熔石英亚表面横向划痕调制作用的3维模拟

建立了熔石英后表面3维横向划痕模型,并采用3维时域有限差分方法对熔石英亚表面划痕周围的电场强度进行了数值模拟,分析了划痕宽度、深度、长度以及划痕倾斜角度对入射光场的调制作用,结果表明:随划痕深度和划痕长度的增加,熔石英内的最大电场强度增大,且当划痕长度达到1μm以上时,最大电场强度趋于稳定;划痕结构因子在1~2之间的划痕较容易引起熔石英损伤;而入射激光在划痕界面和后表面之间发生内全反射时,后表面上的光强增强效果更加明显,因此减少角度范围在20.9°~45°之内的划痕能大幅提高熔石英的损伤阈值。     

熔石英亚表面三维Hertz锥形划痕附近光强分布的数值模拟

熔石英亚表面划痕对入射激光的调制是导致光学材料损伤的主要因素.本文建立了熔石英后表面上三维Hertz锥形划痕模型,采用三维时域有限差分方法对划痕周围的电场强度进行了计算模拟,并分别讨论了划痕的深度、半径以及倾斜角度对入射光场调制作用的影响.结果表明：Hertz锥形划痕中心区域的电场增强效果最明显,最容易被辐照损伤;划痕的深度从λ变化到9.5λ的过程中,熔石英内的最大电场强度逐渐增大;半径小于15λ的Hertz锥形划痕较容易引起熔石英的损伤,当半径大于175λ时,熔石英内的最大电场强度都维持在2.5 V/m,不再受半径大小影响;当入射激光在划痕的内侧界面和熔石英后表面之间发生内全反射时,光场增强效果愈加明显. 关键词： 三维时域有限差分 Hertz锥形划痕 电场分布 数值模拟     

熔石英亚表面三维Hertz锥形划痕附近光强分布的数值模拟

熔石英亚表面划痕对入射激光的调制是导致光学材料损伤的主要因素.本文建立了熔石英后表面上三维Hertz锥形划痕模型,采用三维时域有限差分方法对划痕周围的电场强度进行了计算模拟,并分别讨论了划痕的深度、半径以及倾斜角度对入射光场调制作用的影响.结果表明：Hertz锥形划痕中心区域的电场增强效果最明显,最容易被辐照损伤;划痕的深度从λ变化到9.5λ的过程中,熔石英内的最大电场强度逐渐增大;半径小于15λ的Hertz锥形划痕较容易引起熔石英的损伤,当半径大于175λ时,熔石英内的最大电场强度都维持在2.5 V/m,不再受半径大小影响;当入射激光在划痕的内侧界面和熔石英后表面之间发生内全反射时,光场增强效果愈加明显.     

355 nm皮秒激光辐照下熔石英的损伤特性

利用光学元件激光损伤测试平台,测试了355 nm皮秒激光辐照下熔石英光学元件的初始损伤及损伤增长情况,并通过荧光检测分析了损伤区缺陷。研究结果表明:皮秒激光较高的峰值功率导致熔石英损伤阈值较低,前表面损伤阈值为3.98 J/cm2,后表面损伤阈值为2.91 J/cm2;前后表面损伤形貌存在较大差异,后表面比前表面损伤程度轻且伴随体内丝状损伤;随脉冲数的增加后表面损伤直径增长缓慢,损伤深度呈线性增长;皮秒激光的动态自聚焦和自散焦导致熔石英体内损伤存在细丝和炸裂点重复的现象;与纳秒激光损伤相比,损伤区缺陷发生明显改变。     

光学材料亚表面缺陷处强激光电磁场分布的3维模拟

 利用时域有限差分法求解麦克斯韦旋度方程,研究了光学材料表面缺陷对入射激光场的调制作用,建立了亚表面缺陷的3维模型。以长方体表面缺陷为例,对缺陷附近的光场分布进行了3维数值计算,给出了电场强度3维分布图和缺陷不同尺寸时的最大电场强度。研究表明,相对于2维简化情况,3维表面缺陷对强激光电磁场的调制作用更加明显。     

高功率脉冲电子束辐照SiO$lt;sub$gt;2$lt;/sub$gt;的光学和激光损伤性能

研究了不同剂量的60 kW高功率脉冲电子束辐照对高纯熔石英玻璃的微观结构、光学性能和激光损伤特性的影响规律. 光学显微图像表明, 辐照后熔石英样品由于热效应导致表面破裂, 裂纹密度和尺寸随辐照剂量增加而增大, 采用原子力显微镜分析表面裂纹的微观形貌, 裂纹宽度约1 um, 同时样品表面分布着大量尺寸约0.1–1μm的碎片颗粒. 吸收光谱测试表明, 所有样品均在394 nm处出现微弱的吸收峰, 吸收强度随着电子束辐照剂量增大呈现先增加后减小的趋势. 荧光光谱测试发现辐照前后样品均有3个荧光带, 分别位于460, 494和520 nm, 荧光强度随辐照剂量的变化趋势与吸收光谱一致. 利用355 nm激光研究了不同剂量电子束辐照对熔石英激光损伤阈值的影响, 结果表明熔石英的损伤阈值随着辐照剂量的增加而降低. 在剂量较低时, 导致熔石英激光损伤阈值下降的原因主要是色心缺陷; 剂量较高时, 导致损伤阈值降低的原因主要是样品表面产生的大量微裂纹和碎片颗粒对激光的调制和吸收. 关键词： 熔石英 电子束辐照 色心 激光损伤阈值     

熔石英表面铜颗粒污染激光诱导损伤

利用SAGA-S激光器输出的355 nm波长激光,研究了熔石英表面铜颗粒污染的激光损伤规律。采用磁控溅射的方式在洁净熔石英表面制备不同尺寸的颗粒状污染物,用1-on-1,10-on-1,20-on-1的方式测试经污染后的熔石英基底的损伤阈值,并采用光学显微镜观察损伤形貌、CCD在线测量损伤斑尺寸。结果表明:污染后的熔石英基底的损伤主要发生在后表面,而且以热烧蚀和热应力为主,基底的损伤阈值与熔石英前表面污染颗粒尺寸呈负指数关系,随后表面污染物颗粒尺寸的增大呈略微下降。前表面颗粒污染物诱导损伤斑尺寸为颗粒污染物尺寸的4倍,后表面颗粒污染物引起的损伤斑尺寸约为颗粒污染物尺寸的2倍。并绘出损伤斑尺寸与颗粒尺寸、辐照方式之间的关系。     

高功率脉冲电子束辐照SiO_2的光学和激光损伤性能

研究了不同剂量的60 kW高功率脉冲电子束辐照对高纯熔石英玻璃的微观结构、光学性能和激光损伤特性的影响规律.光学显微图像表明,辐照后熔石英样品由于热效应导致表面破裂,裂纹密度和尺寸随辐照剂量增加而增大,采用原子力显微镜分析表面裂纹的微观形貌,裂纹宽度约1μm,同时样品表面分布着大量尺寸约0.1—1μm的碎片颗粒.吸收光谱测试表明,所有样品均在394 nm处出现微弱的吸收峰,吸收强度随着电子束辐照剂量增大呈现先增加后减小的趋势.荧光光谱测试发现辐照前后样品均有3个荧光带,分别位于460,494和520 nm,荧光强度随辐照剂量的变化趋势与吸收光谱一致.利用355 nm激光研究了不同剂量电子束辐照对熔石英激光损伤阈值的影响,结果表明熔石英的损伤阈值随着辐照剂量的增加而降低.在剂量较低时,导致熔石英激光损伤阈值下降的原因主要是色心缺陷;剂量较高时,导致损伤阈值降低的原因主要是样品表面产生的大量微裂纹和碎片颗粒对激光的调制和吸收.     

紫外激光预处理对熔石英表面损伤影响的实验研究

搭建了紫外激光预处理平台,实验研究了紫外激光对熔石英基片的预处理效果。通过对比不同样片可以看出:熔石英的表面质量对预处理效果影响明显;表面原生缺陷和初始损伤的数量越多,尺度越大,辐照后的预处理效果越明显;预处理时,能量增幅采用零损伤阈值的20%为宜,预处理能量的最高值一般应达到样片零损伤阈值的80%左右。实验发现,损伤后的损伤扩展阈值一般为初始损伤阈值的1/3左右。     

表面Al膜污染物诱导熔石英表面损伤特性

在熔石英表面人工溅射一层Al膜污染物,分别测试污染前后熔石英基片在355 nm波长激光辐照下的损伤阈值,并采用透射式光热透镜技术、椭偏仪和光学显微镜研究了污染物Al膜的热吸收、厚度以及激光辐照前后熔石英的损伤形貌。用355 nm波长的脉冲激光分别辐照位于污染的熔石英和洁净的熔石英前后表面的损伤点,并用显微镜在线采集损伤增长图样,测试损伤点面积。实验表明:熔石英前表面的金属Al膜污染物导致基片损伤阈值的下降约30%,后表面的污染物导致基片下降约15%,位于熔石英样片后表面损伤点面积随激光辐照次数呈指数增长,而位于前表面的损伤点面积与激光脉冲辐照次数呈线性增长关系;带有污染的熔石英样片的增长因子比洁净的熔石英样片的增长因子高30%。     

Numerical simulation of the modulation to incident laser by the repaired damage site in a fused silica subsurface

One of the main factors of laser induced damage is the modulation to incident laser which is caused by the defect in the subsurface of the fused silica.In this work,the repaired damage site irradiated by CO 2 laser is simplified to a Gaussian rotation according to the corresponding experimental results.Then,the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain method is employed to simulate the electric field intensity distribution in the vicinity of this kind of defect in fused silica front subsurface.The simulated results show that the modulation is notable,the E max is about 2.6 times the irradiated electric field intensity in the fused silica with the damage site (the width is 1.5 μm and depth is 2.3 μm) though the damage site is repaired by CO 2 laser.The phenomenon and the theoretical result of the annular laser enhancement existed on the rear surface are first verified effectively,which agrees well with the corresponding experimental results.The relations between the maximal electric field intensity in fused silica with defect depth and width are given respectively.Meanwhile,the corresponding physical mechanism is analysed theoretically in detail.     

Numerical simulation of modulation to incident laser by submicron to micron surface contaminants on fused silica

Modulation caused by surface/subsurface contaminants is one of the important factors for laser-induced damage of fused silica. In this work, a three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain(3D-FDTD) method is employed to simulate the electric field intensity distribution in the vicinity of particulate contaminants on fused silica surface. The simulated results reveal that the contaminant on both the input and output surfaces plays an important role in the electric field modulation of the incident laser. The influences of the shape, size, embedded depth, dielectric constant(εr), and the number of contaminant particles on the electric field distribution are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the corresponding physical mechanism is analyzed theoretically.     

The electric field modulation by three-dimensional crack on fused silica subsurface

The main factor of laser-induced damage is the modulation to electromagnetic field of laser by the crack on the subsurface. In this paper, a three-dimensional crack model on the exit surface is presented. Three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is employed to simulate the electric field intensity distribution in the vicinity of crack on fused silica subsurface. The roles of the crack width, depth, length and the gradient angle in the modulation to the incident light field are analyzed in detail. Results show that the crack size plays an important role in the electric modulation. With the increasing depth and width, the peak value of maximal electric field intensity appears in fused silica. However, the maximal electric field intensity tends to be a constant when the crack length reaches 1 μm. Besides, the enhancement of light intensity becomes obvious when total internal reflection occurs in fused silica. Our calculated results provide an advisable theoretical criterion to the corresponding experiment.     

形状与位置对断点划痕场分布的影响研究

用3维时域有限差分方法分别研究了在355 nm入射激光作用下, 熔石英后表面具有不同形状 和位置的断点划痕对场分布的影响.研究表明,对于椭圆状的坑点, 当共线的轴长逐渐 增大时, 电场幅值与强点数目先增大后减小, 获得最大光强增强因子的两轴 比是1.1-1.2, 此时坑点呈近圆形. 当平行的轴长逐步增大时,电场幅值先逐渐增大, 当两轴比为0.53时趋于平缓, 而强点总数则呈"J"形曲线不断增长. 当坑点尺寸相同 但排放位置不同时, 相邻坑点的相对面积愈大, 调制愈强.     

横向划痕对光场调制的近场模拟

熔石英亚表面划痕对入射激光的近场调制是导致光学元件低阈值损伤的主要因素之一. 用三维时域有限差分方法研究了连续横向划痕的近场分布, 对比了尖锐截面与光滑截面场调制的差异, 着重探讨了光场调制与划痕宽深比R的关系. 研究表明: 酸蚀后的光滑截面有助于减弱近场调制, 这类划痕的R>10.0时调制较弱且相互接近, R<5.0时调制显著增强. 当R取1---3时, 亚表面的调制达最大值, 最大电场幅值为入射波幅值的4.3倍. 当R取1.0---3.5时, 缺陷附近有80%以上取样点的最大电场幅值超过入射波幅值的2倍. 随着深度的增大, 强场区具有明显的"趋肤效应": 位于划痕正下方的强场区首先往左右两侧移动, 然后移向抛物口界面以及水平界面, 同时衍生出的多条增强线诱导整个亚表面层的光场增强.     

Effect of fused silica subsurface defect site density on light intensification

The effect of defect density on the modulation of incident laser waves is investigated. First, based on the actual defect distribution in the subsurface of fused silica, a three-dimensional (3D) grid model of defect sites is constructed. The 3D finite-difference time-domain method is developed to solve the Maxwell equations. Then the electrical field intensity in the vicinity of the defect sites in the subsurface of fused silica is numerically calculated. The relationships between the maximal electrical field intensity in fused silica and the geometry of the defect sites are given. The simulated results reveal that the modulation becomes more remarkable with an increase of the defect density. In addition, the effect of the distribution mode of defects on modulation is discussed. Meanwhile, the underlying physical mechanism is analyzed in detail.     

熔石英和磷酸盐钕玻璃表面三角形微裂纹对入射光的散射分析

 采用时域有限差分方法(FDTD)模拟了石英玻璃和掺钕磷酸盐激光玻璃表面三角形微裂纹对入射光调制后的分布。TE模式光波入射,最大调制电场幅值出现在玻璃体内部;TM模式光波入射,最大调制电场幅值则发生在裂纹的缝隙中。两种入射光模式下,后表面的调制电场幅值增大倍数在相同裂纹条件下均比前表面大。TE模式入射时,当入射光在裂纹和玻璃表面相继发生全反射时,得到的调制电场幅值最大;后表面最大调制电场幅值随着裂纹在界面投影长度的增加、开口宽度的变大及裂纹深度的增加而分别增大。     

The electric field modulation by lateral crack coated with HfO2/SiO2 high reflector

High-dielectric constant multilayer coatings are commonly used on optics to increase the laser damage resistance of optics. In this work, the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain is improved to simulate the electric field intensity distribution in the silica–hafnia multilayer coatings on fused silica subsurface with lateral crack. Results reveal that as the substrate is defect-free, the largest intensification is at the surface layer, especially in the hafnia layer. As the lateral crack appears on the subsurface of fused silica, the intensified sites are mainly located at distorted coatings layers. Dependences of peak LIEF on crack's parameters are detailed investigated. Results show that laser intensification is more sensitive to its width, and the modulation of lateral defect with silica–hafnia multilayer is greater than nodular defect as its width larger than 5λ.     

Experimental Investigation of Integrated Optical Intensive Impulse Electric Field Sensors

We design and fabricate an integrated optical electric field sensor with segmented electrode for intensive impulse electric field measurement. The integrated optical sensor is based on a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with segmented electrodes. The output/input character of the sensing system is analysed and measured. The maximal detectable electric field range （-75 kV/m to 245kV/m） is obtained by analysing the results. As a result, the integrated optics electric field sensing system is suitable for transient intensive electric field measurement investigation.