液体水中的自由OH及其结构改变

液体水中自由OH的确认对理解液体水的微观结构非常重要. 通过随温度变化的水的拉曼光谱分析其相对强度的变化及退偏比,发现了自由-OH存在的直接证据,结果显示虽然液体水从5 oC到85 oC结构发生明显变化,但是自由-OH的含量几乎不变,且含量非常少,约为3%. 这表明了氢键从四氢键形式断裂时更容易发生在氢键受体部位.     

Polyhedral shaped gold nanoparticles with outstanding near-infrared light absorption

A time-resolved X-ray absorption study of the structural dynamics of liquid water on a picosecond timescale is presented. We apply femtosecond midinfrared pulses to resonantly excite the intramolecular O–H stretching band of liquid water and monitor the transient response in the oxygen K-edge absorption spectrum with picosecond X-ray pulses. In this way, structural changes in the hydrogen bond network of liquid water upon an ultrafast temperature jump of approximately 20 K are investigated. The changes of the X-ray absorption as induced by such a temperature jump are about 3.2%. This demonstrates that our method serves as a sensitive probe of transient structural changes in liquid water and that combined infrared-laser–synchrotron experiments with substantially shorter X-ray pulses, such as generated with a femtosecond slicing scheme, are possible.     

Electrons and hydrogen-bond connectivity in liquid water

The network connectivity in liquid water is revised in terms of electronic signatures of hydrogen bonds (HBs) instead of geometric criteria, in view of recent x-ray absorption studies. The analysis is based on ab initio molecular-dynamics simulations at ambient conditions. Even if instantaneous threadlike structures are observed in the electronic network, they continuously reshape in oscillations reminiscent of the and modes in ice (tau approximately 170 fs). However, two water molecules initially joined by a HB remain effectively bound over many periods regardless of its electronic signature.     

Ultrafast temperature jump in liquid water studied by a novel infrared pump-x-ray probe technique

We report the first infrared pump-x-ray probe study of the structural dynamics of liquid water. Femtosecond infrared excitation via the O–H stretching band induces an ultrafast temperature jump that gives rise to changes in the hydrogen bond network. Such changes are probed via the transient x-ray absorption at the oxygen K edge using 70 ps x-ray pulses from a storage ring source. We measure spectra and time evolution of the transient x-ray absorption and calibrate the absolute change of temperature. Our work paves the way for future studies with femtosecond x-ray probe pulses.     

Network topology of deeply supercooled water

Empirical potential structure refinements have been made to recent high-energy x-ray diffraction data, providing molecular models of deeply supercooled water. The average O-O coordination number is found to drop from 5.13 at 293?K to 4.85 at 244?K, within 3.5?Å. Triplet O-O-O bond angle distributions reveal a broad peak centred at 96.4° at 293?K which shifts to 100.0° at 244?K, indicative of the local geometry becoming increasingly tetrahedral with decreasing temperature. However, although the number of non-bonded interstitial molecules between the first and second shells is depleted upon cooling, the number of interstitial molecules forming triplets that are embedded within the hydrogen bonded tetrahedral network at θ_OOO?=?53°, remains constant. This is consistent with previous observations of an invariant O-O coordination number with temperature (4.24 out to 3.3?Å) and corresponds to non-bonded molecules positioned at close to half the ideal tetrahedral angle. Both -O-O-O- and hydrogen-bonded -O-H-O- ring length distributions show increases in 6 and 7-membered rings upon supercooling. This is concomitant with a shift and increase in intensity of peaks at r₄ ～8.7?Å and r₅ ～10.8?Å in the oxygen-oxygen pair distribution function, which in the models correspond to correlations between adjacent and next-nearest-neighbour hydrogen-bonded rings.     

Molecular arrangement in water: random but not quite

Water defines life on Earth from the cellular to the terrestrial level. Yet the molecular level arrangement in water is not well understood, posing problems in comprehending its very special chemical, physical and biological properties. Here we present high-resolution x-ray diffraction data for water clearly showing that its molecular arrangement exhibits specific correlations that are consistent with the presence of rings of H(2)O molecules linked together by hydrogen bonds into tetrahedral-like units from a continuous network. This level of molecular arrangement complexity is beyond what a simple 'two-state' model of water (Bernal and Fowler 1933 J. Chem. Phys.1 515-48) could explain. It may not be explained by the recently put forward 'chains-clusters of completely uncorrelated molecules' model (Wernet et al 2004 Science 304 995-9) either. Rather it indicates that water is homogeneous down to the molecular level where different water molecules form tetrahedral units of different perfection and/or participate in rings of different sizes, thus experiencing different local environments. The local diversity of this tetrahedral network coupled to the flexibility of the hydrogen bonds that hold it together may explain well the rich phase diagram of water and why it responds non-uniformly to external stimuli such as, for example, temperature and pressure.     

Analysis of cold denaturation mechanism of β‐lactoglobulin and comparison with thermal denaturation from Raman spectroscopy investigations

Cold‐ and heat‐induced β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) transformations have been analyzed in the presence of 4 M urea, from Raman spectroscopy investigations carried out simultaneously in the low wavenumber range (10–400 cm⁻¹) and in the amide I region (1500–1800 cm⁻¹). These investigations show common features between the denaturation processes at low and high temperatures. The denatured states are reached via an intermediate state characterized by a soft tertiary structure without detectable conformational changes. This intermediate is intimately connected with a tetrahedral hydrogen‐bond structure of water which extends over a limited range. It is shown that the disruption of the hydrogen‐bond network of D₂O has an important consequence on the solvent dynamics, which controls protein dynamics and is characterized by an anharmonic behavior. By monitoring the amide I mode, conformational changes are detected at low temperature (below 5 °C) and determined to be similar to those detected at high temperature in the presence of urea near 65 °C, and in the absence of urea near 80 °C. The conformational changes are described as a loss of α‐helix structures and a concomitant formation of β‐sheets. The temperature dependence of the amide I wavenumber in BLG dissolved in the 4 M urea aqueous solution was interpreted on the basis of a two‐state model, leading to the protein stability curve related to its molecular conformation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于新型超低频拉曼光谱的液态水分子高温研究

液态水是地球上大多数生化过程的化学支柱,对生物的新陈代谢是必不可少的。因此,它是一个跨科学领域的关键课题。水的理化特性被认为是氢键衍生结构的结果。然而,目前还很难在实验上定量地将水分子的理化特性与氢键结构联系起来形成完整的液态水分子结构理论。拉曼光谱因其快速、无损等优点成为表征液态水分子结构及其变化规律的主要手段。目前,水分子的拉曼光谱主要研究的是其高频振动模。然而,液态水较宽的低频拉曼模是氢键及其局部结构效应的结果,包含高频峰无法表征的特征信息,而超低频拉曼特征峰仍能在高温下揭示水分子（超）结构的许多关键细节。因此,在实验上实现对水分子的新型高温超低频拉曼光谱（5～200 cm-1频率区域）,探测得到理论预测的全部四种平动特征模,包括弯曲模（51.7 cm-1）、扭转模（81.4 cm-1）、对称（154.0 cm-1）和不对称拉伸模（188.6 cm-1）,并在225.2 cm-1处额外发现了平动-旋转耦合特征模。所有特征模都被精确指认。高温超低频拉曼光谱实验发现,首先在特征峰频率上,由于高温下氢键断裂导致水分子间的平均结构关联长度（SLG）迅速缩短,当温度从0 ℃升高到400 ℃,所有四种超低频特征模的频率都随温度升高而大幅蓝移。其次在特征峰强度上,拉伸模的强度在100和200 ℃间出现明显降低。而弯曲模的强度随着拉伸模频率从高频率到低频率依次升高,这是理论研究从未涉及的。最后在斯托克斯/反斯托克斯比值（R_S/AS）上,温度在150～170 ℃时（压强约为2 kbar）,R_S/AS迅速从1.1增加到1.3;当温度高于170 ℃时,R_S/AS随温度线性变化。综上所述,通过对水分子各共振模的频率蓝移、强度变化,以及斯托克斯/反斯托克斯比值等特征进行细致研究,得到温度对水分子结构,尤其是氢键衍生特性的影响。该新型高温超低频拉曼光谱方法,填补了部分理论空白,为深入全面地理解水分子结构提供了重要的实验依据。     

Water behavior in the neighborhood of hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes: Lessons from molecular dynamics simulations

The study of properties of water in the vicinity of surfaces poses a fascinating challenge. In this article we studied the behavior of water molecules in the neighborhood of membranes. We addressed the question of how these water molecules are influenced by the membranes’ hydrophilicity. Three systems were studied through molecular dynamics simulations: water in the presence of a hydrophilic membrane (PL), water in the presence of a hydrophobic (PB) one and water in the absence of membranes (BULK). Additionally, in order to study the dependence of the effect of the membrane on the behavior of neighboring water molecules with temperature, each system was simulated at three different temperatures (K): 250, 300 and 350. For each condition, kinetic and structural features were studied. The first feature involved the calculation of diffusion coefficients and activation energy. The second feature was evaluated through the study of water density and hydrogen bond distribution. From the present study we concluded that: (1) density studies underestimate the influence of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes on the neighboring water molecules; (2) the hydrophilic and hydrophobic membranes disturb the hydrogen bond network within distances ranging from 1 to 8 nm, depending on the nature of the membrane and the temperature conditions; (3) the presence of a hydrophobic surface results in an enhancement of the natural hydrogen bond network present in liquid water, to a greater extent than what even an ordered Ih ice structure is able to achieve (i.e. PL membrane); (4) the structural enhancement due to the presence of a hydrophobic surface involves roughly 18 to 24 water hydration layers, for ambient and above temperature conditions.     

一个灵活的水结构：来自拉曼光谱的证据

有关水结构的认识仍有较大争议,焦点主要在于氢键结构类型的划分及各类型比重的确定。为进一步探讨水的结构,分析了不同温度、H↔D同位素取代和氯离子浓度条件下H₂O/D₂O的拉曼光谱特征。随温度由253 K逐渐升至753 K,纯水的OH伸缩振动带带宽显著下降,主峰明显蓝移,肩峰对主峰的相对强度不断变化,表明水中存在多种氢键结构。结合高斯去卷积方法,将这些光谱特征归因于水中并存的五种主要的氢键结构：两种四面体,单供体、单氢键和自由水。四面体氢键构型是水的弯曲振动、平动+弯曲和频振动及分子间振动耦合产生的结构基础。根据四面体度数据,水结构具有较强的灵活性,即水中相当比重的氢键结构以非四面体形态存在。升温导致水中的四面体度显著下降,促进四面体构型向单供体、单氢键和自由水转变。同位素取代降低OH/OD伸缩带低频肩峰对主峰的相对强度,却增加高频肩峰对主峰的相对强度,尤其在513 K以上的高温下,V_H2O/V_D2O=1/4或4/1水的OH或OD伸缩带上的高频肩峰将转变为主峰。这些特征有力的支持了水的多结构体模式：同位素取代导致水中的氢键结构形态发生转变,由于O—D…O↔O—H…O氢键的转换,原始O—D…O（O—H…O）四面体或非四面体氢键比率下降。同位素取代强化自由水模式甚至在高温下促其转变为主峰,也进一步证明了水中氢键结构随温度升高而转化的事实。多结构下的多峰模式可有效解释H₂O/D₂O—NaCl溶液在不同温度下的OD/OH伸缩带特征。NaCl加入,433 K以下显著减少水中的四面体氢键构型,将之转变为单供体和单氢键水;而513 K以上轻微地促进水结构。基于宽广条件范围内的拉曼光谱特征给出的水结构细节的划分方案为含水地质流体的拉曼光谱学和结构性质探讨提供了理论依据。     

Deconstructing Classical Water Models at Interfaces and in Bulk

Using concepts from perturbation and local molecular field theories of liquids we divide the potential of the SPC/E water model into short and long ranged parts. The short ranged parts define a minimal reference network model that captures very well the structure of the local hydrogen bond network in bulk water while ignoring effects of the remaining long ranged interactions. This deconstruction can provide insight into the different roles that the local hydrogen bond network, dispersion forces, and long ranged dipolar interactions play in determining a variety of properties of SPC/E and related classical models of water. Here we focus on the anomalous behavior of the internal pressure and the temperature dependence of the density of bulk water. We further utilize these short ranged models along with local molecular field theory to quantify the influence of these interactions on the structure of hydrophobic interfaces and the crossover from small to large scale hydration behavior. The implications of our findings for theories of hydrophobicity and possible refinements of classical water models are also discussed.     

A molecular dynamics simulation study on the cavitation inception of water with dissolved gases

The promotion/prevention mechanism of dissolved gases on cavitation inception is essential for many high-tech industries and research. In the present study, large-scale molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the effects of water cavitation caused by different gas types by using nitrogen and oxygen gases with TIP4P/2005 water. The cavitation inception behaviour is analyzed via Mean First Passage Time method. Water with dissolved gases has a higher nucleation rate and is easier to cavitate than pure water. At the same gas concentration, the cavitation of water with nitrogen is promoted to a greater extent than that with oxygen. The number and energy of hydrogen bond (HB) are further calculated by the Acceptor-Hydrogen-Donor method to explain this promotion mechanism. The number and energy of HB in water with gases decrease compared with those in pure water. The introduction of gases weakens the HB network and promotes cavitation inception because of weaker interactions between gas and water molecules. A model is developed to describe the relationship between nucleation rate and HB energy. Gas molecules assemble on the surface of bubbles during water cavitation, which may decrease the free energy of bubble surface, maintain the existing bubble, and contribute to the growth process.     

Quantum Differences between Heavy and Light Water

The structures of heavy and light water at ambient conditions are investigated with the combined techniques of x-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction, and computer simulation. It is found that heavy water is a more structured liquid than light water. We find the OH bond length in H2O is approximately 3% longer than the OD bond length in D2O. This is a much larger change than current predictions. Corresponding to this, the hydrogen bond in light water is approximately 4% shorter than in heavy water, while the intermolecular HH distance is approximately 2% longer.     

X-ray emission spectroscopy of hydrogen bonding and electronic structure of liquid water

We use x-ray emission spectroscopy to examine the influence of the intermolecular interaction on the local electronic structure of liquid water. By comparing x-ray emission spectra of the water molecule and liquid water, we find a strong involvement of the a(1)-symmetry valence-orbital in the hydrogen bonding. The local electronic structure of water molecules, where one hydrogen bond is broken at the hydrogen site, is separately determined. Our results provide an illustration of the important potential of x-ray emission spectroscopy for elucidating basic features of liquids.     

X-ray Raman spectroscopic study of water in the condensed phases

Oxygen K-edge x-ray absorption spectra of high-density amorphous (HDA) ice, low-density amorphous ice Ic, ice Ih, normal and deuterated liquid water were measured with the synchrotron x-ray Raman scattering method under almost identical experimental conditions by in situ heating of an HDA ice sample. The distinct preedge structure previously reported in water was observed in all the spectra. The results show that core-hole excitations are localized and not strongly affected by the local environment. Therefore, the existence of the preedge feature is not a concise indicator of the magnitude of local disorder within the hydrogen bonded network. The intensity of the near-edge absorption shifts into the postedge region when the hydrogen bond network becomes more ordered. This observation is interpreted as an enhancement of Wannier over Frenkel excitations in an ordered crystal.     

Collective Effect of Transformation of a Hydrogen Bond Network at the Initial State of Growth of Methane Hydrate

JETP Letters - The molecular dynamics study of the rearrangement of the dynamic hydrogen bond network of liquid water to the crystal hydrogen bond network of methane hydrate in the process of their...     

液态水微观结构研究的新进展

液态水有很多奇异特性.近年来,对液态水以何种微观结构形式存在的问题争议激烈.文章介绍了当前对水的微观结构的一些研究及其进展,讨论了液态水中的氢键模式与水的结构关系,进而用一个简化模型探讨了氢键的取向性与强弱性对水的异常行为的作用.     

Effects of confinement on static and dynamical properties of water

Molecular-dynamics results on water confined in a silica pore are reviewed and discussed in connection with experiments performed on water in Vycor and with studies of water in contact with proteins. The properties of confined water are studied as a function of both temperature and hydration level. The interaction of water in the film close to the substrate with the silica atoms induces a strong distortion of the hydrogen bond network. At high hydration levels a double dynamical regime is observed. At low hydration an anomalous diffusion is found upon supercooling with a transition from a Brownian to a non-Brownian regime on approaching the substrate in agreement with results found in studies of water in contact with globular proteins.Received: 1 January 2003, Published online: 14 October 2003PACS: 61.20.-p Structure of liquids - 61.20.Ja Computer simulation of liquid structure     

Anomalous scattering in supercooled ST2 water

ABSTRACT

Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of systems containing up to 256,000 molecules were performed to investigate the scattering behaviour of the ST2 water model at deeply supercooled conditions. The simulations reveal that ST2 exhibits anomalous scattering, reminiscent of that observed in experiment, which is characterised by an increase in the static structure factor at low wavenumbers. This unusual behaviour in ST2 is linked with coupled fluctuations in density and local tetrahedral order in the liquid. The Ornstein–Zernike correlation length estimated from the anomalous scattering component exhibits power-law growth upon cooling, consistent with the existence of a liquid–liquid critical point (LLCP) in the ST2 model at ca. 245 K. Further, spontaneous liquid–liquid phase separation is observed upon thermally quenching a large system with 256,000 water molecules below the predicted critical temperature into the two-phase region. The large-scale MD simulations therefore confirm the existence of a metastable liquid–liquid phase transition in ST2 and support findings from previous computational studies performed using smaller systems containing only a few hundred molecules. We anticipate that our analysis may prove useful in interpreting recent scattering experiments that have been performed to search for an LLCP in deeply supercooled water.