Energy and Heat Fluctuations in a Temperature Quench

Fluctuations of energy and heat are investigated during the relaxation following the instantaneous temperature quench of an extended system. Results are obtained analytically for the Gaussian model and for the large N model quenched below the critical temperature T_C. The main finding is that fluctuations exceeding a critical threshold do condense. Though driven by a mechanism similar to that of Bose-Einstein condensation, this phenomenon is an out-of-equilibrium feature produced by the breaking of energy equipartition occurring in the transient regime. The dynamical nature of the transition is illustrated by phase diagrams extending in the time direction.     

Step Fluctuations for a Faceted Crystal

A statistical mechanics model for a faceted crystal is the 3D Ising model at zero temperature. It is assumed that in one octant all sites are occupied by atoms, the remaining ones being empty. Allowed atom configurations are such that they can be obtained from the filled octant through successive removals of atoms with breaking of precisely three bonds. If V denotes the number of atoms removed, then the grand canonical Boltzmann weight is q ^V , 0<q<1. As shown by Cerf and Kenyon, in the limit q1 a deterministic shape is attained, which has the three facets (100), (010), (001), and a rounded piece interpolating between them. We analyse the step statistics as q1. In the rounded piece it is given by a determinantal process based on the discrete sine-kernel. Exactly at the facet edge, the steps have more space to meander. Their statistics is again determinantal, but this time based on the Airy-kernel. In particular, the border step is well approximated by the Airy process, which has been obtained previously in the context of growth models. Our results are based on the asymptotic analysis for space-time inhomogeneous transfer matrices.     

有限温度下介观L-C电路数-相量子涨落

借助于Weyl量子化方案,我们用数-相量子化观点讨论了有限温度下L-C回路的量子噪声,给出了噪声与温度T的函数关系,从数-相量子化方案还能给出相算符的具体形式及电路的振荡行为。     

Anomalous Transport Characteristics of High Temperature Superconductors and Josephson Currents

The transport characteristics of high temperature superconductor current and Josephson current is inves-tigated in the framework of the modified time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau model and the Lawrence-Doniach model.We evaluated the vortex equation and found that the signs of the high temperature superconductor current and theJosephson current can reverse. Some explicit expressions for different cases are derived, which accord with experimentaldata.     

Decoherence and Bare Mass Induced by Nonconformal Metric Fluctuations

The effects, upon the Klein–Gordon field, of nonconformal stochastic metric fluctuations, are analyzed. It will be shown that these fluctuations allow us to consider an effective mass, i.e., the mass detected in a laboratory is not the parameter appearing in the Klein–Gordon equation, but a function of this parameter and of the fluctuations of the metric. In other words, in analogy to the case of a nonrelativistic electron in interaction with a quantized electromagnetic field, we may speak of a bare mass, where the observed mass shows a dependence upon the stochastic terms included in the metric. Afterwards, we prove, resorting to the influence functional, that the energy–momentum tensor of the Klein–Gordon field inherites this stochastic behavior, and that this feature provokes decoherence upon a particle immersed in the region where this tensor is present.     

The Temperature Zero Limit

We prove that, for a broad class of many-fermion models, the amplitudes of renormalized Feynman diagrams converge to their temperature zero values in the limit as the temperature tends to zero.     

采用激光诱导击穿光谱技术探测等离子体温度

阐述了激光诱导击穿技术的基本原理,研究了激光诱导击穿光谱技术在探测等离子体温度方面的应用,并进行了实验研究。在等离子体达到局部热平衡时,通过探测Cu的等离子体特征谱线相对强度的方法,达到用激光诱导击穿光谱技术探测等离子体温度的目的。实验结果表明,该方法方便、快捷,具有一定的实际应用价值。     

利用变温瞬态电致发光研究OLED载流子的输运机理

研究了不同温度下几种结构的有机电致发光器件(OLED)的瞬态电致发光响应特性以及电流密度-电压-亮度特性。研究发现,启亮电压随温度升高而减小的加速度在200 K时出现拐点,且这一数值主要由电子传输层Alq3的迁移率决定。当温度为200 K时,延迟时间td最重要的影响因素是Mo O3空穴注入势垒,随着温度的升高,Δtd逐渐减小,到300 K时基本消失。Vf代表光衰减时间随温度增长的平均速率。Mo O3注入层和电致发光材料Ir(ppy)3都会对载流子的堆积起促进作用。由Mo O3注入层不同引起的ΔVf是0.52μs/K,由电致发光材料Ir(ppy)3不同引起的ΔVf是0.73μs/K。     

A Gallavotti–Cohen-Type Symmetry in the Large Deviation Functional for Stochastic Dynamics

We extend the work of Kurchan on the Gallavotti–Cohen fluctuation theorem, which yields a symmetry property of the large deviation function, to general Markov processes. These include jump processes describing the evolution of stochastic lattice gases driven in the bulk or through particle reservoirs, general diffusive processes in physical and/or velocity space, as well as Hamiltonian systems with stochastic boundary conditions. For dynamics satisfying local detailed balance we establish a link between the average of the action functional in the fluctuation theorem and the macroscopic entropy production. This gives, in the linear regime, an alternative derivation of the Green–Kubo formula and the Onsager reciprocity relations. In the nonlinear regime consequences of the new symmetry are harder to come by and the large deviation functional difficult to compute. For the asymmetric simple exclusion process the latter is determined explicitly using the Bethe ansatz in the limit of large N.     

Induced Chern-Simons Term in Three-Dimensional Space at High Temperature

Perturbative calculations of the high temperature ground-state axial vector current of fermion fields coupled to gauge fields lead to an appearance of an additional anomalous Chern-Simons topological mass term in three-dimensional effective action. In Abelian case contributions come only from the vacuum polarization graph, and in non-Abelian case contributions come from the vacuum polarization graph and the two triangle graphs.     

Fluctuations of Single-Mode Laser Driven by Two Different Kinds of Colored Noise

A single-mode laser with coupling between additive and multiplicative noise terms is investigated when the multiplicative noise and the coupling between two noise terms are colored fluctuations with finite correlation times T1 and τ2. Combining the unified colored noise approximation (UCNA) and the functional analysis, the stationary probability distribution (SPD) and the variance of the laser intensity is derived. It is found that the colored nature of multiplicative noise and the coupling strength between two noise terms can affect both the structure and the height of the SPD, while the colored nature of the coupling between two noise terms can only affect the height of the SPD. The multiplicative noise can enhance the intensity fluctuations while the additive noise can reduce the fluctuations in a laser system. Numerical simulations are presented and consistent to the analytical results.     

层流氩等离子体射流温度的测量

采用给水冷管状静电探针施加负偏置电压、并使探针以一定速度垂直于射流轴线扫过层流氩等离子体射流的方法,测量探针所收集到的累积离子饱和电流随侧向位置的变化,利用Abel变换推导出了局部离子饱和电流密度沿射流径向的分布;采用自制的水冷动压探针,以动态扫描法测量了射流动压沿射流径向的分布;根据局部离子饱和电流密度和射流动压的测量数据,由理论关系式推导出了等离子体射流横截面上的温度分布,同时,采用谱线相对强度法测量了等离子体射流的激发温度。结果表明：两种方法得到的等离子体射流中心温度吻合较好,所得到的射流中心温度随弧电流加大而增大的变化趋势也一致。     

高速碰撞诱发闪光辐射温度的测量及误差分析

为实现对高速碰撞诱发的闪光辐射温度进行实验测量及误差分析,建立了二级轻气炮加载系统及闪光辐射温度测量系统。采用聚碳酸酯弹丸分别以6 km/s、3.9 km/s的速度垂直撞击2A12铝靶,利用瞬态光纤高温计采集闪光信号,通过比色法计算不同碰撞条件下的闪光辐射强度及辐射温度。依据普朗克辐射定律计算了不同波长及温度条件下的闪光辐射强度理论值,与实验测量结果相比较并进行了误差分析;分别采用双色测温法的不同波长组合及四色测温法计算了闪光辐射温度及其平均温度,通过计算标准差分析了波长的选取对闪光辐射温度的影响。结果表明：与理论计算结果相比较,实验测量得到的闪光辐射强度值偏低,采用双色测温法计算闪光辐射温度时波长的选取对计算结果影响很大,波长间隔越大计算结果误差越小（误差最小值实验No.1为68.25 K,实验No.2为30.67 K）;四色测温法计算得到的闪光辐射温度与平均温度相近（误差实验No.1为72.88 K,实验No.2为63.66 K）,因此采用比色法计算闪光辐射温度时应尽量选取大间隔波长或多个波长参与计算以降低误差。     

新型高温超导扭绞缆线的临界电流评估方法及其特性研究

高温超导缆线是研究各种大电流高温超导应用的基础.将超导材料通过不同方式组合成复合导体,不仅可以让缆线的载流量得到提升,更可以在机械强度和电磁特性等方面得到改善.在国内外众多研究缆线的团队中,上海交通大学超导团队提出了一种基于YBCO高温超导带材的新型高温超导扭绞缆线结构.这种结构在理论上不仅实现了载流量和机械强度的平衡,还通过扭绞改善了电磁特性[4-5].但是目前对于这种缆线的研究还处于起步阶段,特别是对其临界电流特性的研究.因此为了研究新型高温超导扭绞缆线的临界电流特性,本文从新型高温超导扭绞缆线的结构出发,通过仿真和实验两个角度对新型高温超导扭绞缆线的临界电流特性进行研究.在仿真方面,用H方程法计算缆线的临界电流,并探究扭绞节距是否会对临界电流的衰减产生影响.在实验方面,研究出了一种最适合于该缆线结构的临界电流评估方法“SVWE-copperwire-TU”.并用该方法测量了新型高温超导扭绞缆线的临界电流特性.本研究的结论对于后续制作更大电流的新型高温超导扭绞缆线具有重要意义.     

Space-Time Fluctuations Induced by D-Branes and Their Effects on Neutrino Oscillations

Neutrino oscillations are analyzed in the Ellis-Mavromatos-Nanopoulos-Volkov (ENMV) model, where the quantum gravitational fluctuations of the space-time background are described by virtual D branes. Such fluctuations may induce neutrino oscillations if a violation of the equivalence principle or a tiny violation of the Lorentz invariance is imposed. In this framework, the oscillation length of neutrinos turns out to be proportional to E ^–2 M, where E is the neutrino energy and M is the energy which is the scale characterizing the topological fluctuations in the vacuum.     

蒸汽浸没射流引起的紊流区轴向温度分布研究

本文采用紊态扩散模型分析了蒸汽浸没射流凝结过程,通过假设紊流区为单相水轴对称流动,利用自由紊动射流理论得到了紊流区轴向温度的计算公式。根据先前给出的温度特性半宽的实验关联式,得到蒸汽浸没射流引起的紊流区单相水射流的虚源,从而给出了计算紊流区轴向温度的半经验公式。本文中利用无量纲穿透长度确定了紊流区的起点位置,在此紊流区范围内,轴向温度的计算值和实验值吻合得较好,相对误差基本在±5%以内。     

谱线强度法所测得温度的物理意义

从统计热力学的角度分析了电子温度和激发温度的不同。明确的指出谱线强度法所测得的是重粒子内部电子的激发温度而不是自由电子温度。在热力学平衡态下等离子体激发温度与电子温度相同,在热力学非平衡态下激发温度与电子温度不同。在对真空室中电弧加热发动机羽流的研究中,采用谱线强度法测量了羽流的表观激发温度,同时采用Langmuir探针法测量羽流的电子温度,两种温度之间的巨大差异证实了谱线强度法所测得的温度不是电子温度。     

Transport enhancement and efficiency optimization in two heat reservoir ratchets

We study a Brownian motor moving in a sawtooth potential in the presence of an external driving force and two heat reservoirs. Based on the corresponding Fokker--Planck equation, the analytical expressions of the current and efficiency in the quasi-steady-state limit are obtained. The effects of temperature difference and the amplitude of the external driving force on the current and efficiency are discussed, respectively. The following is our findings. (i) The current increases with both δ and A. In other words, δ and A enhance the transport of the Brownian motor. (ii) The competition between the temperature difference and the amplitude of the external driving force can lead to efficiency optimization. The efficiency is a peaked function of temperature, i.e., δ>0 and a lower amplitude value of the external driving force is necessary for efficiency optimization. (iii) The efficiency increases with δ, and decreases with A. δ and A play opposite roles with respect to the efficiency, which indicates that δ enhances the efficiency of energy transformation while A weakens it.     

局域热源对磁岛热输运的影响

研究托卡马克等离子体磁岛内的热输运行为.应用局域高斯热源对磁岛加热来模拟电子回旋共振加热.对同时存在背景热源与局域高斯热源的情况,观察局域高斯热源对径向电子温度分布及热输运产生的变化,分析局域高斯热源对温度扰动及磁岛约束能量的影响.     

锰掺杂近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体的电荷输运过程

用泵浦(350 nm)-探测(780 nm)法研究了轻度锰掺杂近化学计量比铌酸锂晶体的光致吸收的特征,结果表明光致吸收的暗衰减过程以扩展指数的形式衰减,并测量了饱和光致吸收、衰减时间常量和扩展因子对泵浦光光强的依赖关系.在z轴方向上加直流电场测量了紫外光照射下光伏打电流强度和光电导,发现它们与光强之间成超线性关系.实验结果可以用考虑本征缺陷能级和掺杂能级之间激发和复合的修正的双中心电荷输运模型进行定量的解释.