《高分子化学》课程中“活性自由基聚合”的教学实践

《高分子化学》课程是五大化学基础课程(无机化学、有机化学、分析化学、物理化学、高分子化学)之一,是化学类、高分子材料与工程、材料化学专业的必修课程。"活性"/可控自由基聚合是一种相对较新且重要的聚合物合成技术和方法,针对目前《高分子化学》课程中活性自由基聚合的教学比较薄弱的现状,从教学的角度探讨了活性聚合和可控/"活性"自由基聚合的本质和特点,介绍了本人在这方面的教学实践活动,遵循成果导向教育理念,通过以学为中心的教学方式,打造金课,提高教学质量。     

Teaching of Analytical Chemistry in Polish Universities

The importance of Analytical Chemistry in the modern world is continually increasing. There are a lot of reasons: the need for environmental monitoring, food quality control, human health, industrial production quality control, nanotechnologies, material science; these are only some of the areas where analysts are indispensable. Analytical Chemistry, or rather Chemical Analytics, should be treated on a par with the three fundamental chemical courses: Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Physical Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry, as an individual course or courses, is lectured in 52 Polish universities, including the Academy of Medicine and Academy of Life Sciences (agriculture and related). All these universities were already introduced in the Bolonia Process, The European Credit Transfer System (ECTS) points, and three steps of education: Bachelor's degree (at universities of technology–Engineer's degree), Master's degree, and Doctoral Studies. Analytical Chemistry exists on all levels of teaching. On the first level, Bachelor's degree, the program of Analytical Chemistry contains the basic knowledge, so called classical Analytical Chemistry: gravimetric analysis, electrogravimetry, acid-base titration, oxidation-reduction titration, precipitation titration, complexometric titration, quality assurance, and quality control of results (2–3 h of lecture, 5 h of laboratory, and 1 h of seminar). During the second level (Master's degree) the program contains more developed analytical techniques: gas and liquid chromatography, spectrophotometric methods, electrochemical methods, elemental analysis, etc. The lecture courses at universities depend on the specific specialization, and there are a variety of different courses according to the need of specialization programs. The Bachelor's (engineer's) projects (diploma theses) are very often prepared in the field of Analytical Chemistry. The same occurs with Doctoral Studies; very often, students choose subject matters connected with Analytical Chemistry. This is why each year we have about 100 doctoral candidates in the field of Analytical Chemistry. The laboratories of Polish universities are well equipped with specialized apparatuses, but are strongly dependent on the university's profile and the size of the university. Students can participate in the scientific research carried on by the didactic staff, especially when completing diploma theses or doctorates. Some of them are performing studies and theses abroad, in the frame of the LLP ERASMUS Program. From our department, each year, about 10–12 students complete their Analytical Chemistry theses abroad. It promotes the European dimension and improves the quality of education by encouraging innovation in education.     

A schematic overview of the historical evolution of Analytical Chemistry

The historical evolution of Analytical Chemistry is briefly discussed as related to the progress of Chemistry within the 16–19th centuries under the leadership of Paracelsus, Boyle, Lavoisier and Dalton. A clear distinction is made between chemical analysis (up to the end of the 19th c.) and today’s Analytical Chemistry, paying close attention to a number of aspects and consequences related to the chemical revolution which took place at the overlap of the 18–19th c. which resulted in the quantification of Chemistry, causing increasing development and improvement of the chemical metrology which was an essential factor for Chemistry to acquire a scientific dimension and to become more specialised during the 19th century. A panoramic view of the whole development is presented by resorting to the inclusion of a number of synoptical tables outlining the stepwise progress of Chemistry, chemical analysis and Analytical Chemistry within the five last centuries taking into consideration the main protagonists involved as well as the experimental means, techniques and methodologies used and/or developed. Received: 20 February 1996 / Accepted: 21 May 1996     

《电化学分析传感》专辑序言

《电化学分析传感》专辑序言 电化学分析传感是一种基于界面电荷相互作用的测量方法,具有高灵敏、响应快、无标记等本征优势. 该方法的核心思路是将待测对象构建成为化学电池的某一部分,通过测量界面电子转移或电荷重排过程中产生的电信号响应,如电池电位、电流、电导、电量变化,对待测目标进行定性定量动态地检测、监测或表征. 　　近年来,伴随着测量仪器性能和数据处理方法的持续提高与优化,电化学分析传感研究前沿热点越来越多地关注到纳米尺度界面上的瞬态电荷相互作用、动态电荷传输机制,特别是发展限域空间内的单体纳米电化学信号放大、传输、记录、解析新模式和新策略. 其中,单体电化学分析,如单颗粒碰撞法等,不仅可以得到常规宏观测量的单一平均结果,同时还能描绘出所有不同颗粒结构与性能的完整分布,揭示少量但关键的电化学活性位点和反应机理;而纳米限域电化学分析,如纳米孔道协同测量等,则能通过限域效应有效延长亚稳态中间体的结构寿命,灵敏识别不同待测单体间的细微理化性质差异及其动态变化过程. 此外,电分析方法也更多地与谱学、成像等技术联用,对界面电化学过程进行原位、实时、在线表征,以期揭示纳米界面的电荷传递和能量转化的化学本质. 进而指导设计构建高灵敏电化学传感器,实现在疾病的早期检测、能源转换的高效率用、水体环境污染的有效治理等国家战略性产业中的广泛应用. 　　本专辑围绕电化学分析传感新方法与新技术,收录了在相关研究领域具有丰富经验积累和影响力的团队所撰写的21篇相关研究进展的综述文章和研究论文（分成两期出版,分别包含10篇和11篇）. 希望借助此专辑的出版,能使广大读者更好地了解当前电化学测量领域的研究现状、研究趋势和存在的问题及挑战,推动我国下一代电化学精准分析技术和高效传感应用的进一步发展. 　　最后,对本专辑的所有作者、审稿人及编辑部工作人员的辛勤工作和付出表示由衷的感谢！     

Exploring Green Chemistry,Sustainable Chemistry and innovative business models such as Chemical Leasing in the context of international policy discussions

This article provides an overview on Green Chemistry and Sustainable Chemistry in the context of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and different policy frameworks such as the EU Circular Economy Action Plan and SAICM, the Strategic Approach of International Chemicals Management. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting the practicality and applicability of Green Chemistry and Sustainable Chemistry within industrial development policies and international agreements addressing chemicals and waste concerns. To explore the full potential of Green Chemistry and Sustainable Chemistry, the authors come to the conclusion that innovative business models are required to facilitate the engagement of the different players, including industry. While presenting the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)’s experiences and lessons learnt from ten years of work in UNIDO's Global Chemical Leasing Programme, the article also highlights the role that innovative and circular economy business models could play in achieving inclusive and sustainable economic growth. It therefore explores the potential of integrated Chemical Leasing, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Chemistry initiatives at the global level.     

The Iowa connection

A summary of the Fluorinated Ylide Chemistry, Organometallic Chemistry, Phosphonate Chemistry, Single-Electron-Transfer Chemistry and Metal Hydride Chemistry carried out at the University of Iowa is described.     

北京大学分析化学系列小班阅读讨论课的教学实践

简介了北京大学化学与分子工程学院分析化学系列基础课(定量分析化学、仪器分析、中级分析化学)开展小班阅读讨论课教学的实践。     

Miguel Valcárcel, University of Córdoba

The Analyst profiles Miguel Valcárcel, Full Professor of Analytical Chemistry in the University of Córdoba and recipient of the Solvay Prize for Chemistry (1996) and the Robert Boyle Medal of the Analytical Division of the Royal Society of Chemistry (2004).     

花球状二硫化钒的制备及其储锂研究

采用一步水热法并添加表面活性剂聚乙二醇400制备出花球状二硫化钒,利用X射线粉末衍射仪、场发射扫描电子显微镜等方法对产物的物相和形貌进行了表征. 观测生长过程发现花球状二硫化钒由若干六边形二硫化钒纳米片堆叠穿插组成,该花球状结构使材料拥有较高的比表面积及出色的结构稳定性. 将花球状二硫化钒用于锂离子电池正极材料测试,结果表明花球状二硫化钒在电压区间为1 ~ 3 V,电流密度为200 mA·g^-1时具有出色的循环稳定性且循环50周之后容量可达450 mAh·g^-1.     

氮杂唑合成反应在生物缀合物研究中的应用

介绍了利用1,3-偶极环加成反应合成氮杂三唑和氮杂四唑的设计方法和反应特点, 以及氮杂唑类化合物的合成在生物缀合物研究中的应用.     

基于热控电极的电致化学发光传感器的研究进展

电致化学发光（ECL）检测技术因其具有无需激发光源、仪器简单、灵敏度高、选择性好等特点,被广泛应用于环境分析、生物分析等领域. 温度是影响ECL的主要因素之一,在传统的ECL传感器中大多是通过溶液整体加热的方法来控制温度,这种方法操作繁琐,且溶液中的热不稳定性物质及易挥发性物质容易受到影响,因此电极很少工作在最适宜的温度下. 热控电极技术可以只提高电极表面温度,而维持溶液的整体温度不变,使用起来具有很好的便利性. 作者课题组首次将热控电极引入到ECL传感器的构建中,由于电极表面和溶液之间存在一定的温度梯度,因此可以引发强制对流,从而加快物质的扩散和对流速率;电极表面温度的升高还可以进一步提高电极表面物质的电化学反应速率,这两方面的共同作用提高了ECL检测的灵敏度. 同时,利用热控电极可以解决整体加热所引起的背景信号升高,挥发性、热不稳定性物质易受温度影响等问题,而且通过电极加热的方法可去除电极表面的污染物,从而提高ECL检测的重现性. 本文综述了近年来基于热控电极技术的ECL传感器的研究进展,主要介绍了热控电极的加热方式、电极种类以及热控电极在ECL中的应用等,并分析了该技术在实际应用中面临的主要问题,对该技术未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

Interplay of thermochemistry and Structural Chemistry,the journal (volume 26, 2015, issue 5) and the discipline

Structural Chemistry - The content of the special combined issue for Magdolna (Magdi) Hargittai for the calendar year 2015 is summarized in the current review of the journal Structural Chemistry. A...     

Richtlinien für die Präsentation der Methoden bei der Publikation von Rechenergebnissen – Teil B: Semiempirische Berechnung der elektronischen Struktur von Molekülen

Die Übersetzung basiert auf den „Guidelines for Presentation of Methodological Choices in the Publication of Computational Results. B. Semiempirical Electronic Structure Calculations“ des Subcommittee on Theoretical Chemistry der Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy der Physical Chemistry Division der International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, veröffentlicht in Pure Appl. Chem. 2000 , 72, 1149–1452. Das Original wurde von James J. P. Stewart (Stewart Computational Chemistry, Colorado Springs, USA) für die Veröffentlichung vorbereitet.     

Richtlinien für die Präsentation der Methoden bei der Publikation von Rechenergebnissen – Teil A: Ab‐initio‐Berechnung der elektronischen Struktur von Molekülen

Die Übersetzung basiert auf den „Guidelines for Presentation of Methodological Choices in the Publication of Computational Results. B. Semiempirical Electronic Structure Calculations“ des Subcommittee on Theoretical Chemistry der Commission on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy der Physical Chemistry Division der International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, veröffentlicht in Pure Appl. Chem. 2000 , 72, 1149–1452. Das Original wurde von James J. P. Stewart (Stewart Computational Chemistry, Colorado Springs, USA) für die Veröffentlichung vorbereitet.     

The VIth International Symposium “The Chemistry of Diazo Compounds and Related Systems” (DIAZO 2021)

Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry - The VIth International Symposium “The Chemistry of Diazo Compounds and Related Systems” (DIAZO 2021) was held at the St. Petersburg State...     

Mass-spectrometer investigation of 3, 6-dialkyl-2, 5-diketopiperazines

Analysis of mass-spectra of various 2, 5-diketopiperazines gives the basic fragmentation rules for their molecular ions, and the effects of nature and positions of substituents on the process.Mass-spectrometry Laboratory of the Institute of the Chemistry of Natural Compounds.Antibiotics Chemistry Laboratory of the Institute of the Chemistry of Natural Compounds.     

Transatlantic Frontiers of Chemistry

Nach drei bilateralen deutsch‐amerikanischen Treffen von Nachwuchswissenschaftlern in Seeon (2000, 2004) und Durham, New Hampshire (2002), waren in diesem Jahr erstmals britische Kollegen mit von der Partie: Statt „German‐American Frontiers of Chemistry”︁ nun der Ausbau des Erfolgsmodells zu den „Transatlantic Frontiers of Chemistry”︁.     

有机化学中新兴领域的积极开拓者——黄耀曾先生

黄耀曾先生(1912-2002),我国著名的有机化学家,中国科学院院士,我国有机氟化学的先驱者,我国金属有机化学的开拓者。曾任中央研究院化学研究所助理研究员,副研究员,上海第一医学院助教,讲师。中国科学院上海有机化学研究所副研究员,研究员,博士生导师;上海有机化学研究所副所长,中国科学院化学部常委,副主任,中国化学会常务理事,《有机化学》主编和国际《杂原子化学》顾问编委。他的研究工作不仅推动了有机化学的发展,而且在我国国防建设和经济建设中也做出了突出贡献。曾获全国科学大会奖,国家科学技术进步一等奖,国防科技事业荣誉证书,国家自然科学三等奖及二等奖,第三世界科学院化学奖,何梁何利基金科学与进步奖等众多奖项。几十年的学术生涯中,黄耀曾先生在国内外著名学术刊物上共发表论文230余篇,著译9本,培养了博士20名,其中有的当选为院士,有的已成为重要的科研骨干和领导,有的是著名的企业家。     

Analytical Chemistry,Past, Present and Future*This paper is dedicated to the Editorial Board of Analytical Letters.

ABSTRACT

Analytical Chemistry as a science has its own history as well as an important present and a sure future.

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the role of Analytical Chemistry as a science and of Chemical Analysis as an art in the development of human society.

The correlation between method and instrument hyphenated by the sample is discussed along a long period of active Analytical Chemistry.

The connection between theory of Analytical Chemistry and the practice of chemical analysis enables us to be sure of the future of Analytical Chemistry.

We must consider that to do science it is necessary to know the history of science as well as to make research to be used not only in the present, but also in the near future.

Surely, Analytical Chemistry as a real scientific area will be on the top of sciences in the next century.