谈极限的求解方法及注意问题

本文系统总结了七种常见的不定式,无穷多项和、差、积的极限和分段函数极限这三类极限的常用求解方法及注意的问题,并通过例子进行了分析说明.在此基础上提出了根据极限类型确定极限求法的基本解题思路.     

极限概念教学难点分析及其突破策略

多年来,我国不少学者就极限概念教学难的问题做了大量研究,但该问题并未得到根本解决。通过对极限概念教学进行全面系统的研究,将会发现,在我国的教材体系下,极限概念教学的最大特点是难点多而密集。具体表现在极限的精确定义被高度形式化,且逻辑结构复杂、极限精确定义种类繁多、用精确定义验证极限的证明形式独特、证明技巧性强等方面。因此,为使极限概念教学难的问题得到根本解决,需采取充分铺垫、分散难点、淡化形式、借助直观、梯式演练和因材施教等策略。     

分式线性递推数列极限的案例分析

针对分式线性递推数列,借助具体案例,探讨利用通项求极限、存在性求极限以及数学实验观察极限等多种方法,以期拓展学生的视野和提高学生学习数列极限的积极性。     

例说n项和数列极限的几种求法

有限个数列和的极限一般可用"数列和的极限等于数列极限的和"的运算法则来计算,而对于n项和数列的极限不能采用和的运算法则.针对此问题,文中利用迫敛性、定积分、幂级数和函数性质以及Fourier级数和函数得到了求此类极限的方法.     

高三专题教学的设计与反思:极限思想在解题中的应用

基于历年上海高考试题以及高三学生复习数列极限时存在的问题,笔者将高考中出现的极限问题重新编排和变式,在引导学生理解极限思想内涵的同时,解决“无限”变化的极限问题,并提升到运用极限思想解题的高度.本专题的教学设计与实施,既关注极限概念的巩固与加强,又注重极限思想的提炼与应用,着眼于学生数学抽象、数学运算和直观想象等核心素养的培养和提升.     

向量场的积分曲线分类和链群与有向同伦不变性

利用积分曲线的极限集,对紧流形M上向量场X所确定的积分曲线进行了分类,在分类的基础上定义了向量场X的链群、极限集闭链群和极限集边缘链群,以及两个同类群,最后还引入了向量场正向同伦和负向同伦的概念,并证明了极限集是正向同伦和负向同伦不变的,链群、极限集闭链群和极限集边缘链群以及两个同类群在向量场双向同伦的情况下是同构的.     

向量场的积分曲线分类和链群与有向同伦不变性

利用积分曲线的极限集,对紧流形M上向量场X所确定的积分曲线进行了分类,在分类的基础上定义了向量场X的链群、极限集闭链群和极限集边缘链群,以及两个同类群,最后还引入了向量场正向同伦和负向同伦的概念,并证明了极限集是正向同伦和负向同伦不变的,链群、极限集闭链群和极限集边缘链群以及两个同类群在向量场双向同伦的情况下是同构的.     

对极限概念的剖析

从极限的定义出发,重点从正反两个不同的侧面对极限定义进行分析,并以几何直观进行讨论.对极限的定义进行深层拓展,介绍n维欧氏空间中函数极限的概念,距离空间中点列极限的概念,极限定义的D-语言,向量值函数的极限.     

从应用角度谈两个重要极限教学

两个重要极限,在微积分中具有重要作用.但传统教学往往侧重于理论证明和例题讲解,忽略了它们的应用.本文通过"割圆术"与第一个重要极限、银行复利与第二个重要极限,阐述两个重要极限的应用,以期引起对两个重要极限实际应用的重视.     

一道数列极限的多种解法

利用数学分析中关于数列极限的定义、收敛数列的性质及数列极限存在的条件,介绍一道数列极限问题的多种解法.     

Determining a Rotation of a Tetrahedron from a Projection

The following problem, arising from medical imaging, is addressed: Suppose that T is a known tetrahedron in ?³ with centroid at the origin. Also known is the orthogonal projection U of the vertices of the image ?T of T under an unknown rotation ? about the origin. Under what circumstances can ? be determined from T and U?     

Calculating a function of a matrix with a real spectrum

Let T be a square matrix with a real spectrum, and let f be an analytic function. The problem of the approximate calculation of f(T) is discussed. Applying the Schur triangular decomposition and the reordering, one can assume that T is triangular and its diagonal entries t_ii are arranged in increasing order. To avoid calculations using the differences t_ii ? t_jj with close (including equal) t_ii and t_jj, it is proposed to represent T in a block form and calculate the two main block diagonals using interpolating polynomials. The rest of the f(T) entries can be calculated using the Parlett recurrence algorithm. It is also proposed to perform some scalar operations (such as the building of interpolating polynomials) with an enlarged number of significant decimal digits.

     

On a mapping of a projective space into a sphere

We obtain an exact estimate for the minimum multiplicity of a continuous finite-to-one mapping of a projective space into a sphere for all dimensions. For finite-to-one mappings of a projective space into a Euclidean space, we obtain an exact estimate for this multiplicity for n = 2, 3. For n ≥ 4, we prove that this estimate does not exceed 4. Several open questions are formulated.     

Evolution to a steady state for a rarefied gas flowing from a tank into a vacuum through a plane channel

A kinetic equation (S-model) is used to solve the nonstationary problem of a monatomic rarefied gas flowing from a tank of infinite capacity into a vacuum through a long plane channel. Initially, the gas is at rest and is separated from the vacuum by a barrier. The temperature of the channel walls is kept constant. The flow is found to evolve to a steady state. The time required for reaching a steady state is examined depending on the channel length and the degree of gas rarefaction. The kinetic equation is solved numerically by applying a conservative explicit finite-difference scheme that is firstorder accurate in time and second-order accurate in space. An approximate law is proposed for the asymptotic behavior of the solution at long times when the evolution to a steady state becomes a diffusion process.     

Motion of a container as a nonholonomous system in a curved section of a horizontal pipeline

The problem of the motion of a container in a curved section of a horizontal pipeline is solved using second-order Lagrange equations in the presence of nonholonous couplings. The special case of the motion of a container in a circular curve is examined.Translated from Matematicheskie Metody i Fiziko-Mekhanicheskie Polya, No. 25, pp. 90–95, 1987.