Separation, concentration and determination of chloramphenicol in environment and food using an ionic liquid/salt aqueous two-phase flotation system coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography

Ionic liquid–salt aqueous two-phase flotation (ILATPF) is a novel, green, non-toxic and sensitive samples pretreatment technique. ILATPF coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed for the analysis of chloramphenicol, which combines ionic liquid aqueous two-phase system (ILATPS) based on imidazolium ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C₄mim]Cl) and inorganic salt (K₂HPO₄) with solvent sublation. In ILATPF systems, phase behaviors of the ILATPF were studied for different types of ionic liquids and salts. The sublation efficiency of chloramphenicol in [C₄mim]Cl–K₂HPO₄ ILATPF was influenced by the types of salts, concentration of K₂HPO₄ in aqueous solution, solution pH, nitrogen flow rate, sublation time and the amount of [C₄mim]Cl. Under the optimum conditions, the average sublation efficiency is up to 98.5%. The mechanism of ILATPF contains two principal processes. One is the mechanism of IL–salt ILATPS formation, the other is solvent sublation. This method was practical when applied to the analysis of chloramphenicol in lake water, feed water, milk, and honey samples with the linear range of 0.5–500 ng mL⁻¹. The method yielded limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 ng mL⁻¹ and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.3 ng mL⁻¹. The recovery of CAP was 97.1–101.9% from aqueous samples of environmental and food samples by the proposed method. Compared with liquid–liquid extraction, solvent sublation and ionic liquid aqueous two-phase extraction, ILATPF can not only separate and concentrate chloramphenicol with high sublation efficiency, but also efficiently reduce the wastage of IL. This novel technique is much simpler and more environmentally friendly and is suggested to have important applications for the concentration and separation of other small biomolecules.     

溶剂气浮分离技术研究现状与发展方向

溶剂气浮技术是一种较为简捷有效的水中微量、痕量组分分离与富集方法, 也可用于水中有机污染物的去除, 它在许多方面优于传统的萃取方法。本文比较全面地综述了溶剂气浮技术的装置、影响因素、机理及其应用, 并指出了溶剂气浮技术的发展方向。     

Matrix Isopotential Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Direct Determination of 1-Hydroxypyrene as a Urinary Biomarker of Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are present ubiquitously in the environment and exposure to PAHs is a major environmental and occupational health problem. One important approach in assessing human exposure to PAHs is to measure 1-hydroxypyrene excreted in urine. Its present analytical methods require either chromatographic separation^[1] or solvent extracting^[2]. Matrix isopotential synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (MISFS) is a new fluorimetric technique which consists of performing synchronous scans through a trajectory joining points of equal intensity on a total fluorescence spectrum^[3]. The technique is very useful for resolving highly-spectrally-overlapped mixtures or detecting analytes in complex fluorescent background without the need for tedious prior separation.     

Self-assembled Alkylation of Atomically Flat Hydrogen-terminated Silicon (111) Surface By Using Highly Polarized Fluoroalkylsilane

Hydrogen-terminated silicon surface is of technological importance to semiconductor processes such as pre-gate^[1]. Re-contamination and re-oxidation on silicon surface become more stringent issues in order to meet the requirements in the process for producing reduced size IC chips. The modification of silicon surfaces by various strategies has attracted more attention in the past few years^[2-4]. The frequently used techniques to attach functional groups to silicon surfaces are via chemical^[2], photochemical^[3] and electrochemical reactions^[4]. Various ways to attach monlayers to silicon surfaces has been reported, including alkylation of silicon with alkenes, alkyenes, aldehydes, alcohols and Grigard reagents under photoactivated or catalytic reactions. Particularly, porous silicon prepared by chemical or electrochemical treatments has been extensively studied. Preparation of passivated layers on porous silicon surfaces has disadvantages that the silicon surfaces are damaged by reactive agents during the reaction or become porous for attachment of molecules. Recently, self-assembled monolayer of alcohols on porous silicon was reported at modest heating without the aid of catalyst or photoexcitation or potential^[5]. In the paper, we report a novel method to attach highly polarized fluoroalkylsilane on atomically flat Si(111) surface at room temperature and to form a self-assembled monolayer to prevent the silicon surface from re-contamination and re-oxidation.     

Separation Cd(Ⅱ), Fe(Ⅲ) and Zn(Ⅱ) from Eu(Ⅲ) in Sulfuric Acid with Cyanex302 by Using Microporous Hollow Fiber Membrane

With the development of chemical industry, refining and collecting valued material in dilute solutions or difficult separation systems has become one of important research aspects. In order to adapt to the demand of modem science and technology, separation Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Fe³⁺ from Eu³⁺ solution to making Eu with high purity is necessary. Hollow fiber membrane (HFM) extraction, as a new separation technique, has many advantages^[1]. The extractant(commercial name as Cyanex302), bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)monothiophosphinic acid, is a soft acid and so it is easy to extract transition elements^[2]. HFM extraction combined with a new extraction system, which had little consumption and no pollution and was a friend environment process.     

多功能离子液体分散液液微萃取结合高效液相色谱法检测人尿中5种邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物

将多功能离子液体与分散液液微萃取（DLLME）技术相结合，建立了测定尿液中5种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）物质代谢产物的高灵敏度新方法。对影响DLLME效率的各单因素进行了优化，包括萃取剂的种类及体积、分散剂的种类及体积、萃取温度、超声时间、冷却时间、离心时间和盐效应等条件，经过严格的优化，最佳的萃取条件分别为：萃取剂[C₈MIM]PF₆]35 μL，分散剂[BSO₃HMIm]OTf]30 μL和[C₄MIM]BF₆]120 μL，萃取温度为35℃，超声时间5 min，冷却时间5 min，离心时间5 min，盐析剂NH₄PF₆ 0.1 g。在最佳的萃取条件下，5种PAEs代谢物在0.5~1000 μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系，决定系数（R²）均大于0.9955，方法检出限为0.16~0.19 μg/L，尿液中添加低中高水平（5、20、100 μg/L）的PAEs代谢物，其回收率为92.9%~105.0%，日内精密度及日间精密度的相对标准偏差（RSD）均小于5.96%，方法学验证各指标及稳定性均符合分析要求。对所采集的10份糖尿病患者的尿液进行检测，并对该人群PAEs代谢物的暴露水平进行评价。结果表明，各PAEs代谢物均有检出，其中邻苯二甲酸单（2-乙基己基）酯（MEHP）的检出率为100%。总之，该方法萃取过程中未添加有毒的有机试剂，均使用多功能离子液体作为萃取剂、分散剂和盐析剂，萃取过程绿色环保，简单高效；方法的灵敏度较高，稳定性较好，适用于人体尿液中痕量PAEs代谢物的检测。     

Tracing polar benzene- and naphthalenesulfonates in untreated industrial effluents and water treatment works by ion-pair chromatography-fluorescence and electrospray-mass spectrometry

This paper presents a protocol for the determination of a class of polar, ionic and highly water-soluble organic pollutants: benzene- and naphthalenesulfonic acids, compounds widely used in chemical, pharmaceutical, tannery, paper and textile industries. This protocol involves the use of a solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by ion-pair chromatography-electrospray-mass spectrometry (IPC-ESI-MS). In this work two polymeric solid-phase extraction cartridges (Isolute ENV+ and Lichrolut EN) were compared, with the more effective being Isolute ENV+ sorbent. Recoveries and breakthrough volumes were calculated by loading volumes of 150, 200 and 300 ml of spiked ground water through the SPE columns. To enhance the effectiveness of the methodology, 1 ml of water containing 5 mM TEA was added before eluting with methanol. Average recoveries ranging from 70 to 100% were obtained for a variety of 13 analytes (only two naphthalenesulfonate compounds had recoveries below 50%.). Determination of benzene- and naphthalenesulfonates was accomplished by ion-pair chromatography-fluorescence detection (IPC-FLD).

The ESI-MS parameters were optimized to achieve maximum sensitivity. [M–H]⁻ ion was the base peak using low energies (fragmentor voltage: 80 V). Significant fragmentation of the quasi-molecular [M–H]⁻ ion occurs at higher fragmentor voltages, leading to [M–SO₂H]⁻, [M–SO₃H]⁻ and [SO₃]⁻ as diagnostic ions, but with some sensitivity losses (more than two orders of magnitude when 150 V are applied as fragmentor voltage). Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of the parent ions for the benzene- and naphthalenesulfonates studied gave the [SO₃]⁻ fragment ion common to sulfonated compounds, it has been shown to be characteristic of aromatic sulfonated compounds and could be used as a diagnostic tool to indicate the presence of these compounds.

Limits of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) ranging from 0.03 pg to 0.05 ng, were achieved when 150 ml of ground water were processed and quantified by IPC-FLD. In IPC-ESI-MS, time-scheduled SIM mode with post-column addition of 0.2 m min⁻¹ of methanol was used. LODs range from 0.6 pg to 0.13 ng. In summary, with the development of a methodology based on SPE followed by IPC-ESI-MS, good sensitivity, structural information and unequivocal identification can be achieved.

This protocol was applied to the analysis of surface waters, untreated industrial waste waters and wastewater treatment works effluents and influents. In the case of tannery effluent samples, isomers of naphthalenesulfonic acid were found as major pollutants in concentrations up to 0.8 and 1.0 mg l⁻¹, for 1-naphthalenesulfonate and 2-naphthalenesulfonate, respectively. The main contaminants in wastewater treatment work samples were 2,6-naphthalenedisulfonate, 1-hydroxy-3,6-naphthalenedisulfonate, 3-nitrobenzenesulfonate, 1-naphthalenesulfonate and 2-naphthalenesulfonate, with levels of ug/l.     

Solvent sublation and spectrometric determination of iron(II) and total iron using 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-bis(4-phenylsulfonic acid)-1,2,4-triazine and tetrabutylammonium bromide.

Solvent sublation has been studied for the separation and determination of trace iron(II) in various kinds of water samples. A strongly magenta-colored anionic [Fe(FZ)3](4-) complex was formed at pH 5.0 upon adding 3-(2-pyridyl)-5,6-bis(4-phenylsulfonic acid)-1,2,4-triazine (ferrozine, FZ) to the sample solution. Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) was added in the solution to form the (TBA)4[Fe(FZ)3)] ion pair, and an oleic acid (HOL) surfactant was added. Then, the (TBA)4[Fe(FZ)3] ion pairs were floated by vigorous shaking in the flotation cell and extracted into methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) on the surface of the aqueous solution. The iron collected in the MIBK layer was measured directly by spectrophotometry and/or flame atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Different experimental variables that may affect the sublation efficiency were thoroughly investigated. The molar absorptivity of the (TBA)4[Fe(FZ)3] ion pair was 2.8 x 10(4) l mol(-1) cm(-1) in the aqueous layer. Beer's law held up to 1.0 mg L(-1) Fe(II) in the aqueous as well as in the organic layers. The adopted solvent sublation method was successfully applied for the determination of Fe(II) in natural water samples with a preconcentration factor of 200. The application was extended to determine iron in pharmaceutical samples.     

精氨酸的溶剂浮选分离技术及其分离机制

以表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸为捕收剂(DBSA),二(2-乙基己基)磷酸酯(P204)为萃取剂,正庚烷为有机溶剂,采用溶剂浮选法对水溶液中精氨酸进行分离富集,并与气浮络合萃取法、泡沫浮选法和溶剂萃取法进行了比较.结果表明,在常温下,0.09 g/L精氨酸水溶液250 mL、初始pH 7.0,DBSA浓度0.15 g/L,正庚烷体积10 mL, P204体积4.5 mL,气体流量200 mL/min,溶剂浮选法分离水溶液中精氨酸的富集比为16.2,回收率为97.2%.溶剂浮选法分离精氨酸的动力学实验结果表明,精氨酸的溶剂浮选过程阶段性明显,大致可分为3个阶段,第一阶段和第二阶段都符合一级动力学方程,第三阶段符合零级动力学方程,探索了溶剂浮选法分离精氨酸的分离机制.     

Synthesis of Silica Hollow Spheres with Diameter Around 50 nm by Anionic Surfactant

Silica hollow spheres(SHSs) have attracted great attention because of their low toxicity,low density,large surface area,high chemical and thermal stability,and surface permeability.They can be widely applied in storage[1],catalysis[2],drug delivery[3,4],low-dielectric-constant materials[5],low-refractive materials[6-8],and so on.Up to now,there have been various methods to produce SHSs.Inorganic[9] or organic particles[10],such as polystyrene or calcium carbonate,were used as hard templates to create hollow cavities.However,the multistep synthetic process and the lack of structural robustness of the shells upon template removal process weaken their application.Soft templates,including oil-in-water emulsions[1],[2],vesicles[13],micelle[14,15] and gas bubbles[16],are applied widely.     

D2EHDTPA-TOA反协同萃取镉的速率方程

以恒界面池法研究了D2EHDTPA（二（2-乙基己基）二硫代磷酸）-TOA（三辛胺）反协同萃取镉的界面反应速率方程.萃取历程由若干个相转移（在本体相与界面相之间的物质转移）过程和若干个反应组成.萃取的速率方程为 r=1.42*10^-7[Cd²⁺]^0.42[BHA]^0.47/[B]^0.85[H⁺]^0.21 （mol•m^-2•s^-1） 探讨了萃取速率方程中非整数反应物级数的物理意义.Freundlich因子n越大,物质在界面层所受排斥力越大.萃取过程的表观活化能E=44.2 kJ•mol－1,萃取反应的焓变ΔH=72.9 kJ•mol－1.讨论了由不同的界面模型而导致不能通融的萃取动力学机理的问题.     

Synthesis of Alkyl Bromide by the Method of Phase Transfer Catalysis

Phase transfer catalysis is one of the most active techniques used in organic synthesis^[1]. The process is versatile, fast, inexpensive, involves smooth work-up, give good yield and needs less drastic condition compared to conventional methods of synthesis. The technique has a very broad scope of application^[2], surprised, few are have been devised for synthesizing alkyl bromides. Alkyl bromides are important materials in organic synthesis and in agricultural chemical purpose, as well as widely used in the oil field gas exploration and water treatment^[3].     

Determination of Lignans in Schisandra sphenanthera and Schisandra chinensis Using Ionic Liquid-based Ultrasonic-assisted Extraction and High-performance Liquid Chromatography

A green, rapid and precise sample pretreatment technique, IL-based UAE(ionic liquid-based ultrasonic-assisted extraction), was coupled with high-performance liquid chromatographic separation to identify the main effective components in Schisandra sphenanthera(S. sphenanthera) and Schisandra chinensis(S. chinensis) including schisantherin A, schisandrin A, and deoxyschizandrin. Four different types of ionic liquids have been investigated, finally[C₆MIM] [BF₄] was used as the extraction solvent. A powder form of S. sphenanthera and S. chinensis was mixed with the[C₆MIM] [BF₄] to produce a suspension. This suspension was ultrasonically extracted in a water bath at room temperature. Several of the process parameters were optimized, including the type of ionic liquid used and its volume, the sample amount, the size of the sample particle, the extraction time, etc. HPLC calibration curves were established for all the analytes and proved to be linear(r>0.9999). The lowest detection level for schisandrin A was 0.12 μg/mL, for schisantherin A was 0.08 μg/mL, and for deoxyschizandrin was 0.10 μg/mL. The recoveries of the target compounds were from 74.19% to 109.33%. The standard deviations for detection were generally no more than 6.31%. In contrast to conventional extraction methods, the IL-based UAE did not involve volatile organic volatile solvents, and the analysis time, required sample and solvent volumes were also lower than those of the conventional techniques.     

The effects of surface ligands and counter cations on the stability of anionic thiolated M12Ag32 （M=Au,Ag） nanoclusters

The stabilities of [M12Ag32（SR）30]4- （M = Ag, Au and SR = SPhF2, SPhCF3, SPhF） clusters having the same structure but different surface ligands or counter cations were systematically studied. It was clearly revealed that a subtle structural change in the surface ligands or counter cations could significantly alter the overall stability of [M12Ag32（SR）30]4 although they all had an electronic structure of 18-electron superatom shell closure. SPhF2 was found as a better surface ligand than SPhCF3 or SPhF to stabilize [M12Ag32（SR）30]4-. And the use of more bulky [（PPhj）2N]＋ as the counter cations was revealed to be more deleterious to the overall stability of [M12Ag32（SR）30]4- clusters than PPh4＋. [Au12Ag32（SR）30]4- was much more stable than [Ag44（SR）30]4 with the same surface ligands and counter cations. An exceptional stability was observed on （PPh4）4[Au12Ag32（SPhF2）30] which was stable in DMF for more than 8 days in air at 80 ℃. More research efforts are still needed to deeply understand why a small structural change could result in a significant change in the stability of noble metal nanoclusters.     

溶剂热后处理对石墨相氮化碳光化学固氮产氨性能的影响

In this work, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) with large surface area and many nitrogen vacancies was synthesized by introducing ionic liquid[Bmim]Br as a solvent into the solvothermal post-treatment. X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), temperature-programmed desorption of N₂ (N₂-TPD), and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy were used to characterize the prepared catalysts. The morphology of the as-prepared g-C₃N₄ was markedly changed from an orderless layered structure to nanoparticles with a uniform size distribution of around 30-40 nm after the introduction of[Bmim]Br, leading an increase in surface area from 8.6 to 37.9 m²·g^-1. N₂-TPD, photoluminescence spectra, and density functional theory (DFT) simulations indicated that the nitrogen vacancies not only trapped the photogenerated electrons to enhance their separation rate, but also served as active sites for the adsorption and activation of N₂ molecules. The increased surface area of the as-prepared g-C₃N₄ meant that more nitrogen vacancies were exposed on the surface, leading to a markedly promoted nitrogen photofixation ability. The possible reaction mechanism is proposed.     

Comparative study on the transition metal complexes of a novel thiacalix[4]arene derivative

A comparative study on Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ complexes of the novel compound 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis{[4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]methoxy}-2,8,14,20-tetrathiacalix[4]arene, that possesses potential as a core unit for the construction of molecular receptors, is presented using semiempirical AM1 calculation. The possible structures of each metal complex and their corresponding energetic data are compared with the parent 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-2,8,14,20-tetrathiacalix[4]arene. The complexation ability of both thiacalix[4]arenes towards the two metal ions is discussed on the basis of binding energies. Both thiacalix[4]arene 1:1 complexes show higher complexation ability towards Cu²⁺. However, 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-25,27-bis{[4-(methoxycarbonyl)phenyl]methoxy}-2,8,14,20-tetrathiacalix[4]arene presents lower complexation ability when compared with the 5,11,17,23-tetra-tert-butyl-2,8,14,20-tetrathiacalix[4]arene. The results of liquid–liquid extraction experiments of the thiacalix[4]arenes are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations.     

二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸从盐酸介质中萃取铀(Ⅳ)的动力学研究

采用上升单液滴法研完了二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸-环己烷从盐酸介质中萃取铀(Ⅳ)的动力学。测定了不同萃取条件对萃取速率的影响,提出了速率方程,并对萃取反应机理进行了讨论。     

邻甲氧基羰基苄氧基取代杯[4]芳烃衍生物的合成及其性能研究

杯芳烃是继冠醚、环糊精之后的第三代主体分子[1].据文献[2,3]报道,在杯[4]芳烃下沿酚氧原子上连接乙酸酯得到的四取代衍生物对Na+有很高的选择性,核磁与晶体结构研究均证实这是由于羧酸酯的羰基和酚氧基参与了对Na+的配位,而且配位基团所形成的包络空间大小与钠离子相匹配.一般认为,随着包络空间改变,对金属离子的识别作用会有所变化[4].但目前对这方面的工作并没有给予更多的重视.我们发现,用2-溴甲基苯甲酸甲酯与杯[4]芳烃反应,得到了一种新的四取代杯[4]芳烃衍生物[2]萃取研究结果表明,该化合物对钾离子有较好的选择性.此外,在合成该衍生物的过程中,还得到了另一新的二取代衍生物(3).     

Properties of Intermolecular Multiple Quantum Coherences and their Application in Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Over the last few years, intermolecular multiple-quantum coherences (MQCs) have attracted theoretical attention and also caused controversies in the NMR community^[1-3]. Although there are still some theoretical issues which remain to be addressed, intermolecular dipolar interaction effects have lost much of their mystical character and are becoming useful tools in NMR spectroscopy and MR imaging^[2-6]; Recently, we have successfully obtained human tissue double quantum coherence images in 1.5 T scanned^[4,5] and 5-th order MQC images of water phantom on a 9.4 T system^[6].     

分子光化学贮存太阳能 Ⅲ.双环[2,2,1]-2,5-庚二烯的光诱导电子转移敏化异构化反应

以N,N,N′,N′-四甲基联苯二胺、2,6-二甲氧基萘和2,7-二甲氧基萘为光敏剂,在正己烷溶液中实现了双环[2,2,1]-2,5-庚二烯到四环[2,2,1,0^2,6,0^3,5]庚烷的异构化。测定了反应的量子产率。讨论了反应机理。通过激发态的光敏剂与二烯之间的电子转移反应,形成单重态和三重态处于平衡状态的离子自由基对中间体。处于溶剂笼中的三重态离子自由基对经电子反传,产生激发三重态二烯。最后该激发态二烯经分子内[2+2]环合加成反应异构化为四环烷。