Quantum-invariant theory and the evolution of a Dirac field in Friedmann–Robertson–Walker flat space-times

On the basis of the generalized invariant formulation, the invariant-related unitary transformation method is used to study the evolution of a quantum Dirac field in Friedmann–Robertson–Walker spatially flat space-times. We first solve the functional Schr?dinger equation for a free Dirac field and obtain the exact solutions. We then investigate the way of extending the method to treat the case in which there is an interaction between the Dirac field and a scalar field. Received: 17 July 1999 / Published online: 6 March 2000     

Fermi field and Dirac oscillator in a Som–Raychaudhuri space-time

We investigate the relativistic dynamics of a Dirac field in the Som–Raychaudhuri space-time, which is described by a Gödel-type metric and a stationary cylindrical symmetric solution of Einstein field equations for a charged dust distribution in rigid rotation. In order to analyze the effect of various physical parameters of this space-time, we solve the Dirac equation in the Som–Raychaudhuri space-time and obtain the energy levels and eigenfunctions of the Dirac operator by using the Nikiforov–Uvarov method. We also examine the behaviour of the Dirac oscillator in the Som–Raychaudhuri space-time, in particular, the effect of its frequency and the vorticity parameter.     

有限空间中Dirac场的正则量子化

研究当存在边界的情形下 Dirac场的正则量子化问题. 采用文献[1]的观点, 将边界条件当作Dirac初级约束.与已有研究不同的是, 本文从离散的角度研究此问题. 将Dirac场的拉氏量和内在约束进行离散化, 并且将离散的边界条件当作初级Dirac约束. 因此, 从约束的起源来看, 这个模型中存在两种不同的约束: 一种是由于模型的奇异性而带来的约束, 即内在约束; 另一种是边界条件. 在对此模型进行正则量子化过程中提出一种能够平等地处理内在约束和边界条件的方法. 为了证明该方法能够平等地对待这两种起源不同的约束, 在计算Dirac 括号时分别选取了两个不同的子集合来构造"中间Dirac括号", 最后得到了相同的结果. 关键词： 边界条件 Dirac约束 Dirac括号     

与不变量有关的幺正变换方法和含时均匀电场中的量子Dirac场的演化

在推广的不变量理论的基础上,运用与不变量有关的幺正变换方法研究了含时均匀电场下的量子Dirac场的演化,求解了Dirac场的泛函Schrdinger方程,得到了方程的精确解以及对应的总相位,总相位包括动力学相和几何相(Aharonov-Anandan phase). 关键词：     

Improved Canonical Quantization Method of Self Dual Field

In this paper,the improved canonical quantization method of the self dual field is given in order to overcome linear combination problem about the second class constraint and the first class constraint number maximization problem in the Dirac method.In the improved canonical quantization method,there are no artificial linear combination and the first class constraint number maximization problems,at the same time,the stability of the system is considered.Therefore,the improved canonical quantization method is more natural and easier accepted by people than the usual Dirac method.We use the improved canonical quantization method to realize the canonical quantization of the self dual field,which has relation with string theory successfully and the results are equal to the results by using the Dirac method.     

QCD Dirac spectrum and components of the gauge field

We analyze the relation between the Dirac spectrum and the gauge field in SU(3) lattice QCD. We focus on how a certain component of the gauge field is related to the Dirac spectrum. First, we consider momentum components of the gauge field. It turns out that the broad momentum region is relevant for the low-lying Dirac spectrum and topological charges. The connection with chiral random matrix theory is also discussed. Second, we consider an SU(2) subgroup component of the SU(3) gauge field. The SU(2) subgroup component behaves like the SU(2) gauge field in the low-lying Dirac spectrum.     

Electric field manipulation of multiple nonequivalent Dirac cones in the electronic structures of hexagonal CrB_4 sheet

Two-dimensional materials with Dirac cones have significant applications in photoelectric technology. The origin and manipulation of multiple Dirac cones need to be better understood. By first-principle calculations, we study the influence of external fields on the electronic structure of the hexagonal CrB_4 sheet with double nonequivalent Dirac cones. Our results show that the two cones are not sensitive to tensile strain and out-of-plane electric field, but present obviously different behaviors under the in-plane external electric field(along the B-B direction), i.e., one cone holds while the other vanishes with a gap opening. More interestingly, a new nonequivalent cone emerges under a proper in-plane electric field. We also discuss the origin of the cones in CrB_4 sheet. Our study provides a new method on how to obtain Dirac cones by the external field manipulation, which may motivate potential applications in nanoelectronics.     

Modified Faddeev–Jackiw quantization of massive non-Abelian Yang–Mills fields and Lagrange multiplier fields

Massive Yang–Mills fields and Lagrange multiplier fields are quantized by the modified Faddeev–Jackiw quantization method, and the method's comparisons with Dirac method and the usual Faddeev–Jackiw method are also given. We show that this method not only is equivalent to Dirac method, but also remains all the virtues of the usual Faddeev–Jackiw method. Moreover, the modified Faddeev–Jackiw quantization method is simpler than the usual one when obtaining new secondary constraints. Therefore, the modified Faddeev–Jackiw method is more economical and effective than Dirac method and the usual Faddeev–Jackiw method. Meanwhile, we find the new meanings of the Lagrange multipliers, and discover that the Lagrange multipliers and the zeroth components of gauge field are just a pair of canonical field variables except a constant factor in this system.     

有限空间中经典场的正则量子化

从离散的角度研究带边界的1+1维经典标量场和Dirac场的正则量子化问题. 与以往不同的是, 这里将时间和空间两个变量同时进行变步长的离散, 应用变步长离散的变分原理, 得到离散形式的运动方程、边界条件和能量守恒的表达式. 然后, 根据Dirac理论, 将边界条件当作初级约束, 将边界条件和内在约束统一处理. 研究表明, 采用此方法, 不仅在每个离散的时空格点上能够建立起Dirac括号, 从而可以完成该模型的正则量子化;而且, 该方法还保持了离散情况下的能量守恒.     

Schwarzschild黑洞背景下Dirac场的熵

利用brick-wall方法计算了Schwarzschild黑洞背景下Dirac场的自由能和熵,得出了Dirac场的熵与黑洞视界面积成正比的结论,并进一步指出了Schwarzschild黑洞背景下Dirac场的熵为相应Klein-Gordon场的熵的7/2倍- 关键词：     

Improved Faddeev-Jackiw quantization of the electromagnetic field and Lagrange multiplier fields

We use the improved Faddeev-Jackiw quantization method to quantize the electromagnetic field and its Lagrange multiplier fields.The method's comparison with the usual Faddeev-Jackiw method and the Dirac method is given.We show that this method is equivalent to the Dirac method and also retains all the merits of the usual Faddeev-Jackiw method.Moreover,it is simpler than the usual one if one needs to obtain new secondary constraints.Therefore,the improved Faddeev-Jackiw method is essential.Meanwhile,we find the new meaning of the Lagrange multipliers and explain the Faddeev-Jackiw generalized brackets concerning the Lagrange multipliers.     

Massive, Non-ghost Solutions for the Dirac Field Coupled Self-consistently to Gravity

We present new, massive, non-ghost solutions for the Dirac field coupled self-consistently to gravity. We employ a gauge-theoretic formulation of gravity which automatically identifies the spin of the Dirac field with the torsion of the gauge fields. Homogeneity of the field observables requires that the spatial sections be flat. Expanding and collapsing singular solutions are given, as well as a solution which expands from a singularity before recollapsing. Torsion effects are only important while the Compton wavelength of the Dirac field is larger than the Hubble radius. We study the motion of spinning point-particles in the background of the expanding solution. The anisotropy due to the torsion is manifest in the particle trajectories.     

The Casimir effect for fermions in one dimension

We study the Casimir problem for a fermion coupled to a static background field in one space dimension. We examine the relationship between interactions and boundary conditions for the Dirac field. In the limit that the background becomes concentrated at a point (a “Dirac spike”) and couples strongly, it implements a confining boundary condition. We compute the Casimir energy for a masslike background and show that it is finite for a stepwise continuous background field. However the total Casimir energy diverges for the Dirac spike. The divergence cannot be removed by standard renormalization methods. We compute the Casimir energy density of configurations where the background field consists of one or two sharp spikes and show that the energy density is finite except at the spikes. Finally we define and compute an interaction energy density and the force between two Dirac spikes as a function of the strength and separation of the spikes.     

Dirac quasinormal modes of Born-Infeld black hole spacetimes

Quasinormal modes (QNMs) for massless and massive Dirac perturbations of Born-Infeld black holes (BHs) in higher dimensions are investigated. Solving the corresponding master equation in accordance with hypergeometric functions and the QNMs are evaluated. We discuss the relationships between QNM frequencies and spacetime dimensions. Meanwhile, we also discuss the stability of the Born-Infeld BH by calculating the temporal evolution of the perturbation field. Both the perturbation frequencies and the decay rate increase with increasing dimension of spacetime n. This shows that the Born-Infeld BHs become more and more unstable at higher dimensions. Furthermore, the traditional finite difference method is improved, so that it can be used to calculate the massive Dirac field. We also elucidate the dynamic evolution of Born-Infeld BHs in a massive Dirac field. Because the number of extra dimensions is related to the string scale, there is a relationship between the spacetime dimension n and the properties of Born-Infeld BHs that might be advantageous for the development of extra-dimensional brane worlds and string theory.     

Boundary conditions as Dirac constraints

In this article we show that boundary conditions can be treated as Lagrangian and Hamiltonian constraints. Using the Dirac method, we find that boundary conditions are equivalent to an infinite chain of second class constraints, which is a new feature in the context of constrained systems. Constructing the Dirac brackets and the reduced phase space structure for different boundary conditions, we show why mode expanding and then quantizing a field theory with boundary conditions is the proper way. We also show that in a quantized field theory subjected to the mixed boundary conditions, the field components are non-commutative. Received: 16 October 2000 / Revised version: 8 January 2001 / Published online: 23 February 2001     

Massive Charged Quasinormal Modes of a Reissner-Nordström Black Hole

Using the WKB method and HYBRD program, we evaluate the low-lying massive charged scalar and Dirac field quasinormal modes (QNMs) of a Reissner-Nordström black hole. We discuss the real and imaginary parts of QNMs vary with the charge of black hole, the masses and charges of scalar and Dirac fields.     

Strain induced shift of Dirac points and the pseudo-magnetic field in graphene

We prove that the strain induced shift of the Dirac points in graphene is a curl field if the strain is nonuniform. This curl field provides a geometrical explanation of the strain induced pseudo-magnetic field. We also prove that the Dirac points must be confined within two triangles, each one having one-eighth the area of the Brillouin zone.     

Dirac quasinormal modes of <Emphasis Type="Italic">D</Emphasis>-dimensional de Sitter spacetime

We find exact solutions to the Dirac equation in D-dimensional de Sitter spacetime. Using these solutions we analytically calculate the de Sitter quasinormal (QN) frequencies of the Dirac field. For the massive Dirac field this computation is similar to that previously published for massive fields of half-integer spin moving in four dimensions. However to calculate the QN frequencies of the massless Dirac field we must use distinct methods in odd and even dimensions, therefore the computation is different from that already known for other massless fields of integer spin.     

Geometric Character of Black-Hole Entropy

The geometry of the neighborhood near an event horizon is similar to the Rindlermetric, which leads to the thermal effect of black holes. The entropy of the scalarfield and the Dirac field are calculated in the black-hole background. The entropyof the scalar field, which is proportional to the area of the event horizon, isnaturally derived. Under the condition of large-mass black hole, the entropy ofthe Dirac field is still proportional to the area of the horizon. These results canbe applied to a large class of black holes. A new method for calculating the blackhole entropy is proposed which makes it easy to calculate the entropy of ahigh-spin field in the black-hole background. We also consider extreme black holesand point out that the topological entropy only has classical meaning.