金吸附氢的结合能甚至较纯Pd更大, 除此之外, 氢和硫在PdM合金表面的吸附基本随M组分的增加而减弱, 而最稳定的吸附位随金属种类和组成变化而变化. 根据计算得到的吸附结合能, 发现与PdCu合金相比, PdAu合金在Au含量较低(约25%, 摩尔分数)时, 氢和硫吸附的结合能下降较慢, 而Au含量较高(跃50%)时, 结合能迅速下降, 这表明含金量为25%-50%的PdAu合金有可能在保持相近透氢性能的同时, 比PdCu合金具有更好的抗硫毒性.     

糠醛在Pt(111)表面的吸附和脱碳反应

采用广义梯度近似的密度泛函理论并结合平板模型的方法, 优化了糠醛分子在Pt(111)面的吸附模型,并探究了糠醛脱碳反应形成呋喃的机理. 结果表明: 吸附后糠醛分子环上的C―H(O)键及支链―CHO相对于金属表面倾斜上翘, 分子平面被扭曲, 易于呋喃的形成; 同时, 糠醛分子向Pt表面转移电子0.765e, 环中的大π键与Pt(111)表面的d轨道发生较强的相互作用, 使得糠醛的芳香性被破坏, 环上的碳原子呈现准sp³杂化. 此外, 对糠醛脱碳反应中的各反应步骤进行过渡态搜索, 通过比较各步骤的活化能, 得出糠醛更易先失去支链上的H形成酰基中间体(C₄H₃O)CO, 中间体继续脱碳加氢形成产物呋喃. 该过程的控速步骤为(C₄H₃O)CO^*+^*→C₄H₃O^*+CO^* (^*为吸附位),活化能为127.65 kJ·mol^-1.     

In-Au(111)和Ir-Au(111)合金表面的性质及其对巴豆醛的吸附比较

采用密度泛函理论研究了M（M=In,Ir）原子修饰的M-Au（111）合金表面的稳定性,并选其最优模型探讨了合金表面的活性及其对巴豆醛的吸附。合金的几何构型、形成能和结合能等性质表明,In-Au（111）面的稳定性随In原子的间距增大而提高,Ir-Au（111）面的稳定性随Ir原子的间距增大而降低。对于巴豆醛在MAu（111）面上的吸附,当其通过C＝O吸附于合金表面的Top_M位时,吸附能最大,吸附构型最稳定。从巴豆醛的结构变化、态密度、差分电荷密度以及Mulliken电荷布居等分析可以看出,稳定吸附构型的巴豆醛分子形变较大,电荷转移明显。其中,位于-7.04 eV至费米能级处的p、d轨道杂化,对体系的吸附具有重要贡献。分析比较In-Au（111）面与Ir-Au（111）面,发现后者的配体效应更佳,不仅具有更高的稳定性和活性,而且对于巴豆醛具有更强的吸附力。此外,相比于改性前的Au（111）面,M原子的修饰明显提升了金属表面的稳定性及吸附能力。     

CH3O decomposition on PdZn(111), Pd(111), and Cu(111). A theoretical study

Methanol steam re-forming, catalyzed by Pd/ZnO, is a potential hydrogen source for fuel cells, in particular in pollution-free vehicles. To contribute to the understanding of pertinent reaction mechanisms, density functional slab model studies on two competing decomposition pathways of adsorbed methoxide (CH(3)O) have been carried out, namely, dehydrogenation to formaldehyde and C-O bond breaking to methyl. For the (111) surfaces of Pd, Cu, and 1:1 Pd-Zn alloy, adsorption complexes of various reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products relevant for the decomposition processes were computationally characterized. On the surface of Pd-Zn alloy, H and all studied C-bound species were found to prefer sites with a majority of Pd atoms, whereas O-bound congeners tend to be located on sites with a majority of Zn atoms. Compared to Pd(111), the adsorption energy of O-bound species was calculated to be larger on PdZn(111), whereas C-bound moieties were less strongly adsorbed. C-H scission of CH(3)O on various substrates under study was demonstrated to proceed easier than C-O bond breaking. The energy barrier for the dehydrogenation of CH(3)O on PdZn(111) (113 kJ mol(-)(1)) and Cu(111) (112 kJ mol(-)(1)) is about 4 times as high as that on Pd(111), due to the fact that CH(3)O interacts more weakly with Pd than with PdZn and Cu surfaces. Calculated results showed that the decomposition of methoxide to formaldehyde is thermodynamically favored on Pd(111), but it is an endothermic process on PdZn(111) and Cu(111) surfaces.     

NO Chemisorption on Pt(111), Rh/Pt(111), and Pd/Pt(111)

The chemisorption of NO on clean Pt(111), Rh/Pt(111) alloy, and Pd/Pt(111) alloy surfaces has been studied by first principles density functional theory (DFT) computations. It was found that the surface compositions of the surface alloys have very different effects on the adsorption of NO on Rh/Pt(111) versus that on Pd/Pt(111). This is due to the different bond strength between the two metals in each alloy system. A complex d-band center weighting model developed by authors in a previous study for SO2 adsorption is demonstrated to be necessary for quantifying NO adsorption on Pd/Pt(111). A strong linear relationship between the weighted positions of the d states of the surfaces and the molecular NO adsorption energies shows the closer the weighted d-band center is shifted to the Fermi energy level, the stronger the adsorption of NO will be. The consequences of this study for the optimized design of three-way automotive catalysts, (TWC) are also discussed.     

Theoretical Investigations of the Activation of CO_2 on the Transition Metal-doped Cu(100) and Cu(111) Surfaces

Periodic density functional theory calculations have been performed to investigate the chemisorption behavior of CO_2 molecule on a series of surface alloys that are built by dispersing individual middle-late transition metal(TM) atoms(TM = Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Os, Ir, Pt, Au) on the Cu(100) and Cu(111) surfaces. The most stable configurations of CO_2 chemisorbed on different TM/Cu surfaces are determined, and the results show that among the late transition metals, Co, Ru, and Os are potentially good dopants to enhance the chemisorption and activation of CO_2 on copper surfaces. To obtain a deep understanding of the adsorption property, the bonding characteristics of the adsorption bonds are carefully examined by the crystal orbital Hamilton population technique, which reveals that the TM atom primarily provides d orbitals with z-component, namely d_z~2, d_(xz), and d_(yz) orbitals to interact with the adsorbate.     

The direct observation of 2H‐DPP metalation on Pd(111) and Cu/Pd(111) surface

The metalation behaviors of 5,15‐diphenylporphyrin (2H‐DPP) on Pd(111) and Cu/Pd(111) have been investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy and density functional calculations. We show that 2H‐DPP molecules deposited on Pd(111) surface form Pd‐DPP with a proportion of about 75% already at room temperature (RT). This is in contrast to non‐metalation adsorption of 2H‐DPP on Cu–Pd alloy at RT. Annealing to 323 K facilitates the metalation of 2H‐DPP on Cu–Pd alloy island. The comparison of the results indicates that the metalation of 2H‐DPP calls for both enough surface free energy of approaching N? H bond and enough reactivity of breaking N? H bond. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Au/Pd(111)双金属表面催化噻吩加氢脱硫的反应机理

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)计算了Pd(111)表面含有N(N=1-4)个Au原子数目时的表面形成能,选取最优构型进一步研究了噻吩在Au/Pd(111)双金属表面的吸附模式及加氢脱硫反应过程.结果表明:当Pd(111)表面含有1个Au原子时,其形成能最低.在Au/Pd(111)双金属表面噻吩初始吸附于Pd-Hcp-30°位时,其构型最稳定.在各加氢脱硫过程中,反应总体均放出热量.对于直接脱硫机理,其所需活化能较低,但脱硫产物较难控制;对于间接脱硫机理,反应最有可能按照顺式加氢方式进行,C―S键断裂开环时所需活化能最高,是反应的限速步骤.此外,与单一Au(111)面及Pd(111)面相比,Au/Pd(111)双金属表面限速步骤的反应能垒最低,表明AuPd双金属催化剂比Au、Pd单金属催化剂更有利于噻吩加氢脱硫反应的进行.     

Cluster and periodic DFT calculations: the adsorption of atomic nitrogen on M(111) (M = Cu, Ag, Au) surfaces

First-principle density functional calculations with cluster and slab models have been performed to investigate adsorption and thermally activated atomic nitrogen on M(111) (M = Cu, Ag, Au) surfaces. Optimized results indicate that the basis set of the N atom has a distinct effect on the adsorption energy but an indistinct one on the equilibrium distance. For the N/M(111) adsorption systems studied here, the threefold face centered cubic (fcc) hollow site is found to be the most stable adsorption site. The reason for the fcc site is that the perfected adsorption site has been explained by the density of states (DOS) analysis, that is, that N(2p) has the smallest DOS population near the Fermi level on the fcc site as compared with other adsorption sites. The variations of the adsorption energy as a function of adsorption site are similar and in the following order of N-M(111) binding strengths on a given site: Cu(111) > Ag(111) > Au(111). It is found that the N atom forms essentially an ionic bond for the most stable site. Large contributions between the M(ns) and N(2p) orbitals (n = 4, 5, and 6 for Cu, Ag, and Au, respectively) are found for the cluster model at the B3LYP/LANL2DZ-6-31G(d,p) level and also found in the slab DFT-GGA calculation results, which are the main characteristics of M-N bonds. At last, the dissociation of N2 on Cu(111) and Au(111) has also been obtained in this work, and the results showed that the dissociation of N2 on Cu(111) is more active than that on the Au(111) surface.     

Au/Pd(111)双金属表面催化噻吩加氢脱硫的反应机理

采用密度泛函理论（DFT）计算了Pd（111）表面含有N（N=1-4）个Au原子数目时的表面形成能,选取最优构型进一步研究了噻吩在Au/Pd（111）双金属表面的吸附模式及加氢脱硫反应过程. 结果表明：当Pd（111）表面含有1个Au原子时,其形成能最低. 在Au/Pd（111）双金属表面噻吩初始吸附于Pd-Hcp-30°位时,其构型最稳定. 在各加氢脱硫过程中,反应总体均放出热量. 对于直接脱硫机理,其所需活化能较低,但脱硫产物较难控制;对于间接脱硫机理,反应最有可能按照顺式加氢方式进行,C―S键断裂开环时所需活化能最高,是反应的限速步骤. 此外,与单一Au（111）面及Pd（111）面相比,Au/Pd（111）双金属表面限速步骤的反应能垒最低,表明AuPd双金属催化剂比Au、Pd单金属催化剂更有利于噻吩加氢脱硫反应的进行.     

Density Functional Theory Study on the Adsorption of CN on Transition Metal M（100） （M = Ni,Pd, Pt,Cu, Ag and Au） Surfaces

The adsorption of cyanide on the top site of a series of transition metal M（100） （M = Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt） surfaces via carbon and nitrogen atoms respectively, with the CN axis perpendicular to the surface, has been studied by means of density functional theory and cluster model. Geometry, adsorption energy and vibrational frequencies have been determined, and the present calculations show that the adsorption of CN through C-end on metal surface is more favorable than that via N-end for the same surface. The vibrational frequencies of CN for C-down configuration on surface are blue-shifted with respect to the free CN, which is contrary to the change of vibrational frequencies when CN is adsorbed by N-down structure. Furthermore, the charge transfer from surface to CN causes the increase of surface work function.     

Slab model studies of water adsorption and decomposition on clean and X- (X = C, N and O) contaminated Pd(111) surfaces

To explore the effect of surface contaminants on water chemistry at metallic surfaces, adsorption and decomposition of water monomers on clean and X/Pd(111)(X = C, N and O) surfaces are investigated based on density functional theory calculations. It is revealed that H(2)O binds to Pd(111) surface primarily through the mixing of its 1b(1) with the Pd 4d(z(2)) state. A charge accumulation between the oxygen atom of water and the bound Pd atom is calculated, which is found to be relevant to the H(2)O-Pd interaction. Water adsorption results in a reduction of surface work function and the polarization of the X 2p states. The O-H bond scission of H(2)O on the clean Pd(111) is an energy unfavorable process. In the case of X-assisted O-H bond breaking on X/Pd(111) surfaces, however, the reaction barrier tends to be lower than that on the clean surface and decreases from C/Pd(111) to O/Pd(111). In particular, water decomposition is found to become feasible on O/Pd(111), in agreement with the experimental observations. The calculated barrier is demonstrated to be correlated linearly with the density of X 2p states at the Fermi level. A thorough energy analysis demonstrates that the following geometrical and electronic factors favor the barrier reduction on X/Pd(111) with respect to water decomposition on clean Pd(111): (i) the less deformed structure of water in TS; (ii) the decreased bonding competition between the fragments OH and H. The remarkable decrease of the barrier on O/Pd(111) is revealed to be due to the largest stabilization of the split H atom and the least deformation of water in the TS.     

Rotationally inelastic scattering of HD from Cu(100) and Pd(111)

Rotational excitation of HD scattered from Cu(100), Pd(111), and Pd(111):H(D) was measured using molecular beam and quantum-state-specific laser spectroscopy techniques. Greater than 91% of the incident HD population was in the v = 0, J = 0 state. The final rotational distributions from Cu(100), Pd(111), and Pd(111):H(D) were compared for a HD beam at an incident energy of 74 meV. For all the three surfaces studied, rotationally inelastic scattering probabilities were large. We find that the final HD rotational distributions are remarkably similar for the three surfaces even though Pd(111) is very reactive to dissociative adsorption of HD whereas Cu(100) and Pd(111):H(D) are chemically inert.     

DFT Study of Thiophene Adsorption on the Pd（111） and Pt（111） Surfaces

Thiophene adsorption on the(111) surfaces of Pd and Pt have been investigated by density functional theory.The results indicate that the adsorption at the hollow sites is the most stable.To our interest,the molecular plane of thiophene ring is distorted with C=C bond being elongated to 1.450  and C-C bond being shortened to 1.347 ,and the C-H bonds tilt 13.91～44.05o away from this plane.Furthermore,analysis on population and density of states verified the calculated adsorption geometries.Finally,charge analysis suggests that thiophene molecule is an electron acceptor,reflecting the interaction between the lone pair of sulfur and the d-orbitals of metal.     

CO在Pt(111)和Pt-M(111)(M=Ni,Mg)表面吸附的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论与周期性平板模型相结合的方法,对CO在Pt(111)表面top,fcc,hcp和bridge 4个吸附位和Pt-M(111)(M=Ni,Mg)表面h-top,M-top,Pt(M)Pt-bridge,Pt(M)M-bridge,Pt(Pt)M-bridge,M(Pt)M-bridge,Pt1M2-hcp...