动载荷作用下裂隙岩体的止裂机理分析

为深层次了解裂隙岩体在动载荷作用下的动态断裂特性及止裂机理,采用TWSRC（tunnel with single radial crack）构型进行中低速冲击实验,选择砂岩作为原材料制作裂隙岩体试样,以落锤冲击试验装置与裂纹扩展计实验系统对裂纹的动态起裂、扩展及止裂过程进行全过程监测,重点研究动态破裂过程的破裂行为及止裂现象。使用有限差分法程序进行数值模拟,验证冲击实验结果的科学性与准确性。研究发现:裂隙岩体的动态断裂过程是由起裂加速-高速扩展-缓慢减速-止裂-再次起裂加速-再次高速扩展等多次循环的过程构成,且止裂区间尺寸为微秒量级;裂隙岩体止裂位置的穿晶断裂比例远小于初始起裂点,青砂岩动态断裂过程的穿晶断裂比例稍大于黑砂岩;裂隙岩体中止裂点再次起裂所需的能量,远小于预制裂纹初始起裂所需要的能量。     

韧性断裂的微观模型及其在约束断裂中的应用

详细分析了不同形状断裂试件及小范围屈服模型裂纹端部的损伤演化，提出了韧性断裂的宏观起裂相当于裂尖前方一特征位置处的损伤达到一临界值。利用此模型获得了与实验相一致的宏观断裂韧性及与约束无关的理论断裂韧性。     

透明类岩石预制裂隙不同赋存方式起裂扩展研究

岩体受压情况下内部裂纹扩展生长将对岩体稳定性产生重要影响,由于无法直接观察真实岩体内部裂纹起裂扩展过程,研制了一种各项性质与真实岩体接近的透明类岩石材料,在其内部预制裂纹并在RMT-150B多功能全自动刚性岩石伺服试验机上开展单轴压缩力学试验,观察研究其内部裂纹的起裂扩展机理.该方法克服了真实岩石不透明的特点,可以清晰观察到类岩石试件内部的裂纹起裂扩展各阶段的形状及扩展规律.试验中详细观察研究了次生裂纹的起裂扩展规律以及双裂隙试件在不同裂隙间距下的裂纹扩展贯通模式.试验结果表明预制裂隙倾角对次生裂纹的起裂方式将产生一定的影响,双裂隙试件在不同裂隙间距下次生裂纹将呈现不同的扩展贯通模式,实验中观察到了多种形式的裂纹.研究结果同时表明裂隙的存在极大的降低了试件的抗压强度且随着裂隙间距增加试件峰值强度呈降低趋势同时裂隙倾角也对试件的起裂应力产生一定的影响.试验成果对分析真实岩体的破坏失稳机理有着重要的参考价值.     

“丁”字形交叉裂隙类岩体的力学特性研究

岩体的力学性能受赋存在其中的裂隙的影响较大。本文以实际岩体工程中的节理岩体为背景,通过按一定比例配制而成的石膏砂浆材料来制作类岩石试件,采用在类岩石试件中预埋金属条抽出的方法来模拟不同倾角的"丁"字形交叉裂隙,研究室内单轴压缩条件下,"丁"字形交叉裂隙试件的力学特性。研究发现:(1)主裂隙倾角对试件的峰值应力有决定性作用,次裂隙则在一定程度上影响试件的峰值应力;(2)相对于仅有主裂隙的情况,次裂隙的存在,增大试件的弹性模量,但却减小试件的峰值应变和起裂应力;(3)次裂隙对裂隙试件裂纹起裂位置及其扩展方向的影响可归为三类:次裂隙对裂隙试件的裂纹起裂位置及其扩展方向的影响较小;次裂隙使裂隙试件的翼裂纹沿着主(次)裂隙的一端及其次(主)裂隙的两端开始起裂及扩展;次裂隙的存在引起了主裂隙两端次生裂纹的产生。     

三维复合型断裂的试验方法探讨

探讨了一种能够揭示三维复合型断裂现象并能记录这些现象的三维复合型断裂研究的实验方法，用此方法完成了LC4－CS航空结构铝合金不同厚度紧凑拉伸试样的I＋Ⅱ复合型断裂试验。结果表明：此方法能够简便地确定出复合型裂纹的起裂载荷、破坏载荷、裂尖张开位移、滑移位移和起裂角，基本解决三维复合型断裂研究所需实验数据问题。同时发现此种材料试样的承载能力和超裂方向的确具有明显的厚度效应。     

双交叉裂隙岩桥相互作用与破坏行为试验研究

双交叉裂隙是工程岩体中构成断续交叉裂隙的基本单元。裂隙几何参数的变化，会带来裂隙之间岩桥组合形态的改变，并形成岩桥相互作用，对双交叉裂隙的起裂、扩展、贯通及断裂产生直接影响。本文以光敏树脂3D打印技术制备不同次裂隙长度的双交叉裂隙试样，并低温处置使其脆化；开展单轴压缩试验以获得试样的力学性能，利用DIC (Digital Image Correlation,数字图像相关技术)分析试样的变形行为，采用高速摄像机捕捉裂纹萌生和裂隙扩展过程。结果表明，随次裂隙长度的增加，双交叉裂隙试样的峰值强度呈先增大后减小的趋势；试样压缩破坏过程中，最短岩桥(主导岩桥)的两端最先形成应力集中，主导着初始裂纹的形成；尖端裂纹的扩展路径主要受到剪切路径的影响，而剪切路径随加载进程动态变化，由外侧向主导岩桥位置逐步靠拢，控制着次生裂纹的扩展角度。     

脆性固体变形响应与裂纹扩展的同步试验观测及其定量分析

通过对砂浆试样的材料变形响应和表面裂纹图象的同步观测实验研究、试样表面细观裂纹萌生和裂纹扩展图象信息的采集和量化方法的研究，探讨脆性固体材料的损伤状态与其宏观力学响应之间的关联。用本文提出的实验及其分析处理方法，可以得到砂浆、混凝土、岩石一类脆性固体材料在承载和变形过程中，表面裂纹扩展的定量结果。试样的表面裂损度代表了砂浆试样在承载和变形过程中表面裂纹扩展的情况，也在一定程度上反映了试样内部的损伤情况。     

基于数字图像相关的裂纹端部全场三维变形实验研究

基于三维数字图像相关技术(3D-DIC),结合裂尖定位、链式匹配、相关系数阈值化算法,测量金属焊接件裂纹端部的全场三维变形,分析焊接对材料断裂力学行为的影响。实验中采用预制疲劳裂纹的紧凑拉伸试件,以Q235钢为母材,通过改变焊缝位置制备四种不同试件:无焊缝母材试件、焊缝位于中央试件、焊缝偏离中央5mm试件、焊缝偏离中央8mm试件。实验结果显示,3D-DIC既能获得裂纹张开导致的面内变形,提取裂纹尖端张开位移,还能测量裂尖材料屈服导致的局部离面凹陷。对比不同焊接件的裂纹端部场发现,裂纹与焊缝的相对位置对试件断裂力学行为有很大影响。当裂纹位于焊缝处,裂尖张开位移与局部凹陷最为显著,热影响区内裂纹端部的变形也明显大于母材,因此都具有比母材更高的断裂韧度。随着载荷增加,裂纹周围的焊缝边界处容易产生应力集中和局部损伤,最终影响材料的破坏行为。上述结果表明,3DDIC可用来分析非均匀材料的断裂力学行为,有望为实际断裂问题的解决和断裂力学理论的验证与完善提供有效的实验依据。     

岩石偏心圆孔单裂纹平台圆盘的动态裂纹扩展与止裂

针对平台圆环构型的优点, 提出偏心圆孔单裂纹平台圆盘(cracked eccentrically holed flattened disc, CEHFD), 该试样具有更长的断裂路径。利用霍普金森压杆加载系统, 径向冲击CEHFD试样, 完成Ⅰ型动态断裂实验。砂岩试样表面粘贴应变片和裂纹扩展计, 用于监测裂纹动态起裂、扩展和止裂的全过程。实验表明, 在整个断裂过程中, 裂纹非匀速扩展, 裂纹扩展速度在裂纹起裂后加速上升, 在裂纹止裂前有明显的减速, 与地震时断层的动态破裂全过程完全吻合。采用实验-数值-解析法得到动态应力强度因子, 其时间历程呈现先增大后减小的趋势。根据断裂过程不同时刻, 得到相应的动态起裂韧度、扩展韧度及止裂韧度。在动态断裂全过程中, 动态扩展韧度为速度的函数, 变化趋势与速度一致, 随着时间先增大后减小; 动态起裂韧度大于动态止裂韧度, 止裂韧度随着裂纹最大扩展速度的增大而降低, 并且有较大的离散性。     

航空结构铝合金Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型断裂的三维弹塑性数值分析

在LC4CS铝合金三维Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型断裂实验的基础上,对Ⅰ/Ⅱ复合型加载模型进行了细致的三维弹塑性有限元计算,系统分析了不同复合度φ和厚度B对裂纹端部应力场和起裂角的影响.结果表明,对于不同φ和B的试样,周向应力极大值和三维离面约束因子极小值出现在相同的角度;根据最大周向应力准则,在Ⅰ型载荷占主导(βeq＞65.45°)...     

Dynamic overshooting in 2D periodic materials with square voids caused by sudden flaw appearance

The dynamic response caused by the sudden appearance of a flaw in materials in which square voids are distributed in a doubly periodic manner is investigated. A broad range of relative densities corresponding to cellular materials as well as to almost solid ones is considered. In the former case the materials are characterized by either bending or stretch dominated behavior, and different layouts corresponding to both these cases are examined. The flaw models a break of an intervoid ligament in a material which is subjected to a far-field tensile loading. Both cases of a first flaw in undamaged material as well as the case of a new flaw appearance in an already damaged material are addressed.     

Effects of interfacial friction on flaw tolerant adhesion between two dissimilar elastic solids

Flaw tolerance refers to a state in which a pre-existing crack-like flaw does not propagate even as the material is stretched to failure near its theoretical strength. Such an optimal scenario can be achieved when the characteristic length scale is reduced to below a critical value. So far, the critical conditions to achieve flaw tolerance have been discussed mostly for homogeneous materials or for two dissimilar materials in frictionless or perfectly bonded adhesion. In this paper, we consider the role of friction in flaw tolerant adhesion between two dissimilar elastic solids. We adopt a frictional contact model in which slip is allowed wherever the shear stress along the interface reaches a threshold value defined as the friction strength. The critical length scale for flaw tolerance is derived analytically for a penny-shaped crack and for an external circular crack. Compared to the cases of frictionless contact, we find that interfacial friction can reduce the critical length scales for flaw tolerance by up to 12.5%.     

An experimental and numerical study of fracture coalescence in pre-cracked specimens under uniaxial compression

This study presents crack initiation, propagation and coalescence at or near pre-existing open cracks or flaws in a specimen under uniaxial compression. The flaw geometry in the specimen was a combination of a horizontal flaw and an inclined flaw underneath. This flaw geometry is different from those reported in the previous studies, where a pair of parallel flaws was used. Three materials were used, PMMA (Poly Methyl MethAcrylate), Diastone (types of molded gypsum), and Hwangdeung granite. Crack initiation and propagation showed similar and different patterns depending on the material. In PMMA, tensile cracks initiated at the flaw tips and propagated to the tip of the other flaw in the bridge area. The cracks then coalesced at a point of the inclined flaw, which is affected by the flaw inclination angle. For Diastone and Hwangdeung granite, tensile cracks were observed followed by the initiation of shear cracks. Coalescence occurred mainly through the tensile cracks or tensile and shear cracks. Crack coalescence was classified according to the crack coalescence types of parallel flaws for overlapping flaw geometry in the past works. In addition, crack initiation and coalescence stresses in the double-flawed specimens were analyzed and compared with those in the single-flawed specimen. Numerical simulations using PFC^2D (Particle Flow Code in two dimensions) based on the DEM (Discrete Element Method) were carried out and showed a good agreement with the experimental results in the coalescence characteristics in Hwangdeung granite. These experimental and numerical results are expected to improve the understanding of the characteristics of cracking and crack coalescence and can be used to analyze the stability of rock and rock structures, such as the excavated underground openings or slopes, tunneling construction, where pre-existing cracks or fractures play a crucial role in the overall integrity of such structures.     

Reprint of “Multi-scale cohesive laws in hierarchical materials” [In. J. Solids Struct. 44 (2007) 8177–8193]

Motivated by the observations that natural materials such as bone, shell, tendon and the attachment system of gecko exhibit multi-scale hierarchical structures, this paper aims to develop a better understanding of the effects of structural hierarchy on flaw insensibility of materials from the viewpoint of multi-scale cohesive laws. We consider two idealized, self-similar models of hierarchical materials, one mimicking gecko’s attachment system and the other mimicking the mineral–protein composite structure of bone, to demonstrate that structural hierarchy leads to multi-scale cohesive laws which can be designed from bottom up to enable flaw tolerance from nanoscale to macroscopic length scales.     

Multi-scale cohesive laws in hierarchical materials

Motivated by the observations that natural materials such as bone, shell, tendon and the attachment system of gecko exhibit multi-scale hierarchical structures, this paper aims to develop a better understanding of the effects of structural hierarchy on flaw insensibility of materials from the viewpoint of multi-scale cohesive laws. We consider two idealized, self-similar models of hierarchical materials, one mimicking gecko’s attachment system and the other mimicking the mineral–protein composite structure of bone, to demonstrate that structural hierarchy leads to multi-scale cohesive laws which can be designed from bottom up to enable flaw tolerance from nanoscale to macroscopic length scales.     

边缘冲击（EOI）作用下透明陶瓷破坏特性研究

相较于传统透明材料,相同面密度下透明陶瓷具有更优异的抗冲击性能,使其成为极具应用前景的透明装甲防护材料。研究透明陶瓷在冲击下的破坏响应及损伤演化规律,对透明陶瓷装甲的结构设计及防护能力的提高起到至关重要的作用。为了比较传统透明材料与典型透明陶瓷材料在冲击过程中的破坏特性差异,利用9 mm弹道枪发射平台进行了浮法玻璃、YAG透明陶瓷及镁铝尖晶石透明陶瓷3种透明材料的边缘冲击试验,破片发射速度为200~300 m/s。通过高速摄影捕捉破片的撞击过程,分析了粉碎区及主裂纹扩展距离随时间的变化规律。结果表明,3种材料在不同速度破片的冲击作用下,粉碎区面积与材料强度呈负相关性。对同种材料,在200~300 m/s速度范围内,破片撞击速度对主裂纹的扩展速度没有影响。同时比较了玻璃与透明陶瓷在宏观尺度上的损伤演化特征差异:玻璃在粉碎区两侧产生三角形的次裂纹区域,陶瓷材料则会产生细长的次裂纹簇,并会产生较明显的裂纹“分叉”现象。利用扫描电子显微镜对回收到的陶瓷碎片进行观测,并分析了2种透明陶瓷材料在细观尺度破坏特征的异同。2种透明陶瓷的径向裂纹断面上会出现从沿晶断裂到穿晶断裂的过渡变化,而环向断裂面上几乎都是沿晶和穿晶混合断裂。2种透明陶瓷中,仅YAG透明陶瓷在沿晶断裂时会出现晶体“剥落”现象。     

Size effect upon grained materials tensile strength: The increase of the statistical dispersion at the smaller scales

The present paper provides a statistical model to the size effect on grained materials tensile strength; it is based on an Extreme Value Theory approach. Since the weakest link in grained materials is usually represented by the interface between the matrix and the aggregates, it is assumed that the flaw distribution can be represented by the aggregate distribution, expressed as a probability density function (pdf) of the grain diameters. Under the hypothesis that the strength of the material depends on the largest flaw, the tensile strength is computed as a function of the specimen size. In this way, two remarkable results are obtained: (i) a size effect for the average tensile strength that substantially agrees with the multifractal scaling law (MFSL) proposed by the first author and (ii) an increase of scatter of the tensile strength values when testing small specimens. Both these trends are confirmed by experimental data available in the literature.     

INVESTIGATION OF ANTI-PLANE SHEAR BEHAVIOR OF TWO COLLINEAR CRACKS IN PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS BY A NEW METHOD

In this paper, the interaction between two collinear cracks in piezoelectric materials under anti-plane shear loading was investigated for the impermeable crack face conditions. By using the Fourier transform, the problem can be solved with two pairs of triple integral equations. These equations are solved using Schmidt's method. This process is quite different from that adopted previously. This study makes it possible to understand the two collinear cracks interaction in piezoelectric materials. The authors are grateful for financial support from the Post-Doctoral Science Foundation and the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province.     

Statistical characterization of meso-scale uniaxial compressive strength in brittle materials with randomly occurring flaws

Increasingly fine spatial resolution in numerical models of brittle materials promises to improve prediction and characterization of dynamic failure in these materials. However, as the resolution of these numerical models begins to approach the material micro-scale, the associated discretization requires a definitive connection to the microstructure. In many cases a numerical model (e.g., a finite element mesh) that explicitly resolves each flaw within the material is not feasible for macro-scale analyses. As an alternative, each element can be treated as a meso-scale continuum with constitutive properties that reflect the characteristics of the underlying microstructure. Small scale elements will exhibit random variations in the constitutive properties as a result of the random variations in the number and types of flaws and the flaw sizes contained within each element. The present paper proposes a technique for assigning probability distributions to these element properties, which can be thought of as the meso-scale constitutive properties. In particular, the strain-rate dependent compressive uniaxial strength of a ceramic is modeled using a two-dimensional analytical model developed by Paliwal and Ramesh (2008). The effect on the probability distribution of meso-scale (or element-level) strength from flaw density, flaw size distribution, flaw clustering, and strain rate are studied. Higher strain rates, more flaw clustering, and decreasing element size all contribute to greater scatter in uniaxial compressive strength. Variations in flaw size increase the scatter in the strength more for low strain rate loadings and less clustered microstructures. The results provide interesting comparisons to the classical assumption of a two-parameter Weibull-distributed strength, showing that a three-parameter Weibull distribution and even a lognormal distribution fit better with the simulated strength data.     

Inclined semi-elliptical crack for predicting crack growth direction based on apparent stress intensity factors

Linear elastic criterion of the inclined semi-elliptical crack growth direction is elaborated on the basis of the strain energy density theory. Stress and displacement fields are presented for higher order terms asymptotic expansion. Solutions for elastic stress intensity factors are accounting for the function describing of the crack tip fields near the free surface of plate. The mixed mode behavior of crack growth direction angle along the semi-elliptical crack front for different combination of biaxial loading, inclination crack angle and surface flaw geometry is determined.