An XPS Study of the Promotion of Ru-Cs/Sibunit Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis

The nature of surface cesium compounds in cesium-modified ruthenium-Sibunit catalysts for ammonia synthesis was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that, on the reduction of promoted catalysts, cesium was incorporated into the micropores of Sibunit to form quasi-intercalation cesium-carbon bonds. In this case, the chemical state of cesium was close to its state in cesium suboxides. The subsequent interaction with atmospheric oxygen resulted in the oxidation of cesium, which occurred as cesium peroxide and cesium superoxide in the oxidized samples. Ruthenium occurred in a metallic state in the reduced samples. The activity of a Ru-Cs⁺/C(1) sample was higher than that of inactive Ru-Cs⁺/C(2). This is a consequence of the higher surface concentration of ruthenium, which is most likely due to an increase in the dispersity of metal particles, as well as of the higher probability of the interaction between the promoter and the active component due to a symbatic increase in the surface concentrations of both ruthenium and cesium.__________Translated from Kinetika i Kataliz, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2005, pp. 635–641.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Larichev, Prosvirin, Shlyapin, Shitova, Tsyrul’nikov, Bukhtiyarov.     

Novel Ruthenium Catalyst (K-Ru/C_(60/70)) for Ammonia Synthesis

Commercialdoublyortriply-promotedfusedironcatalystshavebeenwidelyusedstilluptonow.Theindustrialammoniacatalyticprocessonpromotedironcatalystsunderhighpressureandathightemperaturehasnotundergoneessentialchangesuptothepresentday.Alkalimetal-promotedrutheniumwasfoundtobeanactivecatalystforammoniasynthesisunderatmosphericpressurein1970s.Rutheniumcatalystcanbeconsideredasasecond-generation-catalystforammoniasynthesisaftertheiron-basedcatalyst'-'.Recently,weinvestigatedactivityofammoniasynthesisofru…     

Combinatorial Supports for Ru-based Ammonia Synthesis Catalysts

The support plays an important role in controlling the Ru crystal morphology and theabundance of B5-type sites1.The hydrotalcite-like compounds were found as a novelsupport material for the preparation of alkaline catalysts2.We prepared complex supportsand investigated their effect on the activity of the Ru-based ammonia catalyst.The30.6g of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O and15.0g of Al(NO3)3·9H2O were dissolved in80mLof distilled water.The second solution was prepared with6.16mL of NH3·H2O and7.68g…     

Formation of Ru–M/Sibunit Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis

The effects of the nature of ruthenium and alkaline promoter precursor compounds and support properties on the activity of Ru–(Cs, K)/Sibunit catalysts in the reaction of ammonia synthesis were studied. The formation of active centers in the catalysts was studied with the use of EXAFS, XPS, and electron micro-scopy. It was found that ruthenium and a portion of cesium occurred in metallic states in the reduced catalysts. The most active catalysts containing 4 wt % ruthenium at the atomic ratios [K] : [Ru] = 4.5 and [Cs] : [Ru] = 2.5 were obtained with the use of the [Ru(dipy)₃](OH)₂ complex.     

共浸渍制备高效的Ru/AC氨合成催化剂

通过钌的络合物前驱体和硝酸钡的共浸渍制备的Ru Ba K/AC催化剂氨合成转化效率高,其氨合成转化频率在0.87～1.30 s-1之间,与氯化钌制备的Ru/AC催化剂相比,其转化频率提高幅度在26%～88%。共浸渍法制备的催化剂氨合成转化效率高,其主要原因可能是共浸渍法制备的催化剂钌粒子粒径分布区间较窄,易形成更多的活性位;钌表面氢的吸附受到抑制,氮更易活化,因而催化效率更高。     

钌基氨合成催化剂的制备方法

与铁催化剂相比较,钌基氨合成催化剂具有低温、低压、高活性的特点。对于不同的载体、制备方法和制备条件对催化剂性能影响较大。本文从载体的前处理、活性组分钌和助剂的加入方式等方面简要阐述了钌基氨合成催化剂制备方法的研究进展,介绍了熔融法、升华法、离子交换法、超声法、沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法、浸渍法、微波辅助法等钌基氨合成催化剂制备方法,指出了一些制备方法的不足之处,并展望了钌基氨合成催化剂制备方法的研究方向。     

合成氨催化剂研究的新进展

 近20多年来,随着英国BP公司钌基催化剂的发明和我国亚铁基熔铁催化剂体系的创立,标志着合成氨催化剂进入了一个新的发展时期,由唯一的传统Fe3O4路线发展为三条技术路线,并各自取得了重大进展．本文扼要介绍了Fe3O4基传统催化剂和钌基催化剂的主要研究成果和发展趋势,着重综述了我国独创的Fe1－xO基熔铁催化剂的发现及其高活性机理探讨方面的研究成果．回顾了20世纪合成氨工业及其催化剂从创立、发展,到取得辉煌成就的历程,展望了21世纪的发展趋势．     

氨合成催化剂及其催化反应机理研究进展

本文综述了氨合成这一最重要的工业多相催化过程80 多年来的研究进展。介绍了氨合成熔铁催化剂、氨合成钌催化剂的发展以及对氨合成催化反应机理的不同看法。     

铜基甲醇合成催化剂TPR导数谱

铜基甲醇合成催化剂ＴＰＲ导数谱胡云行，万惠霖，蔡启瑞（厦门大学化学系，固体表面物理化学国家重要实验室，厦门，３６１００５）关键词ＴＰＲ，导数谱，铜基催化剂ＴＰＲ是非稳态条件下研究催化剂的有效方法。该法具有设备简单、快速和信息量大等特点，已成为常用的催...     

钙钛矿型BaZrO3负载钌催化剂氨合成和性能研究

采用柠檬酸络合法制备了钙钛矿型BaZrO3纳米材料,负载Ru以后用于催化氨合成反应,研究了BaZrO3前驱体焙烧温度对载体结构和Ru/BaZrO3催化剂氨合成反应性能的影响。以X射线衍射(XRD)、CO2程序升温脱附(CO2-TPD)、N2物理吸附、扫描电镜(SEM)和H2程序升温还原技术(H2-TPR)等方法对载体材料和催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,材料的比表面积和孔容均不断降低,但是有利于BaZrO3的生成。在750℃条件下焙烧得到的催化剂表现出最高的氨合成活性。在425℃,5 MPa,空速为10 000 h-1条件下,出口氨浓度可以达到9.12%,这可能是由于载体与活性金属间的强相互作用和载体的强电子传导综合作用所致。     

含锆、钙熔铁型氨合成催化剂的M?ssbauer谱

含锆催化剂;含钙催化剂;熔铁催化剂;含锆、钙熔铁型氨合成催化剂的M?ssbauer谱     

合成甲醇的催化剂Rh-ZnO/MWNTs的研究

研究新型的由多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)负载的， ZnO助催的铑基甲醇合成催化剂. 当铑含量达到4％(w)时，催化剂具有较高的比表面积(99.6 m2•g－1), 催化剂的反应活化能为68.8 kJ•mol－1.在563 K, 1 MPa下，催化剂的最高催化活性和甲醇选择性分别为411.4 mg/gcat.•h和96.7％. TEM、TPR和TPD等表征结果显示，碳纳米管能增加Rh在催化剂表面的分散度，提高催化剂的还原温度并能增加氢物种的吸附量，这些结果将有助于更好地了解催化剂中各组分间的协同作用和催化活性中心本质.     

活性炭表面基团的调变对Ru/AC氨合成催化剂的影响

通过硝酸处理的方法对活性炭表面基团进行了调控,研究了活性炭表面基团的数量对负载钌基氨合成催化剂的影响。运用N2物理吸附、CO化学吸附、Boehm滴定法和质量滴定法等分析手段对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,随着预处理硝酸浓度的增加,活性炭表面含氧基团的数量线性增加,等电点逐渐减小,而催化剂的活性先增加后减小,钌的分散度也呈现相同的规律。当硝酸浓度达到4.6mol/L时,活性炭表面总含氧基团量为1.21mmol/g,钌的分散度和催化剂的活性都是最佳。适量的含氧基团对提高钌的分散度是有利的,但过量的含氧基团并不能进一步提高钌的分散度,催化剂的合成氨活性和载体表面的含氧基团数量不是线性增加的关系。     

掺钡纳米氧化镁负载钌基氨合成催化剂的还原性能及其机理

采用超声共沉淀法制备了掺钡纳米氧化镁负载的钌基氨合成催化剂Ru/Ba-MgO和Ru/La-Ba-MgO.催化剂中Ba是以BaCO3的形式存在于MgO载体中,使用时需还原活化为BaO.采朋升温-恒温-升温阶梯式的还原程序考察了还原条件对催化剂还原性能及催化性能的影响,并利用透射电镜、X射线衍射、H2脉冲化学吸附、热重及程序升温还原等分析手段,对催化剂在氢气气氛中的还原机理进行了探讨.结果表明,催化剂中BaCO3的热稳定性及Ru粒子是否聚结长大是影响催化剂活性的主要因素.在氢气气氛中,Ru/Ba-MgO催化剂的还原过程存在偶合反应,Ru的存在可加速该偶合反应的进行,进而促进催化剂还原,提高其催化活性.     

Highly Effective Ru/BaCeO3 Catalysts on Supports with Strong Basic Sites for Ammonia Synthesis

BaCeO₃‐a and BaCeO₃‐b, with strong basic sites, were synthesized by using a co‐precipitation method at different calcination temperatures, and used as supports to evaluate their performance in ammonia synthesis. The ammonia synthesis rate with the 1.25 % Ru/BaCeO₃‐a catalyst is 24 mmol g^?1 h^?1, which is higher than that of 1.25 % Ru/BaCeO₃‐b catalyst (18 mmol g^?1 h^?1) at 3 MPa and 450 °C. Moreover, the performance of the 4 % Cs‐1.25 % Ru/BaCeO₃‐a catalyst was further improved to 28 mmol g^?1 h^?1, and no sign of deactivation was observed after a reaction time of 120 h. The XPS and H₂ temperature‐programmed reduction analyses indicated that the Ru/BaCeO₃‐a catalyst has more oxygen vacancies than the Ru/BaCeO₃‐b catalyst. In addition, the average Ru particle size of the Ru/BaCeO₃‐a catalyst is closer to 2 nm than the Ru/BaCeO₃‐b catalyst, which promotes the generation of B₅‐type sites (the active site for N₂ dissociation). The CO₂ temperature‐programmed desorption analysis indicates that BaCeO₃‐a has a high basic density, which is beneficial for electron transfer to Ru and further facilitates the dissociation of N≡N bonds.     

F离子对钌基氨合成催化剂活性的影响

以MgO为载体,分别用KF,KNO3,BaF2和BaO为促进剂前驱体制备钌基氨合成催化剂,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和催化剂性能评价等方法考察了不同促进剂前驱体对钌基氨合成催化剂的影响．结果表明,电负性比氯大的氟的引入能提高催化剂的活性,在KF-Ru/MgO催化剂中,F与载体的O发生交换,改变了载体的结构和表面性质,从而导致金属载体相互作用情况的不同以及金属分散度的提高,因而有利于催化活性的提高．同时,当F以BaF2的形态存在时也能提高催化活性．     

沉淀剂种类对Ru/CeO2氨合成催化剂结构和性能的影响

采用6种沉淀剂通过共沉淀法制备了6种Ru/CeO2氨合成催化剂, 考察了沉淀剂种类对其氨合成性能的影响. 通过X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、X射线荧光光谱和H2程序升温还原等表征手段, 对不同沉淀剂影响Ru/CeO2催化剂氨合成性能的原因进行探讨. 结果表明: 采用(NH4)2CO3和NH4HCO3制备的催化剂样品具有较好的氨合成活性, 其中NH4HCO3为最佳沉淀剂, 所制备的催化剂在450 ℃, 10 MPa , 10000 h－1测试条件下, 出口氨浓度为14.46%. 而采用KHCO3, KOH, K2CO3沉淀剂制备的样品的氨合成活性相对较低. 沉淀剂种类不仅明显地影响钌离子和铈离子的共沉淀, 而且会影响载体二氧化铈表面氧的还原. 由NH4HCO3沉淀剂制备的Ru/CeO2催化剂的高活性归因于钌负载量增大、钌粒子分散度提高以及二氧化铈表面氧易还原三者相互作用的结果.     

柠檬酸对Ru/AC氨合成催化剂结构和活性的影响

使用柠檬酸(CA)修饰石墨化活性炭(AC)和钌以改善Ru/AC催化剂中钌粒子的尺寸分布和催化剂的活性, 并通过透射电镜(TEM)、热重分析(TGA)、CO化学吸附和N2物理吸附等方法研究了柠檬酸对AC和Ru/AC催化剂织构、钌的分散度和催化剂的活性等性质的影响. 结果表明, 负载的柠檬酸优先吸附于活性炭微孔, 少量柠檬酸即可大幅度降低活性炭的比表面积, 增加活性炭表面含氧官能团的数量, 改善了钌粒子分布. 最佳负载顺序是柠檬酸和氯化钌依次负载. 在活性炭中添加适量的柠檬酸对催化剂的低温活性有显著影响. 柠檬酸处理后的Ru/AC催化剂活性最大提高幅度为21.4%.     

用XPS研究不同方法制备的CuZnAl一步法二甲醚合成催化剂

采用X射线光电子能谱对不同方法制备的CuZnAl二甲醚合成催化剂进行了比较研究. 结果表明,传统方法制备的催化剂表面存在Cu2+, 还原后以Cu+和Cu0共同构成催化反应的活性中心,而完全液相法制备的浆状催化剂表面Cu物种以Cu+形式存在,还原后其表面活性中心主要是Cu0. 在液相还原过程中,完全液相法制备的催化剂表面Cu和Zn组分的分散性同时得到改善,使其在浆态床中的稳定性优于传统方法制备的催化剂.     

Surface Structure of γ-Alumina-Supported Iron Catalysts for Ammonia Synthesis

Iron supported catalysts were prepared by impregnation of iron from a K₄[Fe(CN)₆] aqueous solution, upon several acid-modified γ-Al₂O₃ samples. Characterization of the catalysts was carried out by CO chemisorption, temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and kinetics of hydrogen reduction, resulting the particle size and dispersion of the metallic phase dependent on the previous acid modification of the γ-Al₂O₃. The catalytic activity for ammonia synthesis was followed at atmospheric pressure and 593 K (N₂/H₂ = 1/3). Correlations of the surface properties of the catalysts with their method of preparation and catalytic activities are obtained.