Compositions of the seed oil of the Borago officinalis from Iran

In order to investigate the composition of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seed oil, this research was performed under the field conditions at Shahriyar and Garmsar zones, Iran during the 2012 planting year. The oil yield of borage was 31.46% and 33.7% at Shahriyar and Garmsar zone, respectively, and nine and eight fatty acids were identified in the seed oil of borage at Shahriyar and Garmsar, respectively – palmitic, linoleic, stearic and γ-linolenic acids were dominant in the seed oil of borage from both zones. Unsaturated fatty acid content was more than the saturated fatty acids in both zones. The ratio of linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid in the borage cultivated at Shahriyar and Garmsar zones was 2.13 and 2.29. The fatty acid profile of Garmsar borage, oleic and oleic/linoleic acid ratio, increased. Locations with different ecological conditions resulted in changes in both seed oil content and fatty acid profile of borage.     

Separation of highly unsaturated triacylglycerols by reversed phase HPLC with short wavelength UV detection

Reversed phase HPLC with short wavelength UV detection is a useful alternative to conventional separation systems, with RI detection, for the analysis of the triacylglycerols of highly unsaturated vegetable oils, including γ-linolenic acid-containing oils and technical drying oils. γ-Linolenic acid-containing triacylglycerols can be identified and separated from their α-linolenic analogs. The triacylglycerol fingerprints obtained by this technique from many γ-linolenic acid-containing oils and technical oils are highly characteristic, as is apparent from chromatograms obtained from the seed oils of Oenothera biennis, Borago officinalis, Ribes nigrum, Primula florindae, and Sapium sebiferum. Characteristic peak area ratios aid the identification of these oils, and estolide peaks are seen in Sapium seed kernel oils. The high detector response for triacylglycerols containing linoleate and/or linolenate residues may present additional advantages, e.g. in the detection of such triacylglycerols in olive oil.     

非水反相高效液相色谱-气相色谱法分析苏子油甘油三酯的组成

苏子油是目前已知α－亚麻酸含量最高的植物物种。首次对苏子油甘油三酯主要组分的组成结构进行了研究。非水反相高效液相色谱和气相色谱的结合为油脂中甘油三酯的分离分析提供了一个简便准确的方法。     

Unusual fatty acids in compositae: γ-Linolenic acid in Saussurea spp. seed oils

The plant family Compositae is known to produce a set of unusual fattly acids in their seed oil. Saussurea, a genus of the Compositae is less studied in respect to the fatty acid compsition of their seed oil. Only Saussurea candicans was reported to contain crepenynic acid (33%) as seed oil component. In continuation of our exploration of the portential of wild oil seeds, fatty acids in seed oils of seven Saussurea species (S. amara, S. salicifolia, S. lipschitzii, S. pseudoalpina, S. pricei, S. parviflora, and S. dorogostaiskii) growing in Mongolia a were investigated by means of capillary GLC on capiallary columns of different selectivity (Silar 5 CP and BPX 70). γ-Linolenic acid was found at levels up to 11% of the consitituent fatty acids of Saussurea spp. seed oils. This is the first time that γ-Linolenic acid has been found in members of the plant family Compositae. Moreover, the number, position and configuration of the double bonds in γ-linolenic acid and that of other fatty acids was additionally confirmed by silver ion thin layer chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The occurence and distribution of γ-linolenic acid, which has found considerable interest for pharmaceutical and dietary use, may be of chemotaxonomical significance in the plant family Compositae.     

A Pilot-Scale Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction to Valorize Colombian Mango Seed Kernel

Colombian mango production, which exceeded 261,000 t in 2020, generates about 40% of the whole fruit as solid waste, of which more than 50% are seed kernels (over 52,000 t solid by-product); though none is currently used for commercial purposes. This study reports the results of the supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) extraction of an oil rich in essential fatty acids (EFAs) from revalorized mango seed kernels and the optimization of the process by the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). In pilot-scale scCO₂ experiments, pressure (23–37 MPa) and temperature (52–73 °C) were varied, using 4.5 kg of CO₂. The highest experimental oil extraction yield was 83 g/kg (37 MPa and 63 °C); while RSM predicted that 84 g/kg would be extracted at 35 MPa and 65 °C. Moreover, by fine-tuning pressure and temperature it was possible to obtain an EFA-rich lipid fraction in linoleic (37 g/kg) and α-linolenic (4 g/kg) acids, along with a high oleic acid content (155 g/kg), by using a relatively low extraction pressure (23 MPa), which makes the process a promising approach for the extraction of oil from mango waste on an industrial scale, based on a circular economy model.     

Degradation of β-Carbolines Harman and Norharman in Edible Oils during Heating

The β-carbolines, mainly including harman and norharman, are a group of naturally occurring, plant-derived alkaloids, and are also considered as nonpolar heterocyclic aromatic amines. Sesame seed oils contain a high level of β-carbolines (harman and norharman). In China, sesame seed oil blends are one of the most popular types of vegetable oils blends, which can be used as cooking oils or frying oils. Thus, it is meaningful to investigate the degradation of β-carbolines (harman and norharman) in sesame seed oil blends as frying oils during heating. In this work, the loss of harman and norharman in different types of sesame seed oil blends have been investigated. The results showed that the degradation of harman and norharman were dependent both on the type of oil blends, heating temperature and time. Harman and norharman were more degraded during heating (150 °C, 180 °C) in oleic acid-rich oil blends compared to polyunsaturated acid-rich oil blends. Mechanistic investigation suggested that the reduction in harman and norharman in oil blends during heating was mainly due to the oxidative degradation reaction between β-carbolines and lipid oxidation products. Therefore, the contents of β-carbolines (harman and norharman) in sesame seed oil blends when used as frying oils and heated can be decreased with prolonged cooking time.     

Chromatographic Analysis for Fatty Acids and Lipid-Soluble Bioactives of Derris indica Crude Seed Oil

A combination of column chromatography (CC), gas chromatography (GC), thin layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography (LC) techniques were performed to analyze lipid classes, fatty acids and fat-soluble bioactives of Derris indica crude seed oil. Hexane extract of Derris indica oilseeds was found to be 56%. Level of neutral lipids in the crude seed oil was the highest, followed by glycolipids and phospholipids, respectively. Linoleic followed by α-linolenic, palmitic and oleic were the major fatty acids in the crude seed oil. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was higher in neutral lipid classes than in the polar lipid fractions. The oil was characterized by a relatively high amount of phytosterols, wherein the sterol markers were β-sitosterol, campesterol and stigmasterol. γ-Tocopherol was the major tocopherol while the rest being α-tocopherol. In consideration of potential utilization, detailed knowledge on the composition of Derris indica oil is of major importance.     

硬模板法高温水热合成微孔-介孔二氧化硅及掺铝介孔二氧化硅

摘要 采用高温水热合成的方法有利于得到具备高水热稳定性的介孔二氧化硅.本研究中,我们利用α-亚麻酸在加热条件下通过胶束内聚合转化为能够耐受高温水热环境的介观模板,利用此硬模板在高温水热条件下直接合成了微孔-介孔二氧化硅及掺铝介孔二氧化硅.采用了不同的表征手段如X射线衍射（XRD）,氮气吸附,透射电镜等手段对材料进行了表征. 实验结果表明,制得的材料在沸水中处理5天后,仍能保持670m2 g-1的比表面积.透射电镜结果和NLDFT孔径分析结果显示,材料同时具备介孔和微孔结构.29Si MAS NMR谱图显示,完全缩聚的Q4型硅为材料中主要的硅组分,这解释了材料的高水热稳定性.     

Chemical characterization of unconventional palm oils from Hyophorbe indica and two other endemic Arecaceae species from Reunion Island

Abstract

Chemical characteristics of novel seed oils, yet not investigated, from three endemic Arecaceae (palm) species from Reunion Island are described. Fatty acid profiles are performed using two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Carotenoid contents are determined by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results of the investigations emphasize the particular composition of the unconventional red seed oil from Hyophorbe indica. Characteristic features of this oil reveal a high degree of unsaturation (50% of polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a high content (17%) of omega-3), which is possibly a unique fatty acid composition in the Arecaceae family. The two other palm oils from Dictyosperma album and Latania lontaroides contain high level of saturated fatty acids very similar to that of the edible palm oil. H. indica oil is also very rich in valuable carotenoids; in particular, lutein, β-carotene and lycopene are detected in a high content (respectively 45, 23 and 35?mg.kg^?1 in oil).     

琉璃苣种子油中γ－亚麻酸的纯化

琉璃芭含油量高达3200,其中γ-亚麻酸含量占21%～25%,与多种含不饱和脂肪酸的植物如黑加仑、醋栗、月见草及红加仑等种子相比,琉璃芭种子油中γ-亚麻酸含量最高.γ-亚麻酸具有调血脂、降血压、美容保健、延缓衰老等多项生理功能.琉璃芭全草可食.     

Separation of γ-linolenic and other polyunsaturated fatty acids from Boraginaceae via supercritical CO2

Essential fatty acids were extracted from Echium amoenum (Boraginaceae) seed oil via supercritical carbon dioxide and the results were compared with conventional Soxhlet method as the base case of 100% recovery. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the effective extraction parameters. The chemical composition of recovered oil was analyzed by polar and non-polar gas chromatograph-flame ionization detector columns. The experimental results indicated that echium seed contained 25 wt% oil and the maximum extraction oil recovery of 92% was obtained via supercritical CO(2) at optimal operating conditions (43°C, 280 bar, 1.5 mL/min, 25 min static time and 130 min dynamic time). At similar operating conditions, applying 2.5 and 5 mol% ethanol as a modifier enhanced the recovery to 96 and 112%, respectively. The results showed that supercritical fluid extraction is a viable technique for separation of constituents such as γ-linolenic acid (7-8%), palmitic acid (6-7%), stearic acid (3-4%), oleic acid (12-13%), linoleic acid (19-20%), α-linolenic acid (40-41%) and stearidonic acid (8-9%) from Boraginaceae.     

A complete evaluation of thermal and oxidative stability of chia oil

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seed oil is the richest natural source of α-linolenic acid, an n ? 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA), contributing to its use as functional and nutraceutical food in large part of Latin America. However, a food with such fatty acid composition could be highly susceptible to lipid oxidation. Thus, the present study was conducted to determine the thermal and oxidative stability of chia oil by various methods. Rancimat method was used to evaluate the effect of synthetic and natural antioxidants in the oxidative stability. Pressurized differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC), Schaal test and ¹H NMR spectroscopy were used to assess the thermal stability. The effect of frying temperature and/or heating time on fatty acid composition was assessed by ¹H NMR. The results show that tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) and a mixture of TBHQ and rosemary extract were effective in increasing the oxidative stability of chia oil. Concerning the storage conditions, PDSC, Schaal test and ¹H NMR data showed that chia oil is stable at 60 °C; hence, there is no need for special storage conditions. PDSC and ¹H NMR results indicate that chia oil cannot be used in cooking and frying, because at high temperatures severe degradation of the unsaturated groups and loss of the nutritional properties of the oil occur.     

Presence of Cholesterol in Non-Animal Organisms: Identification and Quantification of Cholesterol in Crude Seed Oil from Perilla frutescens and Dehydrated Pyropia tenera

Studies have reported that cholesterol, a molecule found mainly in animals, is also present in some plants and algae. This study aimed to determine whether cholesterol exists in three dehydrated algae species, namely, Pyropia tenera, Saccharina japonica, and Undaria pinnatifida, and in one plant species, namely, Perilla frutescens (four perilla seed oil samples were analyzed). These species were chosen for investigation because they are common ingredients in East Asian cuisine. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) analysis found that cholesterol was present in P. tenera (14.6 mg/100 g) and in all four perilla seed oil samples (0.3–0.5 mg/100 g). High-performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light-scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD) also demonstrated that cholesterol was present in P. tenera (14.2 mg/100 g) and allowed the separation of cholesterol from its isomer lathosterol. However, cholesterol could not be detected by HPLC-ELSD in the perilla seed oil samples, most likely because it is only present in trace amounts. Moreover, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed the presence of cholesterol in both P. tenera and perilla seed oil. MRM results further suggested that lathosterol (a precursor of cholesterol) was present in P. tenera.     

Triglyceride Composition Seed Oils from Certain Plants

The type compositions of triglycerides (TAG) from seed oils of various plants were presented. The possibility of using a statistical model to estimate the ratio of TAG types formed by oleic, linoleic, and -linolenic acids was discussed. The greatest deviations from the statistical model were observed in oils for which the TAG contained -linolenic, -eleostearic, and ranunculeic acids.     

LE MÉTABOLISME DES ANTHOCYANES EN RELATION AVEC LA LUMIÈRE ET LA FLORAISON CHEZ PERILLA NANKINENSIS (LOUR.) DECNÉ

Abstract— Synthesis and degradation of anthocyanins in the leaves of Perilla nankinensis (S.D. plant) were studied in relation to photoperiod, light intensity and floral induction. No relation was found between anthocyanin degradation and floral induction as suggested earlier by Ermolaeva and Sironval. Discussion is opened on the significance of the observed variations of anthocyanin content in the leaves and on their relation with photosynthesis and respiration.     

Physicochemical,Antioxidant and Anticancer Characteristics of Seed Oil from Three Chenopodium quinoa Genotypes

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is recognized to be an excellent nutrient with high nutritional content. However, few genotypes of quinoa were analyzed, so we found a knowledge gap in the comparison of quinoa seeds of different genotypes. This study aims to compare the physicochemical, antioxidant, and anticancer properties of seed oil from three C. quinoa genotypes. Seeds of three genotypes (white, red, and black) were extracted with hexane and compared in this study. The oil yields of these quinoa seeds were 5.68–6.19% which contained predominantly polyunsaturated fatty acids (82.78–85.52%). The total tocopherol content ranged from 117.29 to 156.67 mg/kg and mainly consisted of γ-tocopherol. Total phytosterols in the three oils ranged from 9.4 to 12.2 g/kg. Black quinoa seed oil had the highest phytosterols followed by red and white quinoas. The chemical profile of quinoa seed oils paralleled by their antioxidant and anticancer activities in vitro was positively correlated with the seed coat color. Black quinoa seed oil had the best antioxidant and anti-proliferation effect on HCT 116 cells by the induction of apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which may play more significant roles in the chemoprevention of cancer and other diseases related to oxidative stress as a source of functional foods.     

Raman and FTIR microspectroscopic study of the alteration of Chinese tung oil and related drying oils during ageing

Tung oil is favoured in applications such as historic wood consolidation or as varnish component that require a rapid-drying medium compared with linseed oil and other analogues such as walnut oil and poppy seed oil. The Raman spectra of tung oil and artificially aged specimens have been obtained and indicate that severe degradation of the C=C unsaturation sites occurs compared with the slower-drying linseed oil. Characteristic spectral signatures of fresh tung oil have been identified which provide diagnostic discrimination between this oil and others used in the preparation and preservation of artworks. Mid-infrared spectra of aged tung oils have served to identify the formation of acidic functionalities which could affect associated pigments and substrates in artwork. Comparative spectra are also reported for a range of other oils such as walnut seed, poppy and sunflower seed oils.     

Development of botanical and fish oil standard reference materials for fatty acids

As part of a collaboration with the National Institutes of Health’s Office of Dietary Supplements and the Food and Drug Administration’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has developed Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3274 Botanical Oils Containing Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids and SRM 3275 Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids in Fish Oil. SRM 3274 consists of one ampoule of each of four seed oils (3274-1 Borage (Borago officinalis), 3274-2 Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis), 3274-3 Flax (Linium usitatissimum), and 3274-4 Perilla (Perilla frutescens)), and SRM 3275 consists of two ampoules of each of three fish oils (3275-1 a concentrate high in docosahexaenoic acid, 3275-2 an anchovy oil high in docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, and 3275-3 a concentrate containing 60 % long-chain omega-3 fatty acids). Each oil has certified and reference mass fraction values for up to 20 fatty acids. The fatty acid mass fraction values are based on results from analyses using gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These SRMs will complement other reference materials currently available with mass fractions for similar analytes and are part of a series of SRMs being developed for dietary supplements.

Fatty acid profile of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trichosanthes kirilowii</Emphasis> Maxim. seed oil

Fatty acid profile data for refined cold-pressed Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. seed oil, in comparison to other commercially available oils — olive, rapeseed and camellia, are presented. Trichosanthes kirilowii Maxim. seed oil has high oleic and linoleic acid content and high polyunsaturated acid content. Squalene elutes as a distinct peak in the GC chromatograph. For a positive identification, MS detection was used. In the samples analyzed, squalene occurred in the range of 57.4–68.2 mg g⁻¹.     

Nutritional improvement of soybean oil via lipase-catalyzed interesterification

In order to decrease the content of linoleoyl moiety in soybean oil, soybean oil that contains 22.8% oleoyl, 54.8% linoleoyl, and 7.1% α-linolenoyl moieties as molar acyl moiety composition was interesterified in hexane with oleic acid or α-linolenic acid, using an immobilized sn-l,3-specific lipase (Lipozyme® IM) fromMucor miehei. The reactions were carried out in a batch reactor at 37°C in the following system: molar ratio of fatty acid to soybean oil = 1.0 ～ 6.0, 5.0 mL of hexane/500 μmol soybean oil, and 10.0 or 15.0 batch interesterification units of enzyme/500 μmol soybean oil. Under these reaction conditions, the rates of interesterification of acyl moieties in soybean oil were of the order: stearoyl > palmitoyl > linoleoyl > oleoyl > α-linolenoyl, and the reaction with oleic acid occurred without a significant loss of α-linolenoyl moiety. At the molar ratio of 3.0 and the reaction time of 6 h, triacylglycerols (TGs), which contain 50.8% oleoyl, 38.8% linoleoyl, and 5.4% α-linolenoyl moieties, were produced in the reaction with oleic acid; TGs that contain 13.5% oleoyl, 40.8% linoleoyl, and 40.4% α-linolenoyl moieties were obtained with α-linolenic acid. Approximately 86-88% of the interesterification of linoleoyl moiety, which occurred in 10 h, took place within 1 h.