Effect of Acetonitrile on Ionization and Excitation in Inductively Coupled Plasma Measured by Optical Emission Spectrometry

With the development of life science and environmental science, the increasing requirements on understanding the mechanism of trace element effects on ecology and human health become more and more obvious. The concept of "total amount of element" or its "valence" is not enough to give a satisfactory explanation about the events exactly happen in nature. As a result, metal compound speciation has become more and more important and challenging.     

Analytical detection methodologies for methane and related hydrocarbons

The determination of methane is of strong interest to the analytical community due to its natural abundance, its potential to cause explosions and its known greenhouse effect. The current report gives a brief overview into the environmental significance of methane and an account of the existing detection protocols for methane in air and environmental samples.     

表面等离子体共振免疫传感器在蛋白质检测中的应用及其研究进展

表面等离子体共振(SPR)技术是20世纪90年代发展起来的一种新型技术,应用SPR原理可检测生物传感芯片上配位体与分析物之间的相互作用情况,在生命科学、医疗检测、药物筛选、食品检测及环境监测等领域具有广泛的应用需求.SPR技术可与免疫传感器结合,利用抗原抗体的特异性反应可用于各种蛋白质抗原的检测.本文重点总结了SPR免疫传感器在食品及医疗领域蛋白质检测的应用,综述了近年来SPR免疫传感技术在这该领域的研究热点及进展.     

Applications of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in materials science

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) have been applied as the most important inorganic mass spectrometric techniques having multielemental capability for the characterization of solid samples in materials science. ICP-MS is used for the sensitive determination of trace and ultratrace elements in digested solutions of solid samples or of process chemicals (ultrapure water, acids and organic solutions) for the semiconductor industry with detection limits down to sub-picogram per liter levels. Whereas ICP-MS on solid samples (e.g. high-purity ceramics) sometimes requires time-consuming sample preparation for its application in materials science, and the risk of contamination is a serious drawback, a fast, direct determination of trace elements in solid materials without any sample preparation by LA-ICP-MS is possible. The detection limits for the direct analysis of solid samples by LA-ICP-MS have been determined for many elements down to the nanogram per gram range. A deterioration of detection limits was observed for elements where interferences with polyatomic ions occur. The inherent interference problem can often be solved by applying a double-focusing sector field mass spectrometer at higher mass resolution or by collision-induced reactions of polyatomic ions with a collision gas using an ICP-MS fitted with collision cell. The main problem of LA-ICP-MS is quantification if no suitable standard reference materials with a similar matrix composition are available. The calibration problem in LA-ICP-MS can be solved using on-line solution-based calibration, and different procedures, such as external calibration and standard addition, have been discussed with respect to their application in materials science. The application of isotope dilution in solution-based calibration for trace metal determination in small amounts of noble metals has been developed as a new calibration strategy. This review discusses new analytical developments and possible applications of ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS for the quantitative determination of trace elements and in surface analysis for materials science.     

Speciation analysis of thallium using electrothermal AAS following on-line pre-concentration in a microcolumn filled with multiwalled carbon nanotubes

The enrichment ability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was investigated and a new method established for the determination of trace thallium species in environmental samples using electrothermal atomization-atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The CNTs were employed as sorbent substrate in a continuous flow system coupled to ETAAS. Parameters influencing the recoveries of thallium were optimized. Under optimal conditions, the detection limit and precision of the method were 0.009 µg L^?1 and 3.9%, respectively. The method was applied to the determination of thallium in real environmental samples and the recoveries were in the range from 96 to 100%. This system was able to separate thallium (I) from the matrix, which allowed its selective determination. The total thallium content was then determined by reducing Tl(III) with hydroxylamine. All these experimental results indicated that this new procedure can be applied to the determination of trace thallium in drinking water samples.     

Isomer specific determination of polychlorinated technical mixtures such as polychloronaphthalenes by GC/MS

Summary A procedure has been developed which allows the determination of the concentration and composition of polychlorinated technical mixtures in environmental samples avoiding the use of standard compounds as much as possible. A common MS response of the congeners of each degree of chlorination is assumed and determined by comparison of the FID and MS response of the respective congeners in a technical mixture. A measure for the variability of the assumed common MS response is derived so that its validity is proved in an objective manner. The method presented here allows the isomer specific determination of those polychlorinated technical mixtures in environmental samples which could not so far be determined in this way for lack of standards. The polychlorinated naphthalenes are quoted as illustration and a few data of residues in environmental samples are given.     

基于DNA分子的纳米功能材料的设计、组装及应用

DNA除了作为一种遗传信息的载体分子之外,还可以通过折叠或组装从而形成特定的二维和三维结构。通过设计DNA分子的结构并探索其与纳米材料之间的相互作用的研究已经引起了国内外学术界的持续关注。DNA功能化的无机纳米材料促进了分析科学、生命科学以及环境科学的快速发展。本文将从疾病分子机制研究、疾病诊断和疾病治疗三个角度出发,探究面向生物医学分析应用的DNA分子功能化的无机纳米材料的设计与组装。除此之外,还对DNA功能化纳米材料技术的发展前景进行了展望。     

电感耦合等离子体-质谱联用及其在环境和生物样品中铂族金属分析的应用进展

本文简述了电感耦合等离子体-质谱联用(LCP-MS)技术和仪器的发展,分析了环境和生物样品中铂族金属分析的主要困难,综述了90年代以来国内外ICP-MS技术在环境和生物样品中铂族金属分析的最新进展,引用文献47篇.     

Synthesis and Application of New Resin Functionalized by Brilliant Green for Spectrophotometric Determination of Mercury in Environmental Samples

Abstract

A new chelating resin was prepared by coupling Amberlite XAD-4 with brilliant green through an azo spacer, and it has been used for preconcentration and separation of mercury(II) in environmental samples prior to its determination by spectrophotometry. The sorption capacity of functionalized resin is 4.12 mg g^?1. Spectrophotometric determination of Hg(II), free from the interference of almost all cations and anions found in the environmental water samples, is a notable advantage of the method. The determination of Hg(II) in wastewater and seawater was carried out by the present method and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS).     

Recent advances in solid-phase extraction of platinum and palladium

Increasing platinum concentrations have been detected in environmental samples since the introduction of catalytic converters used in cars. Also the intensive use of platinum-based anti-tumor drugs led to interest in the determination of trace amounts of platinum absorbed by the human body and of the physiological effect of its complexes on living organism. However, detection of Pt and Pd in environmental and biological samples with complex matrices, has to be generally preceded by a preconcentration/separation step. A brief overview of the application of solid sorbents for these procedures based on published data is presented. Attention is also paid to preparation of the samples and detection methods usually used for determination of platinum and palladium.     

Analysis of Organophosphorus Pesticides in Water with Enzyme Membrane Extraction-Gas Chromatography

The pollution of organophosphorus pesticides in water, especially in drinking water source, is a vital threat to life. Therefore, great concern is being focused on the effects of pesticide residues on public health and wildlife. The detection of trace organophosphorus pesticide residues in water is a very important task. In the recent years, the immunoassay technique has been utilized in the determination of trace organophosphorus pesticide residues in various environmental samples.     

比率型荧光探针结合先进校正模型用于环境水样中亚硝酸根离子的定量分析

将新型荧光光谱定量分析模型与比率型荧光探针2,3-二氨基萘相结合,发展了一种用于水溶液中亚硝酸根离子( NO-2)定量分析的新方法;并考察了本方法对含有散射物质和吸光物质的浑浊水样中NO-2进行直接定量分析的性能。结果表明,本方法对实际浑浊环境水样中NO-2的检出限和定量下限分别为1.9和5.8 nmol/L,其定量分析结果的回收率在90.8%~103%之间,与高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器联用仪的定量分析结果的回收率没有显著性差异。     

Rapid determination of 226Ra in environmental samples

A new rapid method for the determination of ²²⁶Ra in environmental samples has been developed at the Savannah River Site Environmental Lab (Aiken, SC, USA) that can be used for emergency response or routine sample analyses. The need for rapid analyses in the event of a Radiological Dispersive Device or Improvised Nuclear Device event is well-known. In addition, the recent accident at Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in March, 2011 reinforces the need to have rapid analyses for radionuclides in environmental samples in the event of a nuclear accident. ²²⁶Ra (T1/2?=?1,620?years) is one of the most toxic of the long-lived alpha-emitters present in the environment due to its long life and its tendency to concentrate in bones, which increases the internal radiation dose of individuals. The new method to determine ²²⁶Ra in environmental samples utilizes a rapid sodium hydroxide fusion method for solid samples, calcium carbonate precipitation to preconcentrate Ra, and rapid column separation steps to remove interferences. The column separation process uses cation exchange resin to remove large amounts of calcium, Sr Resin to remove barium and Ln Resin as a final purification step to remove ²²⁵Ac and potential interferences. The purified ²²⁶Ra sample test sources are prepared using barium sulfate microprecipitation in the presence of isopropanol for counting by alpha spectrometry. The method showed good chemical recoveries and effective removal of interferences. The determination of ²²⁶Ra in environmental samples can be performed in less than 16?h for vegetation, concrete, brick, soil, and air filter samples with excellent quality for emergency or routine analyses. The sample preparation work takes less than 6?h. ²²⁵Ra (T1/2?=?14.9?day) tracer is used and the ²²⁵Ra progeny ²¹⁷At is used to determine chemical yield via alpha spectrometry. The rapid fusion technique is a rugged sample digestion method that ensures that any refractory radium particles are effectively digested. The preconcentration and column separation steps can also be applied to aqueous samples with good results.     

流动注射化学发光检测法的进展

评述近年来流动注射化学发光检测法及生物发光检测法的最新进展。内容涉及各类化学发光反应、生物发光和电致化学发光反应同流主射体系的耦合方式，仪器设计，多种无机、有机、生物大分子、生物活性的药物的分析方法及其在环境、生物医学客生命科学、化学及药物化学中的应用和发展方向。     

Chemiluminescence determination of surfactant Triton X-100 in environmental water with luminol-hydrogen peroxide system

Background  

The rapid, simple determination of surfactants in environmental samples is essential because of the extensive use and its potential as contaminants. We describe a simple, rapid chemiluminescence method for the direct determination of the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 (polyethylene glycol tert-octylphenyl ether) in environmental water samples. The optimized experimental conditions were selected, and the mechanism of the Luminol-H₂O₂-Triton X-100 chemiluminesence system was also studied.     

铂族金属化学和生命科学

本文介绍了铂族金属化学和生命科学的关系 ,特别探讨了它的医学和环境学意义 ,内容包括铂族金属的发现和性质 ,铂、锇、钌的药物发展 ,尾气处理中的意义 ,城市环境中的铂族金属问题以及对人体健康产生的影响。     

<Superscript>226</Superscript>Ra and <Superscript>228</Superscript>Ra determination in environmental samples by alpha-particle spectrometry

A complete methodology for ²²⁶Ra and ²²⁸Ra determination by alpha-particle spectrometry in environmental samples is being applied in our laboratory using ²²⁵Ra as an isotopic tracer. This methodology can be considered highly suitable for the determination of these nuclides when very low absolute limits of detection need to be achieved. The ²²⁶Ra determination can be performed at any time after the isolation of the radium isotopes from the analyzed samples while the ²²⁸Ra determination needs to be carried out at least six months later through the measurement of one of its grand-daughters. The method has been validated by its application to samples with known concentrations of these Ra nuclides, and by comparison with other radiometric methods.     

Aluminium speciation in environmental samples: a review

Because of its toxic effects on living beings, Al may represent an environmental hazard, particularly under increased acidic conditions. Growing environmental concern over the presence of increased Al concentrations in soil solutions and fresh waters resulted in the development of numerous analytical techniques for the determination of Al species. Al has a very complex chemistry that is significantly influenced by pH. Different Al species are present in environmental solutions, and many of them are unstable. Contamination of samples and reagents by extraneous Al represents an additional problem in speciation of Al at trace concentrations. Due to these reasons quantitative determination of particular chemical forms of Al is still a very difficult task for analytical chemists. The most important analytical methodologies of the last decade and new trends for the speciation of Al in environmental samples are comprehensively reviewed here.     

A comparison of two nuclear analytical techniques for determination of 210Pb-specific activity in solid environmental samples

Two nuclear analytical techniques for determination of ²¹⁰Pb-specific activity in solid environmental samples have been validated and compared. The first technique depends on determination of ²¹⁰Pb via its alpha emitting daughter ²¹⁰Po using alpha-particle spectrometry, while the second technique is based on direct determination of ²¹⁰Pb by measuring its activity at the 46-keV gamma line by low-energy gamma-ray spectrometry. Detection limits, repeatability, reproducibility, and surrogate recovery were the main validation parameters. Measurement uncertainties were estimated and compared for both techniques. Results of this study have shown that the expected activity of ²¹⁰Pb in the environmental samples and the required measurement uncertainty are the main factors influencing a selection of the appropriate method for the application.     

Automated analysis of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons in rainwater and ambient air by purge and trap capillary gas chromatography

An automated system employing a purge and trap technique with capillary gas chromatography and electron-capture detection (ECD) has been developed for the analysis of trace levels of volatile halogenated hydrocarbons and applied to the determination of the compounds in environmental samples such as rainwater and ambient air. The operation of the method, its application to environmental samples, and the results obtained are described. Use of the system ensured good chromatographic resolution and high accuracy, even with trace levels of the compounds.