用于湍流燃烧温度测量的激光诊断技术

在湍流燃烧模型及CFD仿真软件的实验验证以及实际燃烧装置性能改进中,准确的温度测量以及温度梯度分布测量十分重要.Rayleigh散射、过滤Rayleigh散射和双线平面激光诱导荧光等基于激光的测温技术已在湍流燃烧实验研究中广泛应用,但每种测温技术都不能满足所有的测量环境.因此,须根据具体的探测对象和测量需求,对测温方法和实验方案进行合理选择.文章主要对这3种测温技术的工作原理、适用条件、研究现状和实际应用中需注意的问题进行综述.      

飞秒相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射光谱测温研究进展

当今世界大约90%的能量供应都是由燃烧生成的。在燃烧场中,火焰的温度影响着场中各种组分链式反应的途径和浓度,获取燃烧场温度信息可以为提高燃料燃烧效率,改进燃烧装置的设计提供重要的支撑依据。随着我国在航空、航天和航海这类高端制造业领域的不断发展,各种大型燃气轮机和超声速发动机的研发进入加速期,此类燃烧装置产生的火焰具有高温、高压、湍流超声速和持续时间短等特点。传统的接触式测温法难以对这类湍流燃烧场进行温度测量,近年以激光光谱法为代表的非接触式测温技术逐渐走向成熟,并获得了广泛地应用。与超短脉冲相结合的飞秒相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射光谱测温技术凭借可提供高时间分辨率(每秒可提供上千个测温数据)、高测温精度和高测温灵敏度等优势而被应用到各种高温、湍流等复杂燃烧场景温度诊断中。文章概述了飞秒相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射测温技术的基本原理,综述了该技术在稳态火焰、加热气体、模拟燃气轮机等燃烧环境中测温工作的研究进展,简要介绍了飞秒时间分辨相干反斯托克斯拉曼光谱的研究和应用,着重介绍了可以实现毫秒量级时间分辨率的飞秒啁啾探测脉冲相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射测温技术和混合飞秒/皮秒相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射测温技术的基...     

燃烧场参数的激光诊断技术研究

介绍了燃烧场参数的激光诊断技术的研究进展,给出了用自发拉曼散射、激光诱导荧光、相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射法诊断燃烧场温度和组分的实验系统和部分实验结果,单次测量火焰的温度和组分浓度相对误差小于10%;利用平面激光诱导荧光技术获得了稳定燃烧场二维OH荧光图像,并分析了激光作用区域火焰二维温度场的分布。     

燃烧场参数的激光诊断技术研究

 介绍了燃烧场参数的激光诊断技术的研究进展，给出了用自发拉曼散射、激光诱导荧光、相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射法诊断燃烧场温度和组分的实验系统和部分实验结果，单次测量火焰的温度和组分浓度相对误差小于10%；利用平面激光诱导荧光技术获得了稳定燃烧场二维OH荧光图像，并分析了激光作用区域火焰二维温度场的分布。     

基于飞秒激光成丝测量燃烧场温度

激光诊断技术是燃烧温度场无干扰在线测量的主要手段,开发精确的燃烧场温度测量技术对于研究燃烧基础问题具有重要意义.目前,基于激光的燃烧场测温技术大多以纳秒激光作为光源,基于飞秒激光的测温技术相对较少.本文开发了一种基于飞秒激光成丝的燃烧场温度测量方法.飞秒激光在光学介质中传播时,会形成一条具有一维长度且强度均匀分布的光丝,由于光丝内的功率密度极高,足以通过光解和激光诱导光化学反应等方式将原子/分子激发到高能级,进而向低能级跃迁时释放荧光.通过相机收集荧光信号即可获得光丝的空间长度,光丝的长度与光学介质的温度密切相关,将光丝置于已知温度的燃烧场中,可获得不同温度下的光丝长度,结合理论推导,对实验数据进行拟合,可获得光丝长度与温度的定量关系,进而实现燃烧场温度的测量.     

自发喇曼散射技术对燃烧场的诊断

介绍了利用Nd:YAG激光的三倍频激发自发振动喇曼散射技术对燃烧场的诊断及相关的实验原理,测量了不同配比条件下的CH4-air预混火焰内的主要组分(N2,O2,H2O,CH4)及其相对浓度;并分别用分子浓度测温法和斯托克斯谱与反斯托克斯谱强度比法测量了火焰的温度;还对该技术测温、测浓度的不确定度进行了分析。将该技术应用到对复杂的固体燃剂燃烧场的诊断,取得了燃烧场中几种主要燃烧组分（N2,H2CO,CH4,H2O）的喇曼光谱,以及这些组分在燃烧过程中的变化信息。     

激光光谱技术在燃烧诊断中的应用

激光光谱燃烧诊断技术由于测量的非介入性、高分辨率和高灵敏度,成为了燃烧科学中的研究热点.文中综述了自发拉曼散射技术(VRS)、相干反斯托克斯拉曼散射技术(CARS)和平面激光诱导荧光技术(PLIF)的原理、方法、特点及其发展现状.并展望了它们在燃烧科学中的应用前景.     

LIPS技术测量CH_4/空气预混火焰温度

简述了激光诱导偏振光谱技术的测温原理和实验方法,并利用激光诱导偏振光谱技术测量了常压CH4/空气预混火焰的温度分布。该技术灵敏度高,且不受碰撞猝灭的影响,适于诊断各种实际的燃烧过程。通过研究激光能量与信号强度的关系,获得了激光功率密度与信号强度的关系曲线以及实验中的最佳激光功率密度;记录并测量了燃烧场中OH分子A2∑＋-X2Π（0,0）跃迁带中P 1（2）和Q 1（8）两条吸收线的强度,用双线法计算了相应的温度,给出了CH4/空气预混火焰中不同化学配比条件下燃烧场温度的空间分布,实验结果与CARS的测量结果吻合较好。     

激光诱导热光栅光谱测温技术研究

报道了激光诱导热光栅光谱测温技术的研究. 通过两束相干交叉的脉冲抽运光, 在NO₂/N₂混合气中诱导出热光栅, 一束满足布拉格散射条件的连续探测光在交叉区域激励出相干的热光栅信号, 经过空间和光谱滤波的信号光由光电倍增管探测, 并由数字示波器显示和存储. 该信号携带了丰富的流场信息, 通过频域分析, 对气体的温度进行了测量, 热光栅光谱技术测量的温度与热电偶温度符合得很好. 同时还利用热光栅光谱技术进行了气体声速的直接测量, 在一定的温度范围内, 测量结果与理论曲线基本一致, 显示了该技术具有较高的测量精度与多参数同时测量的能力. 对影响信号波形的因素进行了分析, 结果表明, 热光栅光谱测温技术在高压强环境下应用具有独特的优势, 是一种应用前景广阔的激光燃烧诊断技术.     

自发喇曼散射技术对燃烧场的诊断

 介绍了利用Nd:YAG激光的三倍频激发自发振动喇曼散射技术对燃烧场的诊断及相关的实验原理，测量了不同配比条件下的CH₄-air预混火焰内的主要组分(N₂，O₂，H₂O，CH₄)及其相对浓度；并分别用分子浓度测温法和斯托克斯谱与反斯托克斯谱强度比法测量了火焰的温度；还对该技术测温、测浓度的不确定度进行了分析。将该技术应用到对复杂的固体燃剂燃烧场的诊断，取得了燃烧场中几种主要燃烧组分（N₂，H₂CO，CH₄，H₂O）的喇曼光谱，以及这些组分在燃烧过程中的变化信息。     

Spatially resolved Raman scattering for multi-species and temperature analysis in technically applied combustion systems: Spray flame and four-cylinder in-line engine

Spatially resolved Raman scattering is used to measure the single shot stoichiometry before ignition inside a realistic internal combustion engine with high single shot precision of l%–4% (depending on the extent of spatial averaging). The high precision results from the simultaneous detection of fuel and N₂ (O₂), which yields stoichiometry via a relative measurement. The cycle-to-cycle fluctuations of stoichiometry are clearly resolved. The feasibility of averaged spatially resolved simultaneous multi-species detection is demonstrated in a commercial oil-burning furnace as well. The limited precision that is usually obtained in Raman scattering by interfering emissions is highly improved using the fact that the interfering emission is unpolarized whereas Raman scattering is highly polarized. Therefore, Raman measurements provided good signal-to-noise ratios in the spray flame even in the area where fuel droplets occur and during combustion in the engine. The optical multichannel analyzer yields one-dimensional spatial resolution, and offers the capability to easily combine Raman scattering with Rayleigh scattering and laser-induced fluorescence detection of minority species.     

Simultaneous multiple-line Raman/Rayleigh/LIF measurements in combustion

It is demonstrated that multiple 1D Raman scattering, Rayleigh scattering, and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements can be performed simultaneously. This can be used for quasi-2D (or quasi-3D) single-shot measurements of multiple species and the temperature in turbulent reacting and non-reacting flows. The technique has the potential to yield more precise information than most competitive planar imaging approaches in combustion. For example, it can be used to overcome Raman/LIF interference problems in technical flames. This is achieved by a new optical set-up that makes use of an imaging spectrograph combined with fiber optics. Received: 13 October 1999 / Revised version: 26 November 1999 / Published online: 27 January 2000     

现代光谱对燃烧与爆炸过程瞬态温度的实时诊断技术

燃烧温度是表征燃烧和爆炸行为和特征的重要参数之一,它将有效地指导新型炸药,火工品,爆破器材和新型武器的设计与制造。本文综述了现代光谱对火焰与爆炸过程瞬态温度的实时诊断技术,如原子发射-吸收光谱法、原子发射双谱线法、原子发射多谱线光谱法、分子转振光谱法、激光相干反斯托克斯拉曼光谱法和平面激光诱导荧光光谱法的应用和新近发展。其中原子发射-吸收光谱法的最大时间分辨率可达25μs,双谱线法的时间分辨率可高达0.1μs,完全适应于猛烈的爆炸和燃烧火焰的瞬态实时温度诊断的需要。其他的方法也将对研究火焰与爆炸过程的规律和燃烧瞬态特征的表征提供了新的有效的研究方法。     

Quantitative multi-line NO-LIF temperature imaging

A novel temperature-imaging technique based on laser-induced fluorescence of nitric oxide is presented, analyzed and applied. Multi-line rotational thermometry is combined with an efficient spectra-fitting procedure in an imaging configuration. The technique is sensitive over a wide range of temperatures and robustly applicable to different steady combustion and flow systems. Application is shown in premixed and partially premixed ethylene/air Bunsen flames with equivalence ratios between 0.7 and 3.0, and the results are compared to coherent anti-Stokes Raman-scattering temperature measurements. The technique is robust against strong elastic scattering from soot in the rich flames. It yields absolute, quantitative temperature measurements without the necessity of external calibration. PACS 07.20.Dt; 42.62.Fi; 32.50.+d; 33.20.Lg     

Evaluation of toluene LIF thermometry detection strategies applied in an internal combustion engine

In the context of toluene laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) thermometry, the two common LIF detection strategies, namely one-color and two-color detection, have been simultaneously applied to compare each strategy’s ability to accurately resolve thermal gradients during an engine cycle within an optically accessible internal combustion (IC) engine. Temperature images are obtained from high-speed toluene LIF measurements and are combined with high-speed particle image velocimetry. The combination with flow data and Mie scattering images facilitates the interpretation of differences between the toluene LIF detection strategies. Two-color temperature images are limited in their ability to detect thermal gradients near the end of compression due to larger precision uncertainties. Local regions of cold gases in the two-color images are better identified with the guidance of the one-color images when homogeneous toluene mixtures preside. During expansion, large differences exist between one- and two-color temperature images and likely caused by local mixture fraction heterogeneities that bias the one-color detection strategy. Toluene condensation occurs during the expansion and exhaust stroke and causes local mixture fraction heterogeneities in the combustion chamber. Liquid toluene is in contact with solid surfaces and crevices of the combustion chamber and can evaporate during compression or expansion causing both local temperature and mixture stratification. This work demonstrates the advantage of high-speed imaging and use of multiple image diagnostics to reveal the development of natural temperature and mixture stratification in a motored IC engine. This work also suggests that natural temperature stratification typically regarded from gas-wall heat transfer may also be caused by liquid droplet evaporation on solid surfaces. Such phenomenon, however, is expected to be pertinent for all modern-day engine operating systems.     

One-dimensional single-shot thermometry in flames using femtosecond-CARS line imaging

We report single-laser-shot one-dimensional thermometry in flames using femtosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (fs-CARS) line imaging. Fs-CARS enables high-repetition-rate (1-10?kHz), nearly collision-free measurement of temperature and species concentration in reacting flows. Two high-power 800?nm beams are used as the pump and probe beams and a 983?nm beam is used as the Stokes beam for CARS signal generation from the N2Q-branch transitions at ～2330?cm(-1). The probe beam is frequency-chirped for single-laser-shot imaging. All three laser beams are formed into sheets and crossed in a line which forms the probe region. The resulting 1D line-CARS signal at ～675?nm is spatially and spectrally resolved and recorded as a two-dimensional (2D) image. Single-shot temperature measurements are demonstrated in flat-field flames up to temperatures exceeding 2000?K, demonstrating the potential of fs-CARS line imaging for high-repetition-rate thermometry in turbulent flames. Such measurements can provide valuable data to validate complex turbulent-combustion models as well as increase the understanding of the spatio-temporal instabilities in practical combustion devices such as modern gas-turbine combustors and augmentors.     

Reaction zone structures and mixing characteristics of partially premixed swirling CH4/air flames in a gas turbine model combustor

The mixing, reaction progress, and flame front structures of partially premixed flames have been investigated in a gas turbine model combustor using different laser techniques comprising laser Doppler velocimetry for the characterization of the flow field, Raman scattering for simultaneous multi-species and temperature measurements, and planar laser-induced fluorescence of CH for the visualization of the reaction zones. Swirling CH₄/air flames with Re numbers between 7500 and 60,000 have been studied to identify the influence of the turbulent flow field on the thermochemical state of the flames and the structures of the CH layers. Turbulence intensities and length scales, as well as the classification of these flames in regime diagrams of turbulent combustion, are addressed. The results indicate that the flames exhibit more characteristics of a diffusion flame (with connected flame zones) than of a uniformly premixed flame.     

Development of rotational CARS for combustion diagnostics using a polarization approach

Rotational Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS) has the last decades been developed into a useful tool for thermometry and concentration measurements in combustion. In this paper, we present a novel polarization approach of the technique, which will enhance its potential and widen the range of conditions at which it can be utilized. The theory of the polarization approach is described in detail. It is shown that by specific arrangement of the polarizations of the laser beams, total suppression of the non-resonant background signal can be obtained, and thus by probing only the resonant CARS signal the diagnostic utility of the technique increases. The main benefit of the approach is in situations where the non-resonant background signal is relatively high in comparison with the resonant signal. The high potential of polarization rotational CARS for thermometry is demonstrated in some illustrative examples, for example, nitrogen thermometry on the fuel side of diffusion flames, and carbon monoxide thermometry in the product gas of ethylene/oxygen/argon-flames.     

Laser-induced thermal effects on Si/SiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> free-standing superlattices

The thermal effects produced by continuous-wave laser radiation on free-standing Si/SiO₂ superlattices are studied. We compare two samples with different SiO₂ layer thicknesses (2 and 6 nm) and the same Si layer thickness (2 nm). The as-prepared free-standing superlattices contain some amount of Si nanocrystals (Si-nc). Intense laser irradiation at 488 nm of the as-prepared samples enhances the Raman scattering of Si-nc by two orders of magnitude. This laser-induced crystallization originates from melting of Si nanostructures in silica, which makes Si-nc better ordered and better isolated from the oxide surrounding. Continuous-wave laser control of Si-nc stress was achieved in these samples. In the proposed model, intense laser radiation melts Si-nc, and Si crystallization upon cooling down from the liquid phase in a silica matrix leads to compressive stress. The Si-nc stress can be tuned in the ∼3 GPa range using laser annealing below the Si melting temperature. The high laser-induced temperatures were verified with Raman spectroscopy. The laser-induced heat leads to a strongly nonlinear rise of light emission. The light emission is also observed in the anti-Stokes region, and its temperature dependence is practically the same for the two studied samples. The laser-induced temperature is essentially controlled by the absorbed laser power. PACS 78.55.-m; 78.20.-e; 68.55.-a; 78.30.-j