Optimized prefactored compact schemes

The numerical simulation of aeroacoustic phenomena requires high-order accurate numerical schemes with low dispersion and dissipation errors. In this paper we describe a strategy for developing high-order accurate prefactored compact schemes, requiring very small stencil support. These schemes require fewer boundary stencils and offer simpler boundary condition implementation than existing compact schemes. The prefactorization strategy splits the central implicit schemes into forward and backward biased operators. Using Fourier analysis, we show it is possible to select the coefficients of the biased operators such that their dispersion characteristics match those of the original central compact scheme and their numerical wavenumbers have equal and opposite imaginary components. This ensures that when the forward and backward stencils are added, the original central compact scheme is recovered. To extend the resolution characteristic of the schemes, an optimization strategy is employed in which formal order of accuracy is sacrificed in preference to enhanced resolution characteristics across the range of wavenumbers realizable on a given mesh. The resulting optimized schemes yield improved dispersion characteristics compared to the standard sixth- and eighth-order compact schemes making them more suitable for high-resolution numerical simulations in gas dynamics and computational aeroacoustics. The efficiency, accuracy and convergence characteristics of the new optimized prefactored compact schemes are demonstrated by their application to several test problems.     

A class of finite difference schemes with low dispersion and controllable dissipation for DNS of compressible turbulence

In this paper, a class of finite difference schemes which achieves low dispersion and controllable dissipation in smooth region and robust shock-capturing capabilities in the vicinity of discontinuities is presented. Firstly, a sufficient condition for semi-discrete finite difference schemes to have independent dispersion and dissipation is derived. This condition enables a novel approach to separately optimize the dissipation and dispersion properties of finite difference schemes and a class of schemes with minimized dispersion and controllable dissipation is thus obtained. Secondly, for the purpose of shock-capturing, one of these schemes is used as the linear part of the WENO scheme with symmetrical stencils to constructed an improved WENO scheme. At last, the improved WENO scheme is blended with its linear counterpart to form a new hybrid scheme for practical applications. The proposed scheme is accurate, flexible and robust. The accuracy and resolution of the proposed scheme are tested by the solutions of several benchmark test cases. The performance of this scheme is further demonstrated by its application in the direct numerical simulation of compressible turbulent channel flow between isothermal walls.     

A new compact scheme for parallel computing using domain decomposition

Direct numerical simulation (DNS) of complex flows require solving the problem on parallel machines using high accuracy schemes. Compact schemes provide very high spectral resolution, while satisfying the physical dispersion relation numerically. However, as shown here, compact schemes also display bias in the direction of convection – often producing numerical instability near the inflow and severely damping the solution, always near the outflow. This does not allow its use for parallel computing using domain decomposition and solving the problem in parallel in different sub-domains. To avoid this, in all reported parallel computations with compact schemes the full domain is treated integrally, while using parallel Thomas algorithm (PTA) or parallel diagonal dominant (PDD) algorithm in different processors with resultant latencies and inefficiencies. For domain decomposition methods using compact scheme in each sub-domain independently, a new class of compact schemes is proposed and specific strategies are developed to remove remaining problems of parallel computing. This is calibrated here for parallel computing by solving one-dimensional wave equation by domain decomposition method. We also provide the error norm with respect to the wavelength of the propagated wave-packet. Next, the advantage of the new compact scheme, on a parallel framework, has been shown by solving three-dimensional unsteady Navier–Stokes equations for flow past a cone-cylinder configuration at a Mach number of 4.Additionally, a test case is conducted on the advection of a vortex for a subsonic case to provide an estimate for the error and parallel efficiency of the method using the proposed compact scheme in multiple processors.     

On the development of a dispersion-relation-preserving dual-compact upwind scheme for convection–diffusion equation

In this paper a dual-compact scheme, which accommodates a better dispersion relation for the convective terms shown in the transport equation, is proposed to enhance the convective stability of the convection–diffusion equation by virtue of the increased dispersive accuracy. The dispersion-relation-preserving compact scheme has been rigorously developed within the three-stencil point framework through the dispersion and dissipation analyses. To verify the proposed method, several problems that are amenable to the exact and benchmark solutions will be investigated. The results with good rates of convergence are demonstrated for all the investigated problems.     

分辨率优化的混合WENO格式

为提高有限差分格式的分辨率,利用傅里叶分析对WENO格式进行色散及耗散优化,并给出优化的线性权重.用优化后的WENO格式与保单调格式（MP）进行加权混合,得到新的加权混合WENO格式（H-WENO）.通过一维激波管问题、Shu-Osher问题及二维双Mach反射问题及R-T不稳定性问题对格式进行数值测试.结果显示,新格式具有强健的激波捕捉能力和对小尺度波结构的高分辨率,与原WENO格式相比改进明显.     

Compact Accurately Boundary-Adjusting high-REsolution Technique for fluid dynamics

A novel high-resolution numerical method is presented for one-dimensional hyperbolic problems based on the extension of the original Upwind Leapfrog scheme to quasi-linear conservation laws. The method is second-order accurate on non-uniform grids in space and time, has a very small dispersion error and computational stencil defined within one space–time cell. For shock-capturing, the scheme is equipped with a conservative non-linear correction procedure which is directly based on the maximum principle. Plentiful numerical examples are provided for linear advection, quasi-linear scalar hyperbolic conservation laws and gas dynamics and comparisons with other computational methods in the literature are discussed.     

采用Power限制器的PNND和PWNND格式

为高精度捕捉激波等流场结构,引入一种Power限制器,对NND格式和WNND格式进行改进,分别得到二阶PNND(Power NND)格式和三阶PWNND(Power WNND)格式.该Power类型格式通过Power限制器对相邻待选模板上的一阶导数进行限制,改善了NND格式和WNND格式在间断附近的耗散效应.对各种格式的分析表明,在间断附近采用Power限制器的格式比原格式的表现要好,耗散小且捕捉间断精度高,其中PNND格式虽然只有二阶精度,但在所有算例中与三阶WNND格式的计算结果比较接近,在个别算例中甚至优于WNND格式.最后将PWNND格式应用到二维NACA0012翼型的强迫俯仰振动的数值模拟,计算结果与实验值、参考计算值吻合较好.     

Further improvement and analysis of CCD scheme: Dissipation discretization and de-aliasing properties

In this paper, we further analyze a combined compact difference (CCD) scheme proposed recently [T.K. Sengupta, V. Lakshmanan, V.V.S.N. Vijay, A new combined stable and dispersion relation preserving compact scheme for non-periodic problems, J. Comput. Phys. 228 (8) (2009) 3048–3071] for its dissipation discretization properties to show that its superiority also helps in controlling aliasing error for a benchmark internal flow. However, application of the same CCD method to study the receptivity of a boundary layer experiencing adverse pressure gradient is not successful. This is traced to the nature of the equilibrium flow where the better dissipation property is not helpful in the inviscid part of the flow, where the aliasing problems continue to persist. A further modification is proposed to the CCD method here to solve complex physical problems requiring information on higher order disturbance quantities – as in problems of flow receptivity and instability.     

A high-resolution gas-kinetic scheme with minimized dispersion and controllable dissipation reconstruction

In order to simulate multiscale problems such as turbulent flows effectively, the high-order accurate reconstruction based on mini- mized dispersion and controllable dissipation (MDCD) is implemented in the second-order accurate gas-kinetic scheme (GKS) to improve the accuracy and resolution. MDCD is firstly extended to non-uniform grids through the modification of dissipation and dispersion coefficients for uniform grids based on the local stretch ratio. Remarkable improvements in accuracy and resolution are achieved on general grids. Then a new scheme, MDCD-GKS is constructed, with the help of MDCD reconstruction, not only for conservative variables, but also for their gradients. MDCD-GKS shows good accuracy and efficiency in typical numerical tests. MDCD-GKS is also coupled with the improved delayed detached-eddy simulation (IDDES) hybrid model and applied in the fine simulation of turbulent flow around a cylinder, and the prediction is in good agreement with experiments when using the relatively coarse grid. The high accuracy and resolution of the developed GKS guarantee its high efficiency in practical applications.     

Generalized finite compact difference scheme for shock/complex flowfield interaction

A class of generalized high order finite compact difference schemes is proposed for shock/vortex, shock/boundary layer interaction problems. The finite compact difference scheme takes the region between two shocks as a compact stencil. The high order WENO fluxes on shock stencils are used as the internal boundary fluxes for the compact scheme. A lemma based on the property of smoothness estimators on a 5-points stencil is given to detect the shock position. There is no free parameter introduced to switch the compact scheme and the WENO scheme. Some numerical experiments are given and they demonstrate that the present scheme has low dissipation due to the compact central differencing scheme used in the smooth regions.     

A hybrid numerical simulation of isotropic compressible turbulence

A novel hybrid numerical scheme with built-in hyperviscosity has been developed to address the accuracy and numerical instability in numerical simulation of isotropic compressible turbulence in a periodic domain at high turbulent Mach number. The hybrid scheme utilizes a 7th-order WENO (Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory) scheme for highly compressive regions (i.e., shocklet regions) and an 8th-order compact central finite difference scheme for smooth regions outside shocklets. A flux-based conservative and formally consistent formulation is developed to optimize the connection between the two schemes at the interface and to achieve a higher computational efficiency. In addition, a novel numerical hyperviscosity formulation is proposed within the context of compact finite difference scheme for the smooth regions to improve numerical stability of the hybrid method. A thorough and insightful analysis of the hyperviscosity formulation in both Fourier space and physical space is presented to show the effectiveness of the formulation in improving numerical stability, without compromising the accuracy of the hybrid method. A conservative implementation of the hyperviscosity formulation is also developed. Combining the analysis and test simulations, we have also developed a criterion to guide the specification of a numerical hyperviscosity coefficient (the only adjustable coefficient in the formulation). A series of test simulations are used to demonstrate the accuracy and numerical stability of the scheme for both decaying and forced compressible turbulence. Preliminary results for a high-resolution simulation at turbulent Mach number of 1.08 are shown. The sensitivity of the simulated flow to the detail of thermal forcing method is also briefly discussed.     

双曲型守恒律的一种三阶半离散中心迎风格式

对一维双曲型守恒律,给出了一种具有较小数值耗散的三阶半离散中心迎风格式.该格式以Liu和Tadmor提出的三阶无振荡重构为基础,同时考虑了波传播的单侧局部速度.时间离散用保持强稳定性的三阶Runge-Kutta方法.由于不需用Riemann解算器,避免了特征分解过程,保持了中心格式简单的优点.数值算例验证本方法可进一步减小数值耗散,提高分辨率.     

低阶格式在大涡模拟计算中的适用性

采用三维Taylor-Green涡作为研究对象,利用工程中常用的低阶数值格式,研究格式本身的数值误差对大涡模拟计算的影响.结果表明:三种数值格式的数值耗散行为都与亚格子模型行为类似,即在小雷诺数下,流场比较光滑时,耗散很小,当雷诺数增加,流动转捩为湍流,流场梯度增大,耗散显著增大.对于MUSCL格式和二阶有界中心格式,在高雷诺数下,亚格子尺度模型没有明显改善计算结果,但也没有使计算结果恶化.中心格式相比其它两种格式,数值耗散最小,但是在高雷诺数湍流情况下,中心格式的数值耗散仍然主导了能量的耗散,再添加亚格子模型,计算结果反而变得稍差.对于工程中的低阶格式而言,采用中心格式计算大涡模拟是比较好的选择,而且在计算不存在稳定性问题时,采用不添加亚格子模型的隐式大涡模拟效果更好.     

A high-order accurate hybrid scheme using a central flux scheme and a WENO scheme for compressible flowfield analysis

A high-order accurate hybrid central-WENO scheme is proposed. The fifth order WENO scheme [G.S. Jiang, C.W. Shu, Efficient implementation of weighted ENO schemes, J. Comput. Phys. 126 (1996) 202–228] is divided into two parts, a central flux part and a numerical dissipation part, and is coupled with a central flux scheme. Two sub-schemes, the WENO scheme and the central flux scheme, are hybridized by means of a weighting function that indicates the local smoothness of the flowfields. The derived hybrid central-WENO scheme is written as a combination of the central flux scheme and the numerical dissipation of the fifth order WENO scheme, which is controlled adaptively by a weighting function. The structure of the proposed hybrid central-WENO scheme is similar to that of the YSD-type filter scheme [H.C. Yee, N.D. Sandham, M.J. Djomehri, Low-dissipative high-order shock-capturing methods using characteristic-based filters, J. Comput. Phys. 150 (1999) 199–238]. Therefore, the proposed hybrid scheme has also certain merits that the YSD-type filter scheme has. The accuracy and efficiency of the developed hybrid central-WENO scheme are investigated through numerical experiments on inviscid and viscous problems. Numerical results show that the proposed hybrid central-WENO scheme can resolve flow features extremely well.     

有限差分格式的一个通用色散-耗散条件

通过分析显式有限差分格式的数值色散和数值耗散,导出一个适于有限差分格式的通用色散-耗散条件.根据群速度和耗散率之间的物理关系,确定了用以抑制数值解中伪高波数波所需要的适度耗散.在以往发展的低耗散加权基本无振荡格式WENO-CU6-M2上的应用表明,该条件可用作优化线性或非线性有限差分格式的色散和耗散的通用指导准则.此外,满足色散-耗散条件的改进WENO-CU6-M2格式还可选作低分辨率数值模拟,以三维Taylor-Green涡向湍流转捩和自相似能量衰减问题展现了它的这种能力.与经典的动态Smagorinsky亚网格尺度模型相比,在Reynolds数Re=400~3000条件下,无黏和黏性Taylor-Green涡的数值模拟结果均得到明显改善.在保持激波捕捉特性同时,与最新的隐式大涡模拟模型的计算效果相当.      

迎风紧致格式的混淆误差分析及其同谱方法的比较

对运用迎风紧致格式求解非线性方程时混淆误差产生的机理进行了研究,通过算例对五阶迎风紧致格式与谱方法进行了比较,发现在混淆误差的处理上迎风紧致格式优于谱方法.     

可压涡卷空间演化的迎风紧致差分数值模拟

从数值算法的耗散和色散特征的时空全离散Fourier分析出发,通过直接求解二维非定常可压Navier Stokes方程,将发展的5阶迎风紧致差分格式用于无约束可压平面受迫剪切层中基频涡卷空间演化过程的数值模拟.采用被动守恒标量等方法显示了基频涡卷的饱和、一次对并、二次对并等现象,据此探讨了入口来流亚谐扰动引起的初值效应问题,表明可压大尺度涡结构空间演化形态与受迫扰动方式之间存在关联.     

求解双曲守恒律方程的高分辨率熵稳定格式

熵稳定格式从物理概念出发,保证总熵关于时间耗散,在计算过程中无需进行熵修正,有效避免如膨胀激波,负压力等非物理现象,显示出独特的优点.通过插入限制器和在单元交界面处进行高阶重构,得到一类高分辨率的熵稳定格式.算例结果表明,格式具有可靠性,高精度和基本无振荡性等特点.     

Construction of low dissipative high-order well-balanced filter schemes for non-equilibrium flows

The goal of this paper is to generalize the well-balanced approach for non-equilibrium flow studied by Wang et al. (2009) [29] to a class of low dissipative high-order shock-capturing filter schemes and to explore more advantages of well-balanced schemes in reacting flows. More general 1D and 2D reacting flow models and new examples of shock turbulence interactions are provided to demonstrate the advantage of well-balanced schemes. The class of filter schemes developed by Yee et al. (1999) [33], Sjögreen and Yee (2004) [27] and Yee and Sjögreen (2007) [38] consist of two steps, a full time step of spatially high-order non-dissipative base scheme and an adaptive non-linear filter containing shock-capturing dissipation. A good property of the filter scheme is that the base scheme and the filter are stand-alone modules in designing. Therefore, the idea of designing a well-balanced filter scheme is straightforward, i.e. choosing a well-balanced base scheme with a well-balanced filter (both with high-order accuracy). A typical class of these schemes shown in this paper is the high-order central difference schemes/predictor–corrector (PC) schemes with a high-order well-balanced WENO filter. The new filter scheme with the well-balanced property will gather the features of both filter methods and well-balanced properties: it can preserve certain steady-state solutions exactly; it is able to capture small perturbations, e.g. turbulence fluctuations; and it adaptively controls numerical dissipation. Thus it shows high accuracy, efficiency and stability in shock/turbulence interactions. Numerical examples containing 1D and 2D smooth problems, 1D stationary contact discontinuity problem and 1D turbulence/shock interactions are included to verify the improved accuracy, in addition to the well-balanced behavior.     

一种基于新型斜率限制器的理想磁流体方程的高分辨率熵相容格式

针对磁流体动力学方程, 通过分析数据重建所需的条件, 构造一种基于MUSCL(Monotone Upstream-Centred Scheme for Conservation Laws)型重建方法的斜率限制器, 获得了一种求解理想磁流体动力学方程的高分辨率熵相容格式。该格式在解的光滑区域具有高精度; 在解的间断区域可以合理地控制耗散, 可有效避免非物理现象的产生。采用熵稳定格式、熵相容格式和新的高分辨率熵相容格式对一维、二维理想磁流体动力学方程进行数值模拟。结果表明: 新格式能准确地捕捉解的结构, 且具有无振荡、高分辨、鲁棒等特性。