Structural and functional diagnostics of ultrafine components in condensed high-energy systems

The study deals with octogen (HMX) and aluminum, which are among the most widely used components of condensed high-energy systems. The structure, thermal behavior and combustion parameters were determined for the octogen-based monofuels and octogen-aluminum binary systems at different dispersity of components. Irrespective of differences in thermal behavior, monofuels obtained with standard and ultrafine octogen powders were shown to have virtually identical combustion parameters. In the binary systems, replacement of standard microsized aluminum by ultrafine one increases the combustion rate by a factor of 2.5, and completeness of the metal reaction (oxidation) by a factor of 4.     

Thermal degradation and evolved gas analysis of thiourea-formaldehyde resin (TFR) during pyrolysis and combustion

Thiourea formaldehyde resin (TFR) has been synthesized by condensation of thiourea and formaldehyde in acidic medium and its thermal degradation has been investigated using TG-FTIR-MS technique during pyrolysis and combustion. The results revealed that the thermal decomposition of TFR occurs in three steps assigned to drying of the sample, fast thermal decomposition of polymers, and further cracking. The similar TG and DTG characteristics were found for the first two stages during pyrolysis and combustion. The combustion process was almost finished at 680?°C, while during pyrolysis a total mass loss of 93 wt% is found at 950?°C. The release of volatile products during pyrolysis are NH₃, CS₂, CO, HCN, HNCS, and NH₂CN. The main products in the second stage are NH₃ CO₂, CS₂, SO₂, and H₂O during combustion. In the next stage, the combustion products mentioned above keep on increasing, but some new volatiles such as HCN, COS etc., are identified. Among the above volatiles, CO₂ is the dominant gaseous product in the whole combustion process. It is found that the thermal degradation during pyrolysis of TFR produced more hazardous gases like HCN, NH₃, and CO when compared with combustion in similar conditions.     

Transition of Flame Propagation from Isothermal to Thermal Regimes in Chain Processes with Nonlinear Chain Branching

The transition of an isothermal flame to a thermal combustion regime is considered experimentally and theoretically for the thermal decomposition of nitrogen trichloride. Experimental data on the transition of a thermal regime of flame propagation to a chain-thermal explosion are presented for dichlorosilane oxidation. One of the ways for the development of the chain-thermal explosion is shown to be the appearance of a local center of intense combustion in the thermal flame front.     

Effect of chemical structure on combustion and thermal behaviour of polyurethane elastomer layered silicate nanocomposites

The effect of polyol molecular weight and functionality on nanodispersion of clay in PU/clay nanocomposites and the investigation of their thermal and combustion properties are reported and discussed. Lamellar elastomer polyurethane nanocomposites were synthesized using polyols with different molecular weight and functionality and according to these parameters they show several degrees of dispersion which affect their thermal and combustion behaviour. A barrier effect of clay layer is shown in TGA experiments by a delay of thermal degradation products release in nanocomposite materials compared to the virgin polymer; this barrier effect also leads to formation of char during combustion which lowers the peak of rate of heat release in cone calorimeter tests and eliminates fire-induced dripping of the nanocomposite sample during UL 94 test. However, in order to achieve non-burning behaviour nanocomposite technology must be combined with conventional flame retardant technology.     

Characterization of the thermal degradation and heat of combustion of Pinus halepensis needles treated with ammonium-polyphosphate-based retardants

The thermal degradation behavior of P. halepensis needles treated with two ammonium-polyphosphate-based commercial retardants was studied using thermal analysis (DTG) under nitrogen atmosphere. Moreover, for the same experimental material, the heat of combustion of the volatiles was estimated based on the difference between the heat of combustion of the fuel and the heat contribution of the charred residue left after pyrolysis. The heat of combustion of the volatiles was exponentially related to the retardant concentration of the samples. In the range of retardant concentrations from 10 to 20% w/w the mean reduction percentage of the heat of combustion of the volatiles, with respect to untreated samples, was 18%.     

热电池铁粉加热药燃烧产物特性

SEM(scanning electron microscope)、TEM(transmission electron microscope)形貌观察及XRD(x-raydiffraction)物相、EDX(energy dispersive X-ray detector)能谱分析表明,热电池用铁粉加热药经燃烧后其物相主要成分为Fe、FeO和KCl,并形成一层200 nm厚FeO壳层,该壳层包覆着未反应的Fe核.经导电类型鉴别确定室温下该材料具有以空穴导电为主的P型半导体导电特性.电导率103S.cm-1,比800 K时Fe的电导率低5个数量级.该材料虽具半导体导电特性,但并不增加热电池内阻.     

高性能甲烷催化燃烧催化剂的制备及其在天然气催化燃烧热水器上的应用

 以镧改性的Ce-Zr-O固溶体储氧材料和钇、锆改性的氧化铝(YSZ-Al2O3)的混合物为载体,浸渍活性组分Co3O4+Fe2O3+MnO2,以蜂窝状堇青石陶瓷材料为基体,制备了甲烷催化燃烧催化剂,考察了该催化剂老化前后的活性,并将其用于强鼓式家用天然气催化燃烧热水器. 结果表明,该催化剂具有很高的活性和稳定性. 使用此催化剂的天然气催化燃烧热水器的热效率达到101.1%, 同时烟气中CO和NOx污染物的排放浓度分别为0.014%和0.003%, 该热水器具有高效节能和环境友好双重优点.     

Preparation of Al/Ni Reactive Multilayer Foils and its Application in Thermal Battery

The conventional heating materials of thermal battery have the disadvantages of low combustion rate and less heat release, so it is necessary to develop new heating materials. Al/Ni Reactive Multilayer Foils (RMFs) is an ideal heat source due to its high heat release, fast burning speed and no gas generated during combustion. Al/Ni RMFs were prepared by magnetron sputtering, and the heat transfer process of thermal battery using Al/Ni RMFs as heating material was simulated by the COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS simulation. The Al/Ni RMFs combustion reaction mechanism with different Al/Ni ratios was proposed according to DSC and XRD results. The effects of Al/Ni atomic ratio of RMFs on the melting time of electrolyte were investigated, and the temperature distribution during the activation was obtained, indicating the rapid activation process of the thermal battery.     

THERMAL DEGRADATION AND FLAME RETARDANCY OF CALCIUM ALGINATE FIBERS

Calcium alginate fibers were prepared by wet spinning of sodium alginate into a coagulating bath containing calcium chloride.The thermal degradation and flame retardancy of calcium alginate fibers were investigated with thermal gravimetry(TG),X-ray diffraction(XRD),limiting oxygen index(LOI) and cone calorimeter(CONE).The results show that calcium alginate fibers are inherently flame retardant with a LOI value of 34,and the heat release rate(HRR),total heat release(THR),CO and CO_2 concentrations during ...     

Investigation of the influence of pressure on the combustion of Alpagut lignite

This research presents the combustion behavior of lignite under different reaction pressures. Lignite from Alpagut, Çorum of Turkey was combusted in its run off mine (ROM) condition under three different pressure levels of 172, 345, 517 kPa (25, 50, 75 psi). Experiments were done in a fully controlled temperature regime in an isolated combustion tube that operated in coordination with a continuous gas analyzer. Combustion behavior of lignite under different pressures was characterized by effluent gas analysis method. The changes in the amounts of consumed oxygen, evolved carbon oxides as well as variations in the temperature were assessed. The combustion efficiency and effectiveness of lignite was evaluated in terms of thermal features, from the viewpoint of reaction kinetics and by the computation of instantaneous fuel consumption at critical points. It was seen that combustion of lignite tended to turn from a steady profile to a considerably rapid one with increase in pressure, proving to be highly sensitive to the applied pressure level. Also, different levels of pressure resulted in distinctive combustion behavior not only from the view of thermal characteristics, but also in terms of reaction kinetics.     

Numerical analysis of detonation combustion wave in pulse detonation combustor with modified ejector with gaseous and liquid fuel mixture

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - The detonation combustion phenomenon is supersonic combustion process and follows on thermal explosion in combustor. Deflagration to detonation...     

Catalytic fire retardant nanocomposites

In this paper the chemical activity of carbon nanotubes and polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane during thermal degradation and combustion of polymer nanocomposites is addressed. Indeed, polymer-nanofiller systems may exhibit chemical effects capable of thermal stabilisation of polymers as well as reduction of combustion rate and heat released, owing to catalytic effects induced by the nanofillers at high temperature.Carbon nanotubes in the presence of oxygen are shown to promote oxidative dehydrogenation in polyethylene with production of a stable surface layer of carbon char that provides an effective oxygen barrier effect. A similar action is performed by metal-containing polysilsesquioxanes dispersed in polypropylene.With either carbon nanotubes or metal POSS, partial carbonisation of the polymer matrix occurs during combustion, subtracting part of the organic polymer from combustion, targeting one of the major fire retardancy aim.     

Thermodynamic Analysis and Experimental Investigation into Nonflame Combustion Technology（NFCT） with Thermal Cyclic Carrier

The utilization of fossil fuels causes serious negative impacts on the environment and human life. To mitigate greenhouse gases and other pollutants, a novel combustion process-the nonflame combustion technology with a thermal cyclic carrier of molten salt is introduced. In this technology, a whole combustion is divided into two steps, i.e. , the section of producing oxide and the section of combustion. In the first step, oxygen is separated from air, and pure N2 is simultaneously formed which is easily recovered. In the other step, the fuels react with lattice oxygen in the oxides formed in the first step, and at the same time, thermal energy, CO2 and H2O vapor are produced. It is noted that the CO2 is easily separated from water vapor and ultimately captured. Theoretically, there are no environmental-unfriendly gases such as CO2, NOx and SO2 discharged in the whole combustion process. Some metal oxides scattered into molten salts play the roles of oxygen carriers in the combustion system, and they can constantly charge and discharge oxygen element from air to fuels during the combustion process. A nonflame combustion system with Li2CO3 K2CO3 Na2SO4 as the molten salt system, CH4 as the fuel and CuO as the catalyst was experimentally investigated. The experimental resuits show that the combustion process proceeded as it was theoretically analyzed, and CO2 with a high volume fraction of 77.0M--95.0M and N2 with a high volume fraction of 91.9%-99.3% were obtained. The high concentration of CO2 is favorable for capturing and storing subsequently. Therefore, the potential of reducing CO2 emissions of this nonflame combustion technology is huge.     

The fire-retarding effect of inorganic phosphorus compounds on the combustion of cellulosic materials

The pyrolysis and combustion of cellulosic substances treated with MAP and DAP have been studied using thermal analysis, flame spread tests and a specifically designed apparatus for smoldering combustion test. The samples used were: cotton string, cotton fabric and pure cellulose powder. Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) and Monoammonium Phosphate (MAP) can reduce the combustion and pyrolysis maximum mass loss temperature, decrease the initial pyrolysis temperature and considerably increase mass residue. Moreover, MAP and DAP reduce the flaming combustion rate of cellulosic materials and completely inhibit smoldering combustion. This study can facilitate a better understanding of the mechanism of pyrolysis and combustion of fire-retarded cellulosic materials.     

油页岩与煤的混烧特性研究

使用STA409型热综合分析仪进行了桦甸油页岩与高硫合山煤的混烧特性实验研究，得到了油页岩和高硫煤混烧的TG和DTG曲线，分析了不同Ca/S对油页岩和高硫煤混烧特性的影响规律，同时运用Freeman-Carroll法计算得到了不同Ca/S下的油页岩燃烧特性化学反应动力学参数。研究表明，在高硫煤中加入少量的油页岩，高硫煤的燃烧特性有所改善，燃烧特性趋好；油页岩的加入使得高硫煤低温段的燃烧产物初析温度降低，着火温度提前；在高硫煤中加入20%左右的油页岩作为可燃脱硫剂从燃烧角度讲是切实可行的。     

The influence of porosity of ammonium perchlorate (AP) on the thermomechanical and thermal properties of the AP/polyvinylchloride (PVC) composite propellants

The influence of porous ammonium perchlorate (P_OAP) on the thermomechanical and combustion behavior of solid rocket propellants based on polyvinylchloride binder has been investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermogravimetry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and scanning electronic microscopy measurements were used for thermomechanical and thermal decomposition properties assessment. The results obtained indicate that lower glass transitions of the propellants and catalytic effect of combustion are obtained with P_OAP.     

Study of the combustion mechanism of oil shale semicoke in a thermogravimetric analyzer

Oil shale semicoke, formed in retort furnaces, is a source of severe environmental pollution and is classified as a dangerous solid waste. For the industrial application of oil shale semicoke in combustion, this present work focused on the thermal analysis of its combustion characteristics. The pyrolysis and combustion experiments of semicoke were conducted in a Pyris thermogravimetric analyzer. From the comparison of pyrolysis curves with combustion curves, the ignition mechanism of semicoke samples prepared at different carbonization temperatures was deduced, and was found to be homogeneous for semicoke samples obtained at lower carbonization temperature, shifting to heterogeneous with an increase in the carbonization temperature. The effect of carbonization temperatures and heating rates on the combustion process was studied as well. At last, combustion kinetic parameters of semicoke were calculated with the binary linear regression method, showing that activation energy will increase with increasing the heating rate.     

Relative contributions from the kinetic and thermal characteristics of impurities and the inflammability of air-hydrogen mixtures

The effect of chemically active and inert impurities upon the concentration limits of flame propagation of air-hydrogen mixtures at atmospheric pressure is studied. The effect of impurities as a function of their thermal properties and the mechanism of the action on combustion is discussed. Combustion inhibition is considered a clear sign of the versatility of the one-stage reaction model used as the basis of thermal combustion theory.     

Magnesium boride sintered as high-energy fuel

Boron was chosen as fuel owing to its excellent thermodynamic values for combustion. The difficulty of the boron in combustion is the formation of a surface oxide layer, which postpones the combustion process, reducing the performance of the rocket engine. In this paper, magnesium boride was sintered as high-energy fuel as a substitute for boron. The combustion heat and efficiency of magnesium boride and boron were determined using oxygen bomb calorimeter. The combustion characteristics of magnesium boride were investigated by thermal analysis, chemical analysis, XRD, and EDS. Results show that the combustion performance of magnesium boride are better than that of amorphous boron in oxygenated environments. The evaporation of magnesium in magnesium boride combustion process prevent the formation of a closed oxide layer, leading to higher combustion efficiency.     

Differential thermal analysis and temperature profile analysis of pyrotechnic delay systems: Slow burning mixtures of boron and potassium dichromate

The slow burning pyrotechnic reaction between boron and potassium dichromate has been studied by differential thermal analysis and temperature profile analysis. The latter technique in which the combustion process is studied directly, shows the presence of two reaction stages and validates the results from differential thermal analysis obtained under non-ignition conditions. In the first stage potassium dichromate is reduced by boron to form potassium chromate. Differential thermal analysis shows that the reaction takes place below the melting temperature of potassium dichromate and becomes much more rapid above this temperature. The second stage which occurs in the region of 1000 K involves the reaction of potassium chromate with more boron. The first stage acts as a trigger for the second and it is this latter stage which propagates the combustion.