介孔载体嫁接的Schiff碱铬配合物催化氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛

将Cr(salen)配合物分别嫁接于介孔SiO2,MCM-41和SBA-15上制备成非均相Schiff碱铬配合物,并用FT-IR,UV-Vis,XRD,N2吸附和元素分析等对非均相铬配合物进行了表征.以30%的H2O2为氧化剂,以非均相铬配合物为催化剂,在无有机溶剂、相转移催化剂和添加剂的条件下,研究了选择性催化氧化苯甲醇合成苯甲醛的反应.结果表明,非均相铬配合物都表现出较好的催化性能.选择不同的介孔载体对非均相铬配合物的催化性能有较大的影响,Cr(salen)/MCM-41配合物显示有最好的催化性能;在优化的反应条件下,苯甲醇转化率可达52.5%,苯甲醛选择性为100%,且该非均相铬配合物重复使用4次后仍保持较好的催化性能.     

苯乙烯-4-乙烯基吡啶无规共聚物/SiO2纳米杂化材料负载茂钛催化剂的制备及苯乙烯聚合

均相茂金属催化剂的非均相化已成为高分子化学领域一个新的研究热点. 该催化剂负载于不溶性的载体上, 形成的负载型催化剂既有均相催化剂单一活性特点（如金属原子利用率及催化活性高、反应快、条件温和及分子量分布窄）, 又兼有非均相催化剂的优点（产物易于分离, 可用于淤浆聚合、气相聚合或本体聚合来制备几何形状均一的聚合物）[1]. 由于无机和有机载体都有某些特殊优点和一些弊端, 故将无机和有机载体复配, 以得到性能优越的复合载体已成为催化剂载体研究的一个重要方向.     

固载脯氨酸的毛发状纳米粒子的合成及其应用研究

毛发状粒子表面的聚合物链是一个具有一定流动性的动态体系,其负载的催化剂综合了均相和非均相负载催化剂的优点,为手性催化剂的负载和实用化提供了一条新的途径。本文利用Si O2纳米粒子表面修饰制得的功能基,通过表面RAFT聚合,并经过氨基去保护后制得负载脯氨酸的毛发状纳米粒子。通过热重、红外和透射电镜对毛发状二氧化硅纳米粒子的结构进行表征,并将获得的毛发状纳米粒子作为催化剂直接催化不对称Aldol反应。     

非均相催化制备有机过氧化物的研究进展北大核心CSCD

有机过氧化物的制备通常是采用硫酸、硝酸、磷酸和高氯酸等作催化剂,由于强酸的使用对设备有腐蚀,催化剂不能重复使用,后处理废水量大,处理成本高。采用非均相催化剂制备有机过氧化物越来越受到重视,非均相催化剂具有活性高、稳定性好、可重复使用、后处理简单、设备腐蚀及环境污染小等优点。本文在简要介绍均相制备有机过氧化物的基础上,对制备有机过氧化物的非均相催化剂,包括离子交换树脂、分子筛、相转移催化剂、金属氧化物、高分子载体催化剂和碳基载体催化剂等做了归纳和总结,同时对反应器及制备工艺做了讨论,并阐述了非均相催化合成有机过氧化物的发展方向。研究对于了解非均相催化制备有机化物的进展,开发性能优良的非均相催化剂和优化有机过氧化物的生产工艺具有较强的参考价值和指导意义。     

新型聚合物载体茂金属催化剂

均相茂金属催化剂虽然有许多优点和特点,但也存在着某些不足之处,例如,不适于现在通用的气相和淤浆聚合工艺;要想达到足够的聚合活性需大量价格昂贵的MAO;相当多的均相茂金属催化剂不适于高温聚合（活性降低,分子极低）,不能很好地控制聚合物的形态,为了在工业上得到实际应用,必须将它们载体（非均相）化。通常采用的载体都是无机物,如SiO2、MgCl2、Al2O3等。由于无机载体表面具有酸性,负载茂金属催化剂活性有所降低,用聚合和作茂金属催化剂的载体很少有报道,我们研制了一种新型的聚合物载体茂金属催化剂,即可保持均相茂金属催化特点和优点,又能克服其缺点。其合成路线如下。     

非均相Schiff碱铬(Ⅲ)配合物的合成及催化苯乙烯环氧化性能的研究

将丙氨酸水杨醛Schiff碱铬(III)配合物嫁接到了介孔分子筛MCM-41上,并利用FTIR、UV-Vis、XRD、N2吸附和元素分析对所制备的非均相配合物结构进行了表征.以30%的H2O2为氧化剂,考察其对苯乙烯环氧化反应的催化性能.结果表明,均相配合物非均相化后,其催化活性明显提高.在较优的反应条件下,苯乙烯转化率可达75.5%,此时苯基环氧乙烷的选择性为68.5%,且该非均相催化剂重复使用四次后仍保持较高的催化活性.     

沸石和活性炭为载体的Fe3+和Cu2+型催化剂催化氧化苯酚的比较

以沸石和活性炭为载体，制备了Fe3 和Cu2 型沸石和活性炭催化荆，研究了非均相Fe和Cu催化剂催化氧化高浓度含酚废水．在Fenton反应机理的基础上，探讨了Cu2 的均相和非均相催化氧化机理，以人造沸石和活性炭为栽体制备了相应的4种非均相催化剂，进行了均相、非均相Fe和Cu催化剂催化氧化高浓度含酚废水的对比试验，分析了这两种载体的比表面积、孔径分布和中孔孔容，比较了4种非均相催化剂对苯酚降解率的影响．结果发现Cu2 不仅能大大提高反应速率，而且其均相、非均相反应体系的苯酚降解率均可达到约97％．     

非均相Fenton催化剂的组成结构设计与性能优化

非均相Fenton催化技术解决了均相Fenton反应存在的问题,具有pH适用范围广以及催化剂易于回收利用等优点,因而成为水处理领域的研究热点。本文首先介绍了非均相Fenton反应用于降解有机污染物的发展、反应机理以及机理的研究方法。总结了非均相Fenton催化剂的种类,主要包括铁氧化物、其它金属氧化物、金属有机框架材料。重点讨论了提高非均相Fenton催化剂活性及稳定性的方法,包括通过调控催化剂的形貌、尺寸、孔结构使催化剂具有更高的比表面积,将活性组分负载在具有高比表面积的载体上,通过与其它金属复合以及引入光、超声、微波等外场。最后,对非均相Fenton催化技术的发展进行了展望。     

聚合温度对负载型Ziegler-Natta催化剂催化丁二烯-异戊二烯共聚合的影响

非均相TiCl₄/MgCl₂-AlR₃型Ziegler-Natta（非均相Z-N）催化剂是聚烯烃工业最重要的催化剂,经烷基铝活化的非均相Z-N催化剂具有复杂的活性中心结构,改变聚合温度、聚合时间、烷基铝种类及浓度等均会影响活性中心结构与催化性能.本文研究了不同聚合温度下TiCl₄/MgCl₂-AlEt₃（三乙基铝）催化丁二烯（Bd）和异戊二烯（Ip）的共聚合动力学,研究发现,随着聚合时间的延长,聚合活性先升高然后降低,在50℃聚合活性最高.采用核磁共振波谱（¹H NMR）、紫外荧光定硫仪和凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）研究了共聚物的微观结构、活性中心数和分子量及其分布,发现随着聚合时间的延长及聚合温度的升高,活性中心数、共聚物中反式-1,4-结构、分子量及分子量分布均发生不同规律的变化.本文研究结果可为进一步理解非均相Z-N催化剂在不同聚合温度下催化共轭二烯烃聚合的动力学及其关键影响因素提供参考.     

烯烃聚合均相催化剂研究进展

均相催化剂产生于５０年代末期，但由于活性很低而末引起重视。８０年代初，由于发现ＭＡＯ具有良好的助催化能力而使均相催化剂得到了很大发展，涌现了多种催化体系，广泛地使α－烯烃及其衍生物立体选择性聚合，开辟了配位聚合研究的新领域，本文对均相催化剂的产生，发展及现状作了综述评述。     

Toward single-site, immobilized molecular catalysts: site-isolated Ti ethylene polymerization catalysts supported on porous silica

A new, general patterning methodology that may allow for the preparation of site-isolated organometallic catalysts on a silica surface is reported. The technique is demonstrated with Group 4 polymerization catalysts. The catalysts synthesized via the patterning method have up to a 10-fold increase in activity as compared to materials prepared by traditional techniques. In addition to supporting Group 4 polymerization catalysts, the patterned aminosilica is a possible support for other metal complexes, allowing for the synthesis of a wide array of immobilized single-site organometallic catalysts.     

Hydrogen chain transfer in olefin polymerization with organometallic catalysts

Hydrogen has been shown to be a true chain-transfer agent with some organometallic olefin polymerization catalysts. However, the Mayo equation for chain transfer in free-radical polymerization does not fit quantitative data from organometallic catalysts. There appear to be two reasons for the lack of fit. First, the Mayo equation considers the competition between hydrogen and olefin for the growing chain but does not account for their competitive absorption on the catalyst (coordination with vacant orbitals on the transition metal). Second, some organometallic catalysts gradually absorb hydrogen irreversibly to give a new catalyst species of altered behavior.     

Asymmetric synthesis of organometallic reagents using enzymatic methods

The use of enzymatic catalysis in the synthesis and resolution of organometallic complexes is reviewed and discussed. Examples show the potential of biological catalysts for oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and esterification of both transition metal and main group organometallic substrates. Chirality in organometallic complexes caused by the presence of chiral carbon centers in substituent groups, tetrahedral or pseudotetrahedral metal centers, and planes of asymmetry can all be recognized by whole cell or isolated enzyme catalysts. Biocatalysts that achieve high levels of kinetic resolution are described. Other catalysts that produce high levels of asymmetric induction in reactions of a prochiral substrate are also described.     

The N?H Functional Group in Organometallic Catalysis

The organometallic approach is one of the most active topics in catalysis. The application of NH functionality in organometallic catalysis has become an important and attractive concept in catalyst design. NH moieties in the modifiers of organometallic catalysts have been shown to have various beneficial functions in catalysis by molecular recognition through hydrogen bonding to give catalyst–substrate, ligand–ligand, ligand–catalyst, and catalyst–catalyst interactions. This Review summarizes recent progress in the development of the organometallic catalysts based on the concept of cooperative catalysis by focusing on the NH moiety.     

Efficient fuel cell catalysts emerging from organometallic chemistry

During the last few decades organometallic methodologies have generated a number of highly effective electrocatalyst systems based on mono‐ and bimetallic nanosparticles having controlled size, composition and structure. In this microreview we summarize our results in fuel cell catalyst preparation applying triorganohydroborate chemistry, ‘reductive particle stabilization’ using organoaluminum compounds, and the controlled decomposition of organometallic complexes. The advantages of organometallic catalyst preparation pathways are exemplified with Ru? Pt nanoparticles@C as promising anode catalysts to be used in direct methanol oxidation fuel cells (DMFC) or in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEMFC) running with CO‐contaminated H₂ as the feed. Recent findings with highly efficient PtCo₃@C fuel cell catalysts applied for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and with the effect of Se‐doping on Ru@C ORR catalysts clearly demonstrate the benefits of organometallic catalyst synthesis. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chromium(II) and chromium(III) complexes supported by tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine: synthesis, structures, and reactivity

This report describes the synthesis, structural characterization, and polymerization behavior of a series of chromium(II) and chromium(III) complexes ligated by tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA), including chromium(III) organometallic derivatives. For instance, the combination of TPA with CrCl(2) yields monomeric (TPA)CrCl(2) (1). A similar reaction of CrCl(2) with TPA, followed by chloride abstraction with NaBPh(4) or NaBAr(F)(4) (Ar(F) = 3,5-(CF(3))(2)C(6)H(3)), provides the weakly associated cationic dimers [(TPA)CrCl](2)[BPh(4)](2) (2A) and [(TPA)CrCl](2)[BAr(F)(4)](2) (2B), respectively. X-ray crystallographic analysis reveals that each chromium(II) center in 1, 2A, and 2B is a tetragonally elongated octahedron; such Jahn-Teller distortions are consistent with the observed high spin (S = 2) electronic configurations for these chromium(II) complexes. Likewise, reaction of CrCl(3)(THF)(3) with TPA, followed by anion metathesis with NaBPh(4) or NaBAr(F)(4), yields the monomeric, cationic chromium(III) complexes [(TPA)CrCl(2)][BPh(4)] (4A) and [(TPA)CrCl(2)][BAr(F)(4)] (4B), respectively. Treatment of 4A with methyl and phenyl Grignard reagents produces the cationic chromium(III) organometallic derivatives [(TPA)Cr(CH(3))(2)][BPh(4)] (5) and [(TPA)CrPh(2)][BPh(4)] (6), respectively. Similar reactions of 4A with organolithium reagents leads to intractable solids, presumably due to overreduction of the chromium(III) center. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 4A, 5, and 6 confirms that each possesses a largely undistorted octahedral chromium center, consistent with the observed S = (3)/(2) electronic ground states. Compounds 1, 2A, 2B, 4A, 4B, 5, and 6 are all active polymerization catalysts in the presence of methylalumoxane, producing low to moderate molecular weight high-density polyethylene.     

Stoichiometric and catalytic reactivity of organometallic fragments supported on inorganic oxides

The reaction of some organometallic complexes with the surfaces of inorganic oxides leads to the formation of surface organometallic complexes, chemically bound to the surface yet retaining many features of their molecular structure. These surface organometallic complexes can therefore be considered to belong to both the molecular and solid states. In cases where such complexes have been structurally characterised, their reactivity can be interpreted with molecular concepts. In this review article, the stoichiometric and catalytic reactivity of some relatively well-defined surface organometallic fragments is surveyed. Many elementary steps which have precedent in molecular organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis have now been demonstrated with surface organometallic fragments, including reversible ligand binding, oxidative addition, reductive elimination, protonation, heterolytic metal—carbon bond cleavage, electrophilic CH bond activation and insertion into metal—carbon bonds. In some cases, the supported organometallic complexes are highly effective low temperature catalysts, a phenomenon which is not always observed with molecular analogues nor with conventionally prepared heterogeneous catalysts. Applications of surface organometallic chemistry to catalytic alkane hydrogenolysis, olefin isomerisation and hydrogenation, the Fischer—Tropsch synthesis and the water—gas shift reaction are discussed. Proposed mechanisms for several representative catalytic cycles are presented.     

Catalytic and coordination facets of single-site non-metallocene organometallic catalysts with N-heterocyclic scaffolds employed in olefin polymerization

This review discusses the principles underlying mononucleating N-heterocyclic ligand design, selectivity of metal centers, preparation of organometallic catalysts with a N-heterocyclic backbone, and their catalytic activity in olefin oligo/polymerization. A vast number of N-heterocyclic organometallic compounds have been applied for the polymerization on account of their modest cost, low toxicity, and the large availability of transition metals in stable and variable oxidation states, which makes them versatile precursors for these reactions. The main points of focus in this review are the key advances made over more the past 25 years in the design and development of non-metallocene single-site organometallic catalysts bearing different N-heterocyclic scaffolds as a backbone. These catalysts are applied as precursors for the transformation of ethylene, higher α-olefins, and cyclic olefins into oligo/polymers. Emphasis is placed on the architecture of ligand peripheries for tuning the formed polymer properties and the consequences on product formation of different alkyl or aryl substituents directly attached to the metal center in a N-heterocyclic ligand system.     

Some Rare Earth Metallic Organohydrides with Biindenyl as the Ligand

Introduction It is well known that organometallic hydrides of rare earth metals are the catalysts and reducing reagents for the catalysis polymerization of alkenes and the catalysis hydrogenation of alkenoalkynes. There are four methods for the syntheses of organometallic hydrides of rare earth metals:(1) the thermal atomization of metals, i.e., the interaction of a rare earth metal with alkenes with a terminal alkyne;(2) the Ln—Cσ bond is broken with H_2;(3) metal-     

Atomic Absorption Detector for Chromium Organometallic Compounds Separated by High Speed Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has been demonstrated to be a metal-specific detector for chromium organometallic compounds separated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Column effluent from the HPLC instrument was fed directly to the aspirator of the atomic absorption instrument set to record absorption due to chromium. Well defined peaks were obtained. In addition to being specific for a given metal, the method is free of some of the constrictions placed upon conventional ultraviolet absorption and refractive index detectors commonly used with HPLC. For example, solvents which absorb strongly in the ultraviolet may be employed and there is no need to use expensive spectroquality solvents. The method promises to be particularly useful for the analysis of specific organometallic compounds found in liquefied coal and shale oil.