Thermodynamics of (1,4-difluorobenzene + an n-alkane) and of (hexafluorobenzene + an n-alkane)

Excess molar enthalpies H^E and excess molar volumes V^E have been measured, as a function of mole fraction x₁, at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure for the five liquid mixtures (x₁1,4-C₆H₄F₂ + x₂n-C_lH_2l+2), l = 7, 8, 10, 12 and 16. In addition, H^E and excess molar heat capacities C_P^E at constant pressure have been determined for the two liquid mixtures (x₁C₆F₆ + x₂n-C_lH_2l+2), l = 7 and 14, at the same temperature and pressure. The instruments used were flow microcalorimeters of the Picker design (the H^E version was equipped with separators) and a vibrating-tube densimeter, respectively.

The excess enthalpies of the five difluorobenzene mixtures are all positive and quite large; they increase with increasing chain length l of the n-alkane from H^E(x₁ = 0.5)/(J mol⁻¹) = 1050 for l = 7 to 1359 for l = 16. The corresponding excess volumes V^E are all positive and also increase with increasing l: V^E(x₁ = 0.5)/(cm³ mol⁻¹) = 0.650 for l = 7 and 1.080 for l = 16. Interestingly, the excess enthalphies of the corresponding mixtures with hexafluorobenzene are only about 5% larger, whereas the excess volumes of (x₁C₆F₆ + x₂n-C_lH_2l+2) are roughly twice as large as those of their counterparts in the series containing 1,4-C₆H₄F₂. Specifically, at 298.15 K H^E(x₁ = 0.5)/(J mol⁻¹) = 1119 for (x₁C₆F₆ + x₂n-C₇H₁₆) and 1324 for (x₁C₆F₆ + x₂n-C₁₄H₃₀), and for the same mixtures V^E(x₁ = 0.5)/(cm³ mol⁻¹) = 1.882 and 2.093, respectively. The excess heat capacities for both systems are negative and of about the same magnitude as the excess heat capacities of mixtures of fluorobenzene with the same n-alkanes (Roux et al., 1984): C_P^E(x₁ = 0.5)/(J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹) = −1.18 for (x₁C₆F₆ + x₂n-C₇H₁₆), and −2.25 for (x₁C₆F₆ + x₂n-C₁₄H₃₀). The curve C_P^E vs. (x₁ for x₁C₆F₆ + x₂n-C₁₄H₃₀) shows a sort of “hump” for x₁ 0.5, which is presumed to indicate emerging W-shape composition dependence at lower temperatures.     

Excess volumes of binary mixtures of anisole with bromobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, o-chloroaniline and p-dioxane at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K

Excess molar volumes, V^E, and partial molar volumes, _i, have been calculated for binary liquid mixtures of anisole with bromobenzene, o-dichlorobenzene, o-chloroaniline and p-dioxane from the results of densities measured at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K over the entire range of composition. In the temperature interval studied the values of V^E are positive for anisole + p-dioxane, anisole + bromobenzene and anisole + o-dichlorobenzene, whereas negative values are observed for anisole + o-chloroaniline. The negative V^E for the latter system was due to specific interactions between mixing components. The positive V^E for the remaining systems was ascribed to the dispersion-type interactions.     

Rate coefficients for the reactions of cyclohexadienyl (c-C6H7) radicals with O2 and NO at room temperature

Rate coefficients for the reactions of cyclohexadienyl (c-C₆H₇) radicals with O₂ and NO were measured at 296 ± 2 K. The c-C₆H₇ radicals were detected selectively by laser-induced fluorescence. The rate coefficient for the reaction of c-C₆H₇ with O₂, (4.4 ± 0.5) × 10⁻¹⁴ cm³ molecule⁻¹ s⁻¹, was independent of the bath-gas (He) pressure (13–80 Torr). In the reaction of c-C₆H₇ with NO, thermal equilibrium among c-C₆H₇, NO, and C₆H₇NO was observed. The forward and reverse reactions were in the falloff region, and the equilibrium constant was (1.5 ± 0.6) × 10⁻¹⁵ cm³ molecule⁻¹.     

Effect of oxyethylene groups on the behaviour of thermodynamic properties of pyrrolidin-2-one and poly(ethylene glycols)

Dilatometric measurements of excess volume V^E and ultrasonic speed u have been carried out for mixtures of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra(ethylene glycol)s in pyrrolidin-2-one (PY) over the whole mole fraction range at 303.15 K. In the mixture of PY and monoethylene glycol, the V^E is positive except for slight negative variation at the high mole fraction of PY. The other three mixtures PY + di-, + tri- and + tetra(ethylene glycol)s show negative V^E over the entire composition range in the order di-u with increase in the mole fraction of PY in the case of monoethylene glycol while for other three systems u rises. From these measurements, partial molar quantities V_i^E and K_S,i^E have been calculated and analysed. Estimates of isentropic molar quantity K_S equal to −(∂V/∂p)_S and its excess counterpart K_S^E have also been computed. The K_S^E is positive for mono-, and negative for all the other mixtures over the whole composition range.     

A theoretical study on decomposition of carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene and ethyl chloride in dry air under the influence of an electron beam

New experimental data were published in literature regarding CCl₄, C₂HCl₃ and C₂H₅Cl decomposition in dry air under electron beam influence. Taking into account experimental data theoretical models of those species decomposition were established and computer simulations were performed by the authors of this work to find the kinetics of such processes. The results of the calculations and experimental data show that CCl₄ decomposition depends on delivered dose and initial CCl₄ concentrations. The calculation revealed that recombination of CCl⁺₄ and Cl⁻ is the source of CCl₃ radicals and that reaction may have an important role in the process of CCl₄ decomposition. A theoretical model of C₂HCl₃ decomposition in dry air under electron beam influence describes the decay of C₂HCl₃ and the formation of several products such as Cl₂, CCl₂O, CO, CO₂, HCl and C₂HCl₃O. The detailed comparison of experimental and theoretical data shows relatively good agreement in efficiency of C₂HCl₃ decomposition process, but it can be achieved only with an assumption that the relation between rate constants of C₂HCl₄O intermediate product decomposition (C₂HCl₃O+Cl and COCl₂+CHCl₂) should be around 20 and C₂HCl₃O oxidation rate should be not lower than 7.5×10⁻¹¹ cm³/mols. All those rate constants are not yet established experimentally. The results of the calculation of C₂H₅Cl decomposition and the data obtained experimentally were compared. The temperature, gas pressure, initial C₂H₅Cl concentration and dose range were equal in both cases. An elaborated model allow us to obtain quantitatively similar results as the experiments, but the degree of C₂H₅Cl decomposition for certain dose levels is significantly higher in experimental data. It is quite probable that some important processes have not been included to the theoretical model.     

New temperature effect on tunneling reaction in hydrogen, alkane, and ethanol in the solid phase

Rate constants for the tunneling reaction (HD + D → h + D₂) in solid HD increase steeply with increasing temperature above 5 K, while they are almost constant below 4.2 K. The apparent activation energy for the tunneling reaction above 5 K is 95 K, which is consistent with the energy (91–112 K) for vacancy formation in solid hydrogen. The results above 5 K were explained by the model that the tunneling reaction was accelerated by a local motion of hydrogen molecules and hydrogen atoms. The model of the tunneling reaction assisted by the local motion of the reactans and products was applied to the temperature dependence of the proton-transfer tunneling reaction (C₆H₆⁻ + C₂H₅OH → C₆H₇ + C₂H₅O⁻) in solid ethanol, the tunneling elimination of H₂ molecule of H₂ molecule ((CH₃)₂ CHCH(CH₃)₂⁺ → (CH₃)₂ C = C(CH₃)₂⁺ + H₂) in solid 2,3-dimethylbutane, and the selective tunneling reaction of H atoms in solid neo-C₅H₁₂-alkane mixtures.     

Excess volumes of ternary mixtures of N,N-dimethylformamide-diethyl ketone-1-alkanols at 303.15K

Volume changes on mixing of ternary liquid mixtures of N,N-dimethylformamide and diethyl ketone with 1-alkanols have been measured as a function of composition at 303.15 K. The alkanols include 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 1-pentanol and 1-hexanol. The measured V^E values are negative in the mixtures of N,N-dimethylformamide, diethyl ketone and 1-propanol, or 1-butanol. The V^E data exhibits an inversion in sign in the mixture containing 1-pentanol and positive excess volumes are observed in the mixture containing 1-hexanol. The measured data are compared with predicted values based upon empirical relations. The excess volume for the binary mixture of N,N-dimethylformamide with diethyl ketone has been measured over the entire range of composition at 303.15 K. The V^E values are negative for the binary mixture.     

Intermolecular potentials obtained from high-energy alkali scattering

Intermolecular potentials have been obtained from high-energy total cross sections for several alkali metal systems: CS + He, Ne, Ar, CH₃NO₂; K + CH₄, C(CH₃)₄, C₆H₆, c-C₆H₁₂, CH₃I, CCl₄, SF₆, N₂. For the CS-rare gas cases and K + N₂ only the repulsive part was determined. For the rest both attractive and repulsive parts were seen.     

Chemie polyfunktioneller moleküle : LXXXVII. Synthese und reaktionsverhalten von 4-methyl-1,2,6-tristiba-tricyclo[2.2.1.0]heptan (Sb3-nortricyclan) gegenüber chrom-, molybdän- und wolframhexacarbonyl

The reaction of CH₃C(CH₂Cl)₃ and NaSb(C₆H₅)₂ in liquid ammonia leads to Sb₂(C₆H₅)₄ (I). Using CH₃C(CH₂Br)₃ instead of CH₃C(CH₂Cl)₃ results in the formation of I and CH₃C[CH₂Sb(C₆H₅)₂]₃ (II). Treatment of II with gaseous HCl in dry CH₂Cl₂ yields CH₃C(CH₂SbCl₂)₃ (III) under elimination of benzene. The reduction of III with Na in THF gives the first all-cis-organocyclotristibane (Sb₃-nortricyclane) CH₃C(CH₂Sb)₃ (IV) which forms the new CH₃C(CH₂Sb)₃M(CO)₅ complexes (Va---Vc) with M(CO)₅THF (M = Cr, Mo, W).     

Metallorganische verbindungen der lanthanoide LVIII. Zur struktur des dicyclopentadienyl-bis(trimethylsilyl)lutetat-anions

(C₅H₅)₂Lu(μ-Cl₂)Na(dme)₂ reacts with LiSi(CH₃)₃ in dimethoxyethane with formation of [Li(dme)₃][(C₅H₅)₂Lu(Si(CH₃)₃)₂]. The crystal structure study shows the compound to consist of discrete ions [Li(dme)₃]⁺ and [(C₅H₅)₂Lu(Si(CH₃)₃)₂]⁻. The compound crystallizes in the space group P2/n with a 14.497(5) b 9.041(2), c 14.672(6) Å, β 103.85(3)° and V 1867(2) ų. The crystal and molecular structure was refined to R = 0.0473 for 2491 observed reflections with F_o 3σ(F_o).     

The ν(OH/OD) band shape of strong hydrogen bonded dimers of phosphinic acids. Phenomenology and formation models

The infrared spectra of phosphinic acid R₂POOH dimers (R=CH₃, CH₂Cl, C₆H₅) have been studied in CCl₄ and CH₂Cl₂ solutions (T=300 K). The infrared spectra of deuterated R₂POOD dimers (R=CH₃, CH₂Cl) were also studied in the gas phase (T=400–550 K) and solid state (T=100–300 K). They are compared with previously studied spectra of the light (non-deuterated) dimers in the gas phase, in the solid state and in low-temperature argon matrices (T=12–30 K) in the 4000–400 cm⁻¹ spectral region. It is found that the strong and broad ν(OH) dimer bands have similar shapes, nearly equal values of bandwidth and low-frequency shift, and possess the Hadzi ABC structure irrespective of the type of acid, significant differences of dimerization enthalpies, influence of solvent, the type of H-bonded complexes (cyclic dimers in the gas phase, in solutions, and in inert matrices, and infinite chains in the solid state), and temperature in the range 12–600 K. Isotopic ratio of the first moments of light and deuterated acid bands has been measured. Analysis of the ν(OH/OD) band of hydrogen bonded dimers of phosphinic acids shows that the interaction between the two intermolecular bonds O–HOP in a cyclic complex plays virtually no role in the mechanism of the ν(OH/OD) band formation; the shape of ν(OH/OD) band is controlled mainly by the POOH(D)O fragment; and the band shape of strong hydrogen bonded complexes is formed by a number of vibrational transitions from the ground state to different combination levels in the region 3500–1500 cm⁻¹.     

Experimental study and modelling using the ERAS-Model of the excess molar volume of acetonitrile–alkanol mixtures at different temperatures and atmospheric pressure

Densities of {(1−x)CH₃(CH₂)_n−1OH + xCH₃CN} for n=1, 2, 3 or 4 have been determined as a function of composition at 288.15, 293.15, 298.15 and 303.15 K at atmospheric pressure using a vibrating-tube densimeter (Anton Paar DMA 4500, resolution 1×10⁻⁵ g cm⁻³). Excess molar volumes were calculated. The V_m^E values were negative for acetonitrile–methanol mixtures and sigmoid for acetonitrile–alkanols (C₂–C₄) mixtures over the complete mole fraction range. V_m^E values increase in a positive direction with increase in chain length of the alkanols and with the temperature. The Extended Real Associated Solution Model (ERAS-Model) calculations allowing for self-association for the alkanols and complex formation between acetonitrile and alkanols have been used to correlate experimental data. The model is able to reproduce the asymmetrical V_m^E behavior of the studied systems, although agreement between theoretical and experimental values is less satisfactory for some concentration ranges.     

The transition-metal assisted synthesis of the anti-octadecaborate Anion [B18H21] from the Nido-dodecahydrononaborate anion [B9H12]

When heated under reflux in CH₂Cl₂ solution with [Os(CO)₃Cl₂]₂, two nido-[B₉H₁₂]⁻ units edge-fuse to form anti-[B₁₈H₂₁]⁻.     

Organonickel chemistry in the catalytic hydrodechlorination of polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs): ligand steric effects and molecular structure of reaction intermediates

Soluble homogeneous organophosphorus—nickel complexes have been used to detoxify polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by catalyzed hydrodechlorination using NaBH₂(OCH₂CH₂OCH₃)₂ as the hydrogen source. The reactions appear to proceed by NiL₃ oxidative addition into C---Cl bonds followed by hydrogenolysis of the metal---carbon bond. In model experiments with decachlorobiphenyl, the cone angle of the organophosphorus ligand L was shown to be a key factor controlling the magnitude and position of chlorine displacement. Hence, ligands leading to para displacement (e.g. (o-MeC₆H₄O)₃P), meta—para displacement (e.g. (EtO)₃P and (PhO)₃P), and ortho—meta—para displacement (e.g. Me₃P and Et₃P) were found. Significantly, the highly toxic, coplanar dioxin precursor 3,3′,4,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl, a meta—para chlorine-substituted congener, was dechlorinated quantitatively with the Et₃P catalyst system. Evidence for the presence of organonickel intermediates in the reaction mixtures was obtained by mass spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies. Of particular interest is the isolation of square planar complexes p-C₆Cl₅C₆Cl₄Ni(PEt₃)₂Cl from the reaction of decachlorobiphenyl with NaBH₂(OCH₂CH₂OCH₃)₂—(Et₃P)₂NiCl₂ as the catalyst precursor and m-C₆Cl₅C₆Cl₄Ni(PEt₃)₂Cl from decachlorobiphenyl—Ni(1,5-C₈H₁₂)₂—PEt₃ at room temperature. All are oxidative addition intermediates and precursors for decachlorobiphenyl hydrodechlorination.     

Preparation, properties, and reactions of metal-containing heterocycles: Part CV. Synthesis and structure of polyoxadiphosphaplatinaferrocenophanes

A series of novel heterobimetallic crown ether-like polyoxadiphosphaplatinaferrocenophanes cis-[1,1′-Fc(CH₂O(CH₂CH₂O)_nCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂]PtCl₂ (n=1–3) (4a–c) was synthesized in good yield by cyclization of the bis(phosphine) ligands 1,1′-Fc(CH₂O(CH₂CH₂O)_nCH₂CH₂PPh₂)₂ (n=1–3) (3a–c) and (PhCN)₂PtCl₂ under high dilution conditions in CH₂Cl₂. The bisphosphines 3a–c are obtained by reaction of the corresponding diols 1,1′-Fc(CH₂O(CH₂CH₂O)_nCH₂CH₂OH)₂ (n=1–3) (1a–c) with: (i) CH₃SO₂Cl in CH₂Cl₂ and (ii) LiPPh₂ in THF. Although the X-ray crystal structure of 4a shows that the cavity is large enough for the encapsulation of small metal cations, inclusion experiments of 4a–c with Group 1 cations, and Mg²⁺, or NH₄⁺ in solution applying NMR titration and cyclovoltammetric methods reveal no evidence for the formation of host–guest complexes for 4a,b. In the case of 4c only the addition of Na⁺ or K⁺ leads to an insignificant effect.     

Synthesis and application of diphenylbis (3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane to form η-arene complexes of molybdenum

The neutral nitrogen-bidentate ligand, diphenylbis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)methane, Ph₂CPz′₂, can readily be obtained by the reaction of Ph₂CCl₂ with excess HPz′ in a mixed-solvent system of toluene and triethylamine. It reacts with [Mo(CO)₆] in 1,2-dimethoxyethane to give the η²-arene complex, [Mo(Ph₂CPz′₂)(CO)₃] (1). This η²-ligation appears to stabilize the coordination of Ph₂CPz′ ₂ in forming [Mo(Ph₂CPz′₂)(CO)₂(N₂C₆H₄NO₂-p)][BPh₄] (2) and [Mo(Ph₂CPz′₂)(CO)₂(N₂Ph)] [BF₄] (3) from the reaction of 1 with the appropriate diazonium salt but the stabilization seems not strong enough when [Mo{P(OMe)₃} ₃(CO)₃] is formed from the reaction of 1 with P(OMe)₃. The solid-state structures of 1 and 3 have been determined by X-ray crystallography: 1-CH₂Cl₂, monoclinic, P2₁/n, a = 11.814(3), b = 11.7929(12), c = 19.46 0(6) Å, β = 95.605(24)°, V = 2698.2(11) ų, Z = 4, D_calc = 1.530 g/cm³ , R = 0.044, R_w = 0.036 based on 3218 reflections with I > 2σ(I); 2 (3)-1/2 hexane-1/2 CH₃OH-1/2 H₂O-1 CH₂Cl₂, monoclinic, C2/c, a = 41.766(10), b = 20.518(4), c = 16.784(3) Å, β = 101.871(18)°, V = 14076(5) ų, Z = 8, D_calc = 1.457 g/cm³, R = 0.064, R_w = 0.059 based on 5865 reflections with I > 2σ(I). Two independent cations were found in the asymmetric unit of the crystals of 3. The average distance between the Mo and the two η²-ligated carbon atoms is 2.574 Å in 1 and 2.581 and 2.608 Å in 3. The unfavourable disposition of the η²-phenyl group with respect to the metal centre in 3 and the rigidity of the η²-arene ligation excludes the possibility of any appreciable agostic C---H → Mo interaction.     

Desorption kinetic detection of different adsorption sites on opened carbon single walled nanotubes: The adsorption of n-nonane and CCl4

We show that thermal desorption kinetics clearly resolve adsorbates bound in different sites on single walled carbon nanotube bundles. The molecules n-C₉H₂₀ and CCl₄ were compared and it was found that the nanotube internal sites exhibited the highest desorption temperature, whereas external groove sites exhibited the next highest desorption temperature for both molecules. When n-C₉H₂₀ and CCl₄ coadsorb, the more strongly bound n-C₉H₂₀ quantitatively displaces CCl₄ from internal sites to groove sites. Molecular shape governs the capacity of the different sites for the two molecules.     

Anionic derivatives of pentafluoro-λ-sulfanyl (fluorosulfonyl) acetic acid esters

New ester salts [R₃NH]⁺[F₅SC(SO₂F)C(O)OR′]⁻ where RH, CH₃CH₂ and R′CH₃,(CH₃)₂CH have been prepared from corresponding esters and amines. The sodiumsalt Na[F₅SC(SO₂F)C(O)OCH(CH₃)₂] was used to prepare the following -substitutedderivatives: SF₅CX(SO₂F)C(O)OCH(CH₃)₂, XBr, Cl. The crystal structure of[(C₂H₅)₃NH]⁺[F₅SC(SO₂F)C(O)OCH₃]⁻ was determined and is monoclinic: P2₁/n;a=8.758(2) Å, b=9.645(2) Å and c=19.167(4) Å; β=97.92(3)°; V=1603.6 ų; Z=4.     

Measurements of thermal energy neon ion—neutral reaction rate coefficients and product ion distributions

Reaction rate coefficients and product ion distributions have been measured for the reaction of Ne⁺ with H₂, N₂, CO, CO₂, N₂O, CH₄, O₂, NO, NH₃, SO₂, CH₃Cl, COS, H₂O and C₂H₄ at 300 K using a selected ion flow tube (SIFT) apparatus. In most cases the major reaction channel involves dissociative ionization while for N₂, CO⁺, H₂O, CH₄ and CH₃Cl these reactions proceed mainly or exclusively by simple charge transfer. For H₂ the process is exclusively hydrogen atom abstraction. The measured rate coefficients are compared with the values given by the Langevin and average-dipole orientation theories of ion—molecule collisions. In general the reaction probability (ratio of measured rate to the Langevin or ADO rate) is greater for the dissociative ionizaton reactions, although H₂O is an exception with quite fast simple charge transfer.     

Structures of propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, and pivalaldehyde complexes of the chiral rhenium fragment [(η-C5H5)Re(NO)(PPh3)]

The crystal structures of propionaldehyde complex (RS,SR)-(η⁵-C₅H₅)Re(NO)(PPh₃)(η²-O=CHCH₂CH₃)]⁺ PF₆⁻ (1b⁺ PF₆^s−; monoclinic, P2₁/c (No. 14), a = 10.166 (1) Å, b = 18.316(1) Å, c = 14.872(2) Å, β = 100.51(1)°, Z = 4) and butyraldehyde complex (RS,SR)-[(η⁵-C₅H₅)Re(NO)(PPh₃)(η²-O=CHCH₂CH₂CH₃)]⁺ PF₆⁻ (1c⁺PF₆⁻; monoclinic, P2₁/a (No. 14), a = 14.851(1) Å, b = 18.623(3) Å, c = 10.026(2) Å, β = 102.95(1)°, Z = 4) have been determined at 22°C and −125°C, respectively. These exhibit C O bond lengths (1.35(1), 1.338(5) Å) that are intermediate between those of propionaldehyde (1.209(4) Å) and 1-propanol (1.41 Å). Other geometric features are analyzed. Reaction of [(η⁵-C₅H₅)Re(NO)(PPh₃)(ClCH₂Cl)]⁺ BF₄⁻ and pivalaldehyde gives [(η⁵-C₅H₅)Re(NO)(PPh₃)(η²-O=CHC(CH₃)₃)]⁺BF₄⁻ (81%), the spectroscopic properties of which establish a π C O binding mode.