相对论类空方程

根据Dirac类空自洽性条件的思想,通过引入类空因子定义了类空波函数.它的物理部分与Bethe-Salpeter波函数相一致.利用普适的相互作用核的重排技术,导出了对于束缚态和散射态的相对论类空方程,并且将它们推广到多粒子的情形.也得到了束缚态类空波函数的归一化条件和散射态类空方程的非齐次项的解.因此,建立起了相对论类空方程体系.     

Space-Like Form of Bethe-Salpeter Equation: Many Particles

The Gell-Mann and Low's technology and Bethe-Salpeter equation for manyparticles are first discussed. Then the space-like form of Bethe-Salpeter equation involving both the bound state and scatter state are extended to many-particle case. Consequently we build the formalism of the space-like equation with explicit Lorentz covariant form and without the difficulty of ghost states automatically.     

Space-Like Form of Bethe-Salpeter Equation: Bound State

According to Dirac's principle, we apply the space-like consistency conditions in a relativistic theory to two-particle system and then define the space-Like wavefunctions through introducing a space-like factor, which is equivalent to Bethe-Salpeter wavefunction in physical content. The space-like form of Bethe-Salpeter equation of bound states is derived in terms of the universal rearranging technology of interaction kernel. Its advantages are of explicit Lorentz-covariant form and the difficulty of ghost states is automatically overcome. We also discuss the normalization condition of the space-like function.     

Calculation of the Electromagnetic Form Factor of the Kaon

The wavefunctions of the bound state of the charged kaon are obtained from the Bethe-Salpeter equation with the phenomenological vector-vector-type Aat-bottom potential. The physical space-like electromagnetic form factor of the charged kaon is calculated. The results calculated give a good fit to the experimental values.     

Generalized vector dominance and the pion form factor

We have calculated the pion form factor using the bound state Bethe-Salpeter amplitudes and the quark form factor of a relativistic quark model. We obtain a generalized vector dominance structure and an asymptotic behaviour in the space-like region F_π(Q)² −0.33 GeV²/Q².     

Bound-state,Bethe—Salpeter solutions with conjugate pairs of complex coupling constants

Solutions are obtained to the Bethe-Salpeter equation describing bound states of two massive scalars interacting via the exchange of a third, massive scalar. Covariance of the equation implies that the interaction is retarded, and in part because the energy appears more than once in the equation, a Hamiltonian for the bound state does not exist. Thus in contrast to the Schrodinger equation, the Bethe-Salpeter equation is solved by specifying the energy and solving for the coupling constant as an eigenvalue. Although the Bethe-Salpeter equation is derived from a Lagrangian with real coupling constants, depending on the value of the energy and the masses of the scalars, some values of the coupling constant that satisfy the Bethe-Salpeter equation are complex and always occur in conjugate pairs. The unexpected existence of solutions with real energy and a complex coupling constant raises the possibility that there are also resonance solutions with real values of the coupling constant and complex energy. Supported by a grant from the Ohio Supercomputer Center. Presented at the 3rd International Workshop “Pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians in Quantum Physics”, Istanbul, Turkey, June 20–22, 2005.     

Calculation of Kaon Electromagnetic Form Factor in the Framework of Coupled Schwinger—Dyson and Bethe—Salpeter Formulation

The kaon electromagnetic form factor is calculated in the framework of coupled Schwinger-Dyson equation in rainbow approximation and Bethe-Salpeter equation in ladder approximation with the modified flat-bottom potential,which is the combination of the flat-bottom potential with considerations for the infrared and ultraviolet asymptotic behaviours of the effective quark-gluon coupling.All our numerical results give good fit to experimental values and other theoretical results.     

Darboux Transformations Between Δα=sinh α and Δα=sin α and the Application to Pseudo-Spherical Congruences in R2,1

In this Letter, it is proved that by using Darboux transformation, from a known solution of the sinh-Laplace equation (resp. sine-Laplace equation), new solutions of sine-Laplace equation (resp. sinh-Laplace equation) are obtained explicitly. The corresponding geometrical configuration is the space-like pseudo-spherical line congruence with two focal surfaces of negative constant curvature being space-like and time-like, respectively.     

Scattering and emission from inhomogeneous vegetation canopy and alien target beneath by using three-dimensional vector radiative transfer (3D-VRT) equation

To solve the 3D-VRT equation for the model of spatially inhomogeneous scatter media, the finite enclosure of the scatter media is geometrically divided, in both vertical z and transversal (x,y) directions, to form very thin multi-boxes. The zeroth order emission, first-order Mueller matrix of each thin box and an iterative approach of high-order radiative transfer are applied to derive high-order scattering and emission of whole inhomogeneous scatter media. Numerical results of polarized brightness temperature at microwave frequency and under different radiometer resolutions from inhomogeneous scatter model such as vegetation canopy and alien target beneath canopy are simulated and discussed.     

Stability of Covariant Relativistic Quantum Theory

In this paper we study the relativistic quantum-mechanical interpretation of the solution of the inhomogeneous Euclidean Bethe-Salpeter equation. Our goal is to determine conditions on the input to the Euclidean Bethe-Salpeter equation so the solution can be used to construct a model Hilbert space and a dynamical unitary representation of the Poincaré group. We prove three theorems that relate the stability of this construction to properties of the kernel and driving term of the Bethe-Salpeter equation. The most interesting result is that the positivity of the Hilbert space norm in the non-interacting theory is not stable with respect to Euclidean covariant perturbations defined by Bethe-Salpeter kernels. The long-term goal of this work is to understand which model Euclidean Green functions preserve the underlying relativistic quantum theory of the original field theory. Understanding the constraints imposed on the Green functions by the existence of an underlying relativistic quantum theory is an important consideration for formulating field-theory motivated relativistic quantum models.This work supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, under contract DE-FG02-86ER40286     

Spectrum of Binding System for Heavy Quark (Q) with an Anti-sbottom (b) or for a Sbottom and Anti-sbottom Pair

Since long-lived light bottom squark (sbottom) and its anti-particle with a mass close to the bottomquark have not been excluded by experiments so far, so we would like to consider such a sbottom to combine with itsanti-particle to form a color singlet meson-like bound state or to combine with a common anti-quark to form a fermion-like one, or accordingly their anti-particles to form an anti-particle bound system. Namely we calculate the low-lyingspectrum of the systems specifically based on QCD inspired potential model. To be relativistic as much as possible, westart with the framework of Bethe-Salpeter (BS) equation even for non-relativistic binding systems. Finally, we obtainthe requested spectrum by constructing general forms of the BS wave functions and solving the BS equations underinstantaneous approximation.     

THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORM FACTOR OF THE O- MESON IN THE STRATON MODEL

In the straton model,the wave functions of the 0^- meson can be obtained numerical-ly from the Wick rotated Bethe-Salpeter equation.The problem of comparing experi-ment with the mesonic electromagnetic form factor calculated by analytical continua-tion of the wave functions from the Euclidean space back to the Minkowski space isan unsolved problem.On the basis of analyzing the analytic property of the formfactor,we proved that by choosing a special reference system in which the photon isspace-like,one may calculate the physical space-like electromagnetic form factor dire-ctly from the Euclidean B-S wave functions of the meson in the Euclidean space.As an example,we calculated the electromagnetic form factor of the pseudoscalarmeson by using the wave functions corresponding various choices of parameters.Pre-liminary results show that the theoretical calculation may be in accordance with experi-ment by appropriately choosing the parameters.     

Electromagnetic form factors of Λ_c in the space-like momentum region

We studied the electromagnetic form factors(EMFFs) of Λ_c and the contributions of the quark and diquark currents to the EMFFs of Λ_c in the space-like region in the Bethe–Salpeter equation approach with instantaneous approximation. In this picture, baryon Λ_c can be regarded as a two-body c(ud) system. We found that for different values of parameters the contribution of quark and diquark currents to the EMFFs of Λ_c is very different,while their total contribution to the EMFFs of Λ_c is similar. The EMFFs of Λ_c are similar to those of other baryons(proton, Ξ~-, and Σ~+) with a peak at ω = 1, where ω = v′·v is the velocity transfer between the initial state(with velocity v) and the final state(with velocity v′) of Λ_c.     

Correction to Goldstein Equation from the Gluon Condensate Diagram

An exact Goldstein solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation including the gluon condensate in the background field QCD is discussed.We find that the gluon condensate diagram makes quark and anti-quark more close to form a bound state.     

Nonperturbative Aspects of Axial Vector Vertex

It is shown how the axial vector current of current quarks is related to that of constituent quarks within the framework of the global color symmetry model.Gluon dressing of the axial vector vertex and the quark self-energy functions are described by the inhomogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation in the ladder approximation and the Schwinger-Dyson equation in the rainbow approximation,respectively.     

Quantum Light-Front Wave Function in a Scalar Yukawa Model

The valence component of the light-front wave function of a quantum of a scalar field is studied within a bosonic model. The light-front time projection of the inhomogeneous Bethe-Salpeter equation for the vertex function in the covariant ladder approximation is given. The valence wave function and distribution are obtained from the numerical solution of the light-front equation for the vertex with different values of the time-like off-shell momentum carried by the quantum.     

Covariant description of Hamiltonian form for field dynamics

Hamiltonian form of field dynamics is developed on a space-like hypersurface in space-time. A covariant Poisson bracket on the space-like hypersurface is defined and it plays a key role to describe every algebraic relation into a covariant form. It is shown that the Poisson bracket has the same symplectic structure that was brought in the covariant symplectic approach. An identity invariant under the canonical transformations is obtained. The identity follows a canonical equation in which the interaction Hamiltonian density generates a deformation of the space-like hypersurface. The equation just corresponds to the Yang-Feldman equation in the Heisenberg pictures in quantum field theory. By converting the covariant Poisson bracket on the space-like hypersurface to four-dimensional commutator, we can pass over to quantum field theory in the Heisenberg picture without spoiling the explicit relativistic covariance. As an example the canonical QCD is displayed in a covariant way on a space-like hypersurface.     

Study of the time correlation function of scattered light in bounded strongly inhomogeneous media

The time correlation function of the multiply scattered light by a medium comprised of finite-size scatterers is studied theoretically and experimentally. A solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the time correlation function is sought in the P ₂-approximation in the form of a series of terms of the Legendre polynomials. With allowance for the boundedness of the medium, the problem is reduced to a generalized Milne equation, which is solved by the Wiener-Hopf method. The time dependence of the correlation function is studied experimentally in a concentrated latex suspension for particles of different sizes. The results of numerical calculations are in qualitative agreement with the measured dependence of the time correlation function on the scatterer size.     

Ground State Mass Spectrum for Scalar Diquarks with Bethe-Salpeter Equation

In this article,we study the structures of the pseudoscalar mesons π,K and the scalar diquarks Ua,Da,Sa in the framework of the coupled rainbow Schwinger-Dyson equation and ladder Bethe-Salpeter equation with the confining effective potential.The u,d,s quarks have small current masses,and the renormalization is very large,the mass poles in the timelike region are absent which implements confinement naturally.The Bethe-Salpeter wavefunctions of the pseudoscalar mesons π,K,and the scalar diquarks Ua,Da,Sa have the same type (Gaussian type) momentum dependence,center around zero momentum and extend to the energy scale about q2 = 1 GeV2,which happens to be the energy scale for the chiral symmetry breaking,the strong interactions in the infrared region result in bound (or quasi-bound) states.The numerical results for the masses and decay constants of the π and K mesons can reproduce the experimental values,and the ground state masses of the scalar diquarks Ua,Da,Sa are consistent with the existing theoretical calculations.We suggest a new Lagrangian which may explain the uncertainty of the masses of the scalar diquarks.     

Partial diagonalization of Bethe-Salpeter type equations

We consider an equation of the Bethe-Salpeter type, with arbitrary potential and kernel, respectively, for space-like momentum transfer. The invariance group of the equation is then the Lorentz-group in three dimensions, the O(1, 2) group. The standard procedure for the diagonalization of such equations (valid for square integrable solutions only) is generalized to include the case of power bounded solutions, by means of a generalized O(1, 2) expansion formalism. The result is a two-dimensional integral equation for the O(1, 2) expansion coefficients. The right-most l-plane singularities of these determine the asymptotic behaviour of the amplitudes as in ordinary Regge theory. The formalism can be applied to other dynamical equations possessing O(1, 2) symmetry.