纳米氧化硅表面阴离子接枝聚合苯乙烯

通过正丁基锂(BL)引发甲基丙烯酰氧丙基纳米氧化硅(MAMSN)与苯乙烯共聚,制备了聚苯乙烯表面接枝纳米氧化硅(PS—g—Silica),并考察了正丁基锂加入量对苯乙烯转化率(C)、接枝率(PG)以及聚苯乙烯分子量(Mn)的影响。实验结果表明,阴离子聚合可以获得比自由基聚合更大的分子量和更高的转化率以及接枝率。     

活性阴离子聚合及其单体的研究进展

适用于活性阴离子聚合的单体拓展研究是有关活性阴离子聚合的一项重要的研究工作.本文重点介绍了近十年在活性阴离子聚合领域出现的新型单体的结构设计、合成及其聚合过程的研究进展.文中涉及到的新型单体主要包括非(弱)极性类单体、极性单体及其它单体.进一步细分,非(弱)极性类单体分为苯乙烯衍生物类单体和丁二烯衍生物类单体,极性单体中含有丙烯酸酯类单体、丙烯酰胺类单体、氯乙烯以及N-乙烯基咔唑,其它单体包括异氰酸酯类、烯酮类以及杂环类单体.最后本文对上述这些新型单体中的一些单体用于复杂大分子拓扑结构的设计合成情况也作了简要介绍.     

丙烯酸在强碱阴离子交换树脂中的聚合

研究了以水为介质，丙烯酸在强碱阴离子交换树脂中聚合时羧基分配系数随浸泡时间和反应时间的变化，以及树脂残阴交换量随反应时间的变化，结果是羧基分配系数在浸泡一小时后达到平衡，聚合反应开始后分配系数又迅速增大，三小时后达到最大值。残阴交换量随反应进行而减小，三小时后达到最小值。经分析认为丙烯酸的主要聚合场所是在树脂相，聚合过程中单体不断向树脂相扩散，基本不在液相聚合。     

活性阴离子聚合定量“开-关”聚合机理研究

在链增长聚合过程中,有效控制聚合活性中心的"开"、"关"能够对特定结构和功能的聚合物合成实现"定制裁剪"。当活性中心能够进行"锁闭(Locked)"和"解锁(Unlocked)"状态便捷可控的转换,即可在特定位置实现特定单元的插入。近期,大连理工大学马红卫等在活性阴离子聚合领域开展了活性中心定量"开-关"聚合机理研究。基于烷氧硅基DPE(DPE-Si(O-iPr)_3,DPE:1,1-二苯基乙烯)以及醇钠(NaODP)来实现活性阴离子聚合体系活性中心的定量"开-关",在活性阴离子聚合机理方面取得的这一进展能够为阴离子聚合理论研究带来新的发展,同时也为高分子链结构的精密调控提供了更广阔的前景。     

有机非金属盐阴离子聚合研究进展

有机非金属盐阴离子聚合是活性/可控阴离子聚合的一个重要分支。有机非金属盐阴离子聚合方法最大的特点是可以在很宽的温度范围内(-20~70℃)引发(甲基)丙烯酸酯类单体聚合,分子量分布窄,显示出可控/活性的特征。该聚合方法为分子设计和合成(甲基)丙烯酸烷基酯的均聚物、嵌段聚合物、接枝聚合物和功能性聚合物提供了有效的途径。本文综述了有机非金属盐阴离子引发剂在合成(甲基)丙烯酸酯类单体中的研究进展,包括聚合的反应机理、特点、研究现状及其前景展望。     

苯乙烯阴离子高温本体聚合引发机理的新发现(一)

采用一种新的研究方法,进行了苯乙烯阴离子的高温本体聚合,突破了传统阴离子动力学研究中仅采用高真空、稀溶液、低转化率的局限.结果表明:当聚合转化率小于4%时,聚合反应机理完全符合经典阴离子活性聚合的理论;但继续聚合后将出现一个转化率停滞平台和聚合速率再次升高的现象,与传统理论不同.假设活性种引发聚合后形成的大分子链不再反...     

聚苯乙烯型阴离子交换剂的合成方法

对聚苯乙烯型阴离子交换剂的各种合成方法作了较为全面的评述。指出使用氯甲醚为原料的氯甲基化法由于毒性问题已经受到限制，分析了其它方法在实现工业化生产并最终取代氯甲基化法方面的可能性。     

苯乙烯阴离子本体聚合引发剂缔合及其机理的研究

分别以正丁基锂和叔丁基锂为引发剂,采用自制管式流动反应装置,对较高温度下苯乙烯阴离子本体聚合动力学进行了研究.证实了正丁基锂主要以六元缔合结构形式引发聚合,并导致超分子团聚体的形成,从而使进一步的聚合因单体扩散受阻而受到限制,并伴随聚合转化率停滞平台（SCP）的产生.随后由于前期聚合累积的能量,使超分子结构完全解离.聚合温度越高,SCP持续时间越短.结果还表明,在正丁基锂引发剂中,存在一个以六元缔合结构为基础形成的更大的缔合体结构.原子力显微镜照片显示,超分子结构的直径分别为20～30nm和50～60nm.此外,在阴离子聚合过程中活性种的缔合结构只决定于初始引发剂的分子结构,而不同活性种缔合结构对阴离子聚合的链增长存在很大影响,从而解释了采用不同结构的锂系引发剂引发苯乙烯单体聚合时聚合速率存在巨大差异的原因.     

纳米Sb_2O_3表面原位(共)聚合处理对HIPS纳米复合材料力学性能的影响

通用高分子材料的工程化和工程高分子材料的高性能化是高分子材料研究与开发的主要方向之一，核心、关键技术是高分子材料的同时增强、增韧，其中利用纳米无机刚性粒子与高分子材料复合是一条最简单而又行之有效的途径．由于无机纳米填料是亲水性的、表面能极高，有机高分子不能浸润填料或与填料表面相互作用弱，导致纳米粒子在高分子基体中易于团聚而分散性差，其复合材料力学性能低下．利用硬酯酸、非离子表面活性剂、表面辐照接枝处理纳米粒子表面忙，     

高抗冲聚苯乙烯的增韧机理

概述了以高抗冲聚苯乙烯（ＨＩＰＳ）为中心的有关橡胶增韧机理的理论，并且总结了界面，性能、粒子尺寸、粒 距及缠结密度等因素对橡胶／高分子共混体系性能的影响。     

基于高真空实验技术活性阴离子聚合方法学研究进展

活性阴离子聚合能够得到分子量及分布可控的模板聚合物,是环状、树枝状以及多臂星形等复杂拓扑结构聚合物的重要合成方法。高真空实验技术能够使反应环境彻底封闭、杜绝杂质影响从而得到更加精确的实验数据,因此成为活性阴离子聚合理论研究的重要手段。本文对基于高真空实验技术的活性阴离子聚合方法学研究进行了总结,通过多官能引发剂、“大单...     

Trialkylsilyl-Protected Functional Initiators for Stereospecific Anionic Polymerization of Methacrylates

Anionic polymerizations of methyl methacrylate with trialkylsilyl-protected lithium benzylamides were conducted in the presence of aluminum compounds such as n-Bu₃Al. When the Me₃Si-protected amide was used, the carbonyl attack took place to some extent to form a methacrylamide derivative with slightly lower initiator efficiency (∼0.9). In the case of i-Pr₃Si-protected amide, the carbonyl addition was completely suppressed. The obtained polymers had narrow molecular weight distribution and carried benzylamino end-group, as revealed by NMR analysis, which is readily accessible for further chemical transformations such as acylation with acryloyl chloride and debenzylation with H₂/Pd-C. Difuntional initiators with protected groups were also examined.     

Sodium Hydride/Trialkylaluminum Complexes for the Controlled Anionic Polymerization of Styrene at High Temperature

Summary: A new generation of anionic initiators (butyllithium free), based on trialkylaluminum and a readily available alkali metal hydride, has been developed for the control of styrene polymerization at high temperature. Triisobutylaluminum and sodium hydride form heterocomplexes that are efficient for the initiation of styrene polymerization at 100 °C in toluene or in bulk. To be active under such conditions, these systems require the presence of an excess of metal hydride with respect to AlR₃ ([Al]/[Na] < 1). PS chains are specifically initiated by the hydrides coming from NaH, and molar masses are controlled in the range 0.8 < [Al]/[Na] < 1. Fast exchange between dormant 1:1 and active 1:2 complexes (Al:Na), and ligand rearrangements within the 1:2 complex, can explain the observed results.

Initiation of styrene with i‐Bu₃Al/NaH systems.     

New Perspectives in Living/Controlled Anionic Polymerization

Summary: Control of the reactivity and selectivity of active species remains a major challenge in the course of living/controlled polymerizations of vinyl and heterocyclic monomers. We have found that alkyl metal derivatives such as dialkylmagnesium or trialkylaluminum derivatives or the corresponding alkoxyakyl metal derivatives, when added to conventional anionic polymerization systems, are very effective mediators for the controlled anionic polymerization of both styrenic and oxirane monomers. When used as additives to alkali metal alkyl initiators (alkyl lithium, alkyl sodium) for the styrene anionic polymerizations, they strongly retard the reactivity of the propagating species and allow controlling the polymerization in very unusual conditions (bulk, very high temperature). On the contrary, when used in combination to the same alkali metal based initiators for the anionic polymerization of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide, these additives can drastically enhance the reactivity and the selectivity of the propagating species allowing a fast living-like polymerization to proceed already at low temperature in hydrocarbon media.     

A New View of the Initiation and Propagation in Anionic Polymerization

This work confirms the new view of the initiation and propagation mechanism of the anionic polymerization previously proposed, based on the investigation of anionic bulk‐polymerization of styrene and α‐methyl styrene with the help of a self designed microflow device and characterized by GPC and in situ ⁷Li NMR. It was found that n‐BuLi tended to form the hexameric‐aggregated structure and even to form the huge aggregated structure based on the former. These aggregations of initiators could directly initiate the anionic polymerization and form the supramolecule aggregations. The supramolecule aggregations inevitably blocked the diffusion of the monomers to the ion‐pairs and resulted in a stationary‐conversion platform. Then the aggregators were dissociated completely into equal binary‐aggregated species, and the polymerization continued again rapidly before the termination. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) acted as the electron donator, which could push the electron cloud to Li cation and make the aggregated ring of the active species rather loosened and facilitated the monomer to insert in. Therefore, a little THF can greatly promote the anionic polymerization. However, further addition of THF might block the channel between the ion‐pairs and decrease the propagation rate. It was also found that the aggregated structure of the active species during the anionic polymerization only depends on the initiator aggregations which were formed before the polymerization.     

A Novel Efficient Ligand in Anionic Polymerization at Elevated Temperature

This work confirmed a novel ligand in the anionic polymerization, lithium phenoxide, which helped to improve the controllability of the polymerization. The stability of n‐BuLi against THF at 0°C was effectively improved by adding lithium phenoxide. More than 60% n‐BuLi in THF was alive with the presence of lithium phenoxide after stirring at 0°C for 20 min, compared to 2% under same conditions but without lithium phenoxide. The propagation of polymerization of styrene (St) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were retarded after adding lithium phenoxide. And by adding more than 10 fold lithium phenoxide, completed conversion was achieved in the polymerization of MMA in THF at 0°C. The lithium phenoxide showed both promoting and inhibiting effects in the polymerization of isoprene (Ip): it promoted the formation of 3,4‐structure, while mitigated the formation of 1,2‐ and 1,4‐structures. In general, the polymerization rate of Ip was promoted by lithium phenoxide.