多障碍物通道中激波诱导气相爆轰的数值研究

应用数值模拟方法，研究了直通道中激波经过多块矩形障碍物时诱导 H2/O2混合气体起爆的物理机制. 研究表明：在前导激波强度不足以诱导波后气 体直接起爆的条件下，经过激波压缩的可燃气体也可能在远离激波的障碍物之间的凹槽部位 起爆；障碍物表面产生的压缩波、膨胀波和气流滑移面对可燃气体的起爆、爆轰波的形成和 传播过程有重要的影响；添加不同稀释比的氮气可以影响爆轰波后流场的温度分布；增加障 碍物的间距可以改变可燃气起爆位置.     

可燃气体中激波聚焦的点火特性

数值模拟了二维平面激波从抛物面上反射在可燃气体中聚焦的过程，研究了形 成爆轰波的点火特性. 对理想化学当量比氢气/空气混合气体，在初始压强20kPa的条件下， 马赫数2.6-2.8的激波聚焦能产生两个点火区：第1个点火区是反射激波会聚引起的，第 2个点火区是由入射激波在抛物面上发生马赫反射引起的. 这种条件下流场中会出现爆燃转 爆轰，起爆点分别分布在管道壁面、抛物反射面和第2点火区附近. 起爆机理分别为激波管 道壁面反射、点火诱导激波的抛物面反射和点火诱导的激波与第2点火区产生的爆燃波的相 互作用. 不同的点火和起爆过程导致了不同的流场波系结构，同时影响了爆轰波传播的波动 力学过程.     

可燃气体中激波与障碍物作用在下游形成爆轰波的数值研究

对平面激波和单个矩形障碍物作用的过程进行了数值模拟,研究了反射产生的上行爆轰波在下游可燃气体中形成爆轰波的过程。数值结果表明,下游爆轰波形成过程主要有2种模式:爆轰波直接绕射和绕射波在上壁面反射,这和已有的实验结果是一致的。通过研究下游爆轰波的形成过程受入射激波马赫数、混合气体的压力和管道尺度的影响,分析了上游爆轰波向下游传播的波动力学过程,讨论了2种形成过程的作用规律和控制因素,阐明了下游爆轰波的形成规律。     

激波在不同三角楔面内传播特性的数值研究

激波在收缩管内的反射与聚焦会形成高温高压区,点燃可燃混合气并诱导爆轰,因此对爆轰发动机的点火具有重要意义。本文基于二维N-S方程,结合五阶WENO格式,对马赫数为6的正激波在三角形楔面内的反射与聚焦现象进行了数值研究。结果表明,楔面顶角的变化对激波的反射类型以及聚焦均有明显的影响:随着顶角的增加,激波的反射类型从马赫反射向过渡马赫反射和双马赫反射转变,且壁面上的前向射流更加明显;三波点第一次碰撞产生的高温高压区足够满足可燃混合气体的点火条件,且其温度与压力值随顶角的增加而增大;当激波在楔面上发生临界双马赫反射时,温度与压力达到最大;当顶角增加到一定值时,激波在楔面反射转变为常规反射,不会产生激波对碰,因而没有高温高压区。     

环形激波绕射, 反射和聚焦的数值模拟研究

应用频散可控耗散格式对环形激波在圆柱形激波管内绕射、反射和聚焦的问题进行了数值模拟研究，研究结果表明环形激波形成强烈聚焦的关键因素是环形激波在圆柱形管道中向对称轴运动时，绕射激波就不断加速而不作通常情况下的衰减；不同马赫数的环形激波绕射也产生不同马赫数及形状的准柱形激波，导致聚焦效果和位置的差异；另外，环形激波聚焦于一个点而圆柱形激波聚焦于一条线，两者有本质不同。     

动力刚化问题的实验研究

应用频散可控耗散格式对环形激波在圆柱形激波管内绕射、反射和聚焦 的问题进行了数值模拟研究. 研究结果表明环形激波形成强烈聚焦的关键因素是环形激波在 圆柱形管道中向对称轴运动时，绕射激波就不断加速而不作通常情况下的衰减；不同马赫数 的环形激波绕射也产生不同马赫数及形状的准柱形激波，导致聚焦效果和位置的差异；另外， 环形激波聚焦于一个点而圆柱形激波聚焦于一条线,两者有本质不同.     

激波与爆轰波对撞的数值模拟研究

用二阶精度NND差分格式和改进的二阶段化学反应模型模拟了爆轰波与激波的对撞过程,研究了不同强度入射激波对爆轰过渡区域的影响. 当对撞激波较弱时,透射爆轰波演变主要受流动膨胀作用的影响,可划分为对撞影响区、爆轰恢复区和稳定发展区3个阶段. 在爆轰恢复区和稳定发展区,前导激波压力经历一个过冲、然后向稳定爆轰过渡的过程,表现了爆轰波熄爆和再起爆的物理特征. 当对撞激波较强时,可燃混合气体的高热力学参数导致了更高的化学反应活化程度,形成了弱爆轰向稳定爆轰的直接转变.      

激波管双爆轰驱动段性能的数值模拟研究

采用频散可控的耗散格式(DCD)，求解Euler方程和一种改进的二阶段化学反应模型， 对氢氧反向-正向双爆轰驱动段激波管进行了数值模拟. 计算结果表明：当辅驱动段与主驱动 段初始压力比小于临界值时，Taylor波仍会出现，但波扇夹角较单一前向爆轰驱动段小，入 射激波马赫数衰减率变小；当初始压力比等于临界值时，主驱动段中的Taylor波完全被消除， 入射激波马赫数不再衰减. 当初始压力比大于临界值时，在主驱动段中能产生过驱动爆轰波， 不仅Taylor波被完全消除，而且驱动能力较单一前向爆轰驱动段强.     

圆球诱发斜爆轰波的数值研究

斜爆轰发动机是飞行器在高马赫数飞行条件下的一种新型发动机,具有结构简单、成本低和比冲高等优点.但是斜爆轰发动机的来流马赫数范围广,来流条件复杂,为实现斜爆轰波的迅速、可靠引发,采用钝头体来诱发.利用Euler方程和氢氧基元反应模型,对超声速氢气/空气混合气体中圆球诱导的斜爆轰流场进行了数值研究.不同于楔面诱发的斜爆轰波,球体首先会在驻点附近诱发正激波/爆轰波,然后在稀疏波作用下发展为斜激波/爆轰波.模拟结果显示,经过钝头体压缩的预混气体达到自燃温度后,会出现两种流场:当马赫数较低时,由于稀疏波的影响,燃烧熄灭,钝头体下游不会出现燃烧情况;而当马赫数较高时,燃烧阵面能传到下游.分析表明,当钝头体的尺度较小时,驻点附近的能量不足以诱发爆轰波,只会形成明显的燃烧带与激波非耦合结构;当钝头体的尺度较大时,流场中不会出现燃烧带与激波的非耦合现象,且这一特征与马赫数无关.通过调整球体直径,获得了激波和燃烧带部分耦合的燃烧流场结构,这一流场结构在楔面诱发的斜爆轰波中并不存在,说明稀疏波与爆轰波面的相互作用是决定圆球诱发斜爆轰波的关键.     

圆柱形爆轰波的二维数值模拟

基于带化学反应的二维Euler方程,对圆柱形爆轰波的直接起爆和传播过程进行了二维数值模拟研究,拟分析起爆条件和初始压强对圆柱形爆轰波形成和传播的影响。研究发现,圆柱形爆轰波起爆成功向外传播的过程中,新的三波结构的生成标志着爆轰波进入稳定传播阶段。在起爆能量足够的情况下,起爆半径(曲率)的大小决定着三波结构初始形成时的数目和传播半径,起爆压强对其基本不产生影响;起爆半径大(曲率小)时,三波结构初始形成时的传播半径大、数目多,圆柱形爆轰波进入稳定传播阶段的传播距离长;数值模拟中,初始压强的提高,有助于圆柱形爆轰在较短的传播距离内进入稳定传播阶段。     

激波聚焦诱导点火和爆轰的数值研究

以二维轴对称多组分Euler方程为基础，采用非正交结构化网格和改进的波传播算法，模拟了激波在抛物形反射壁面聚焦反射诱导点火和爆轰的过程，描述了其流场形态。讨论了预混气组成、入射激波强度及反射壁面形状对点火和爆轰的影响。结果表明，激波在抛物形反射壁面顶点处聚焦反射可形成局部高温高压区域，该区域在一定条件下可点燃预混气甚至形成爆轰，其中低稀释剂浓度的预混气、较大的入射激波Mach数和较深的反射壁面有利于可燃预混气形成爆轰。     

Effect of reflection type on detonation initiation at shock-wave focusing

Abstract. From practical and theoretical standpoints, the initiation of combustion in gaseous media due to the shock waves focusing process at various reflectors is a subject of much current interest. The complex gas flowfield coupled with chemical kinetics provides a wide spectrum of possible regimes of combustion, such as fast flames, deflagration, detonation etc. Shock wave reflection at concave surfaces or wedges causes converging of the flow and produces local zones with extremely high pressures and temperatures. The present work deals with the initiation of detonation due to shock waves focusing at parabolic and wedge reflectors. Particular attention has been given to the determination of the critical values of the incident shock wave (ISW) Mach number, parameters of the combustible mixture, and geometrical sizes of reflector at which different combustion regimes could be generated. Received 30 August 1999 / Accepted 23 February 2000     

Detonation and deflagration initiation at the focusing of shock waves in combustible gaseous mixture

Abstract. Detonation and deflagration initiation under focusing conditions in a lean hydrogen-air mixture was experimentally investigated. The experiments were carried out in a shock tube equipped with the laser schlieren system and pressure transducers. Two-dimensional wedges (53° and 90°), semi-cylinder and parabola, were used as the focusing elements. The peculiarities of mild and strong ignition inside the reflector cavity were visualized. A hydrogen-nitrogen mixture was taken for comparison between reactive and inert mixture. It was found that mild ignition inside the reflector cavity can lead to detonation initiation outside the cavity. Schlieren pictures of the process were obtained and the dependence of the distance of detonation initiation on Mach number of the incident shock wave was established. Received 30 August 1999 / Accepted 23 February 2000     

Numerical investigation of toroidal shock wave focusing in a cylindrical chamber

In this paper, focusing of a toroidal shock wave propagating from an annular shock tube into a cylindrical chamber was investigated numerically with the dispersion controlled dissipation (DCD) scheme. The first case for an incident Mach number of 1.5 was conducted and compared with experiments for validation. Then, several cases were calculated for higher incident Mach numbers varying from 2.0 to 5.0, and complicated flow structures were observed. The numerical study was mainly focused on two aspects: focusing process and flow structures. The process, including diffraction, focusing, and reflection, is displayed to reveal the focusing mechanism, and the flow structures at different incident. Mach numbers are used to demonstrate shock reflection styles and focusing characteristics. PACS 47.40.Ki; 47.40.Nm; 52.35.Tc     

环形激波聚焦流场特性的数值研究

针对环形激波聚焦过程产生的高温、高压特性,采用间断有限元方法模拟了环形激波在同轴圆柱 形激波管内的聚焦流场特性。计算结果表明,采用间断有限元方法能够有效地捕捉激波聚焦过程形成的二次 激波、涡环、三波交点和球面双马赫反射等主要流动特征。此外,通过改变环形管道内外半径对聚焦流场进行 模拟发现,环形管道外径对中心轴线上聚焦峰值压力的大小和位置影响较小,环形管道内径对中心轴线上聚 焦峰值压力的大小和位置影响较大。计算结果可以为工程应用提供一定的理论指导。     

Dynamic characteristics of spherically converging detonation waves

The spherically converging detonation wave was numerically investigated by solving the one-dimensional multi-component Euler equations in spherical coordinates with a dispersion-controlled dissipative scheme. Finite rate and detailed chemical reaction models were used and numerical solutions were obtained for both a spherical by converging detonation in a stoichiometric hydrogen-oxygen mixture and a spherically focusing shock in air. The results showed that the post-shock pressure approximately arises to the same amplitude in vicinity of the focal point for the two cases, but the post-shock temperature level mainly depends on chemical reactions and molecular dissociations of a gas mixture. While the chemical reaction heat plays an important role in the early stage of detonation wave propagation, gas dissociations dramatically affect the post-shock flow states near the focal point. The maximum pressure and temperature, non-dimensionalized by their initial value, are approximately scaled to the propagation radius over the initial detonation diameter. The post-shock pressure is proportional to the initial pressure of the detonable mixture, and the post-shock temperature is also increased with the initial pressure, but in a much lower rate than that of the post-shock pressure. Zonglin Jiang is presently a visiting professor at McGill University, Canada.