钯催化的sp~2碳-氢活化/不对称烯丙基化串联反应

<正>Angew.Chem.Int.Ed.2017,56,6641~6645过渡金属催化的基于碳-氢键活化的不对称串联反应,能够以简单、廉价的底物一步构建复杂多样的手性化合物.这类反应的难点在于寻找合适的手性配体,同时兼顾碳-氢活化的活性与后续反应的立体选择性控制.中国科学技术大学韩志勇小组以芳基脲为底物,利用碳-氢活化过程产生芳基钯中间体,进而与1,3-二烯发生烯烃插入/分子     

一价铜催化的N-对甲基苯磺酰腙与3-丁炔-1-醇的串联反应:一种四氢呋喃类化合物的新合成方法

最近几年来,利用稳定的重氮类化合物和N-对甲基苯磺酰腙类化合物作为金属卡宾前体,在过渡金属催化下通过形成金属卡宾的偶联反应引起了人们广泛的兴趣.金属卡宾前体与有机金属物种反应,可以生成金属卡宾中间体,并发生金属上基团的转移插入过程,得到新的有机金属物种,从而实现丰富的偶联反应.这类经由金属卡宾转移插入过程的交叉偶联反应为构建C?C键,C?N键以及许多环状化合物和不饱和有机分子结构提供了可靠而强有力的工具.本课题组一直致力于研究该类经由金属卡宾中间体的催化转化和偶联反应,报道了在铜催化下,对甲苯磺酰腙以及重氮类化合物可以与端炔反应,通过所形成的炔基铜卡宾中间体的转移插入过程,可高效得到联烯类化合物.该类反应条件相对温和,并且有很好的底物普适性.不仅各种多取代的联烯类化合物,而且苯并呋喃,菲以及呋喃等结构都可由这类铜催化的腙和炔烃的偶联反应来得到.在这些反应中,通过炔基铜卡宾中间体上炔基的转移插入过程,在形成了C(Sp3)-Cu键以后,通过铜的1,3-迁移过程,可以得到联烯结构,随后发生分子内杂原子的亲核进攻或者6π电子环化过程来实现苯并呋喃,菲等杂环类结构的构建.另一方面,该类反应进一步拓展和研究,可望得到其他有价值的有机分子骨架.环状的醚类结构,如四氢呋喃结构,也是有机化合物中常见的结构类型,我们希望从目前已经发展成熟的卡宾前体与炔烃生成联烯的偶联反应出发,通过分子内的串联过程来高效地构建取代的环状醚类结构.我们设想,在炔烃上引入氧原子作为亲核试剂,在形成联烯化合物以后,通过分子内氧原子对联烯基的亲核进攻,来实现串联的分子内关环反应,从而构建环状醚类结构.本文以CuI为催化剂,3-丁炔-1-醇为炔烃偶联组分,采用二芳基对甲苯磺酰腙作为金属卡宾前体,实现了取代四氢呋喃的合成.在对甲苯磺酰腙与3-丁炔-1-醇类化合物发生偶联反应生成二芳基联烯基化合物以后,采用一锅法实现分子内的关环反应,从而生成亚烯基取代的四氢呋喃化合物.该串联反应不仅具有原料易得和操作较为简便等优点,而且底物普适性和官能团耐受性都较好,多种取代的二芳基腙类化合物都能以较好的收率得到目标产物,从而为四氢呋喃类化合物的合成提供了一种新的方法.该反应进一步展示了经由金属卡宾中间体的交叉偶联反应的普遍性,将在有机化学和有机合成领域具有广泛的研究和应用价值.     

温和条件下高效合成咪唑并杂环-肼类衍生物的三组分串联反应（英文）

为了合成咪唑[1,2-a]并吡啶-肼类衍生物,发展了一种以简单易得的甲酰甲基溴化物、2-氨基吡啶衍生物和偶氮二甲酸酯为原料的三分子串联反应的方法.该串联反应先生成咪唑[1,2-a]并吡啶,然后紧接着连续发生C(3)—H键肼基化反应,而不像传统的一步接一步反应的方法.该方法具有操作简单、反应条件温和(无需过渡金属且反应温度低等)以及底物适用性广的特点.实验结果表明,带有给电子取代基的甲酰甲基溴化物和2-氨基吡啶衍生物有利于反应的进行,并以优秀的产率获得目标产物.     

Passerini多组分反应研究进展

多组分反应操作简便、原子经济性高,是一类重要的有机反应。经典Passerini反应是以异腈、醛酮、羧酸为原料一步合成α-酰氧基酰胺的多组分反应,其产物作为重要的有机中间体,可以进一步合成许多重要的药物、天然产物和功能材料等复杂有机分子,具有广泛的应用价值。本文从反应底物、串联反应及相关应用的角度阐述近5年来Passerini多组分反应研究的新进展。     

一种简单、高效合成α-卤代甲基酮化合物的新方法

发展了一种简单、高效、温和的卤代炔烃水合反应体系.在阳离子金催化剂的催化作用下,以二氯乙烷为溶剂,室温下卤代炔烃发生水合反应,高收率、高区域选择性地得到单一的α-卤代甲基酮化合物(收率≥91%).该方法具有底物适用范围广、反应条件温和和环境友好等优点,为含α-卤代甲基酮结构单元的天然产物及复杂药物分子的合成提供了新方法.     

经由铜催化的串联反应高效合成异香豆素

邻溴苯甲酸与末端炔烃经由碘化亚铜/氨基酸催化的Sonogashira碳碳键偶联反应和随后的环化过程可以被用来方便地合成3-烷基取代的异香豆素.该串联反应在70℃下进行,条件温和,选择性好,催化剂廉价易得,后处理方便.同时我们发现带有不同官能团的邻溴苯甲酸和末端炔烃均可以发生正常的反应而无副产物生成,因此,本方法是一个高效而普适性强的合成异香豆素的新途径,可望在合成带有这种结构的功能分子的过程中得到应用.     

铜(Ⅰ)催化的常压二氧化碳、炔丙醇和仲胺三组分反应

氨基甲酸酯类化合物是一类重要的有机化合物,在医药、农药以及有机合成中有着广泛应用,也可以作为氨基的保护基团.炔丙醇、仲胺和CO_2在铜(Ⅰ)催化下能够发生三组分"一锅"反应,高收率、高选择性地生成β-羰基氨基甲酸酯.该反应能够在常压CO_2的条件下进行,具有反应条件温和、原子经济性高和底物适应范围宽等优点.通过控制氧气含量,可以高选择性地形成β-羰基氨基甲酸酯.多种炔丙醇和仲胺均能高效反应,生成相应的β-羰基氨基甲酸酯.该方法避免了利用高压CO_2提高反应效率的问题,是二氧化碳低压温和条件下制备β-羰基氨基甲酸酯类化合物的简便途径.     

C―F…H―X相互作用在有机反应中的影响

氢键相互作用在分子间或者分子内均广泛存在,并且对有机反应的选择性和活性具有深远影响.有机化合物中的N和O原子与不同氢键给体H―X的氢键作用已得到了广泛研究,并被巧妙地用于设计开发新的催化剂和新反应,但电负性最大的氟元素所形成的C―F键与氢键给体之间的C―F…H―X相互作用对有机反应的影响却研究很少.2011年,我们首次在酮亚胺的Strecker反应中观察到强烈的氟效应,并提出可能是源于C―F…H―X相互作用对反应的活性和选择性的影响.随后,这种弱相互作用在更多的有机反应中被观察到,并被认为对有机化学反应可能存在显著的影响,甚至还能通过理性设计来实现高反应活性和选择性.本综述将介绍底物与催化剂或溶剂之间,底物与底物之间,以及反应过渡态中形成的C―F…H―X氢键相互作用对有机反应的影响,旨在为从事有机合成和有机氟化学的研究人员提供参考和启示,从而有助于新反应和新型手性催化剂的设计开发.     

分子内氧化偶联反应在合成复杂吲哚生物碱骨架中的应用

通过含有吲哚底物的分子内氧化偶联反应,成功地构建了Communesin家族生物碱的螺吲哚啉季碳中心,从而完成了(-)-Communesins A,B和F的对映选择性合成.接下来我们发展了分子内氧化偶联/缩合串联反应策略,得到了天然产物(-)-Vincorine的核心四环骨架,然后再经过五步转化完成了Vincorine的全合成.从药物化学角度来看,分子内氧化偶联/缩合串联提供了一个快速方便地合成含有多环吲哚啉骨架的方法.采用相同的串联反应策略,我们分别从色胺衍生的β-酮酸酰胺和丙二酸二酰胺出发,一步构建了多环螺吲哚啉和多环吲哚啉并吡咯环骨架分子.     

电喷雾串联质谱研究黄芩苷与谷胱甘肽的相互作用

建立了研究黄芩苷和谷胱甘肽的相互作用的电喷雾多级串联质谱方法,结果表明黄芩苷首先自氧化生成黄芩苷半醌,随后黄芩苷半醌与谷胱甘肽进一步发生反应,生成谷胱甘肽与黄芩苷加合物,该化合物不稳定,可进一步发生自氧化、水合反应或脱糖醛酸等反应.利用串联质谱技术鉴定了谷胱甘肽与黄芩苷的结合位点是在黄芩苷苷元的C8位.该方法从分子水平...     

Studies towards complex bridged alkaloids: regio- and stereocontrolled enolate chemistry of 2,5-diketopiperazines

The substitution of symmetrical N-protected diketopiperazines (DKPs) via enolate intermediates has been studied. The enolate reactions were highly diastereocontrolled, leading to enantiopure DKP products if chiral amino acid precursors were employed, and giving racemic products, starting with centrosymmetric DKPs, even when a chiral lithium amide base was used to generate the lithium enolate. With unsymmetrical DKPs derived from proline and either alanine, phenylalanine or valine, the enolate substitution occurred with high regio- and stereoselectivity on the proline residue. This enabled the synthesis of substituted DKPs that could be cyclised via cationic processes to give the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane core structure present in paraherquamide and stephacidin natural products.     

A convenient and selective synthesis of unsymmetrical benzoins via the cyanide ion catalyzed cleavage of benzils

The cyanide ion-catalyzed cleavage of benzils is used for the generation of various ‘masked’ acyl intermediates. The reaction of these intermediates with various aldehydes furnishes the corresponding esters of unsymmetrical benzoins in very good yields. A variety of unsymmetrical benzoin derivatives are synthesized in this way, including ferrocene derivatives. The hydrolysis of benzoin esters and their subsequent oxidation affords the corresponding unsymmetrical benzoins and benzils in high yield.     

Transition-Metal-Free Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diaryl Tellurides via SH2 Reaction of Aryl Radicals on Tellurium

Although diaryl tellurides are parent organotellurium compounds, their synthesis methods, especially for unsymmetrical ones, are limited. This may be due to the instability of diaryl tellurides and their synthesis intermediates under reaction conditions. Radical reactions are known to exhibit excellent functional group selectivity; therefore, we focused on a bimolecular homolytic substitution (S_H2) reaction between the aryl radical and diaryl ditelluride. Aryl radicals are generated from arylhydrazines in air and captured by diaryl ditellurides, resulting in a selective formation of unsymmetrical diaryl tellurides with high yields. The electronic effects of the substituents on both arylhydrazines and diaryl ditellurides on the S_H2 reaction of tellurium are also discussed in detail.     

New and efficient procedure for the preparation of unsymmetrical silaketals

[reaction: see text] A new and efficient procedure for the preparation of unsymmetrical silaketals via a three-step protocol without isolation of the intermediates is presented. The unsymmetrical silyl ethers and silanes can also be readily obtained via this sequence of reactions.     

Ionic Hydrogenation of Oxyallyl Intermediates: The Reductive Nazarov Cyclization

Cyclization of tri- and tetrasubstituted dienones 1 under Lewis acidic conditions in the presence of triethylsilane led to formation of either silyl enol ethers 6 or cyclopentanones 7 in good to excellent yields, depending on work-up conditions. The proposed mechanism involves initial Nazarov cyclization to give oxyallyl intermediates 5, which are intercepted via intermolecular transfer of hydride. The reactions proceeded cleanly with as little as 2 equiv. of silane and in most cases catalytic amounts of Lewis acid could be used. Trapping with Et₃SiD occurs at the less substituted terminus in unsymmetrical cases.     

Anti-selective and regioselective aldol addition of ketones with aldehydes using MgI2 as promoter

The first example of a direct aldehyde-ketone coupling using the secondary amine piperidine as base in the presence of MgI₂ to generate high selectivity of anti-aldol products from unmodified ethyl ketones in high yield is reported. The coupling reactions were carried out in a one-pot reaction by mixing four reaction components at room temperature. In the case of unsymmetrical ketones, addition was made to the less hindered α-side.     

Benign synthesis of unsymmetrical arylurea derivatives using 3-substituted dioxazolones as isocyanate surrogates

ABSTRACT

A phosgene- and metal-free synthesis of unsymmetrical arylurea derivatives utilizing 3-substituted dioxazolones and commercially available amines has been developed. The 3-substituted dioxazolones serve as the precursors of the in situ generated isocyanate intermediates in the presence of non-toxic sodium acetate as a base and methanol as a solvent under mild heating conditions. A series of unsymmetrical phenylureas including N, N’- mono-, di-, and trisubstituted derivatives are chemoselectively obtained in moderate to excellent yields from a broad scope of both 3-substituted dioxazolones and amines without a significant amount of the symmetrical byproducts. In many cases, the resulting unsymmetrical phenylureas are easily separated by filtration allowing no chromatographic purification. These investigations provide an opportunity for facile, practical, and eco-friendly synthesis of unsymmetrical diarylureas. Application of this method is demonstrated toward the gram-scale preparation of anti-cancer drugs, sorafenib and the 3-cycle continuous synthesis in conjugation with the recycle of sodium acetate and methanol process of known herbicide, daimuron.     

A Highly Efficient Friedel–Crafts Reaction of 3‐Hydroxyoxindoles and Aromatic Compounds to 3,3‐Diaryl and 3‐Alkyl‐3‐aryloxindoles Catalyzed by Hg(ClO4)2⋅3 H2O

We report a highly efficient Friedel–Crafts reaction of 3‐alkyl or 3‐aryl 3‐hydroxyoxindoles with a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds to unsymmetrical 3,3‐diaryloxindoles or 3‐alkyl‐3‐aryloxindoles, which are interesting medicinal targets and useful building blocks for the synthesis of natural products. Hg(ClO₄)₂ ? 3 H₂O was identified as a powerful catalyst for this reaction, and is significantly more efficient than other screened metal perchlorate hydrates and Brønsted acids such as HOTf and HClO₄. The high catalytic property of Hg(ClO₄)₂ ? 3 H₂O originates from the unprecedented dual activation effects of aromatic mercuration, which could generate a strong protic acid to facilitate the generation of a carbocation at the C3‐position of oxindoles and simultaneously form the more reactive nucleophilic reaction partner.     

Regioselective synthesis of unsymmetrical 3, 5-dialkyl-1-arylpyrazoles

3-Alkoxylmethyl-5-alkylpyrazoles undergo regioselective N-arylation with 4-fluoronitrobenzene in the presence of base to yield the corresponding 1-(4-nitro-phenyl)pyrazoles. Further elaboration of these intermediates furnishes a practical synthesis of unsymmetrical 3,5-dialkyl-1-arypyrazoles. A tentative explanation of the observed regioselectivities is provided.     

不对称姜黄素类似物的合成及其清除自由基的研究

姜黄素类化合物中,非对称结构的单去甲氧基姜黄素具有一些特殊的生物活性.通过碱法合成2-单取代苯亚甲基环戊酮中间体,再用酸催化合成了10不对称的单羰基姜黄素类似物,多酚羟基的类似物可以不通过羟基保护直接合成,其中,除A1外其它9个为新化合物,并测试了所合成类似物对DPPH自由基的清除能力.结果表明类似物的酚羟基对自由基清...