Cu/ZrO2催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整反应的研究Ⅱ反应条件的影响

采用沉淀法或醇凝胶法、浸渍法制备Cu/ZrO2催化剂,在常压微型固定床石英管反应器上进行乙醇水蒸气重整反应,采用程序升温还原（TPR）技术表征催化剂的还原特性。考察了催化剂还原温度、反应温度、水醇比、空速等对反应的影响以及催化剂的稳定性。结果表明,在300℃～500℃,随反应温度升高,乙醇转化率增大,H2选择性下降。不同还原温度对转化率的影响不是很大,对于H2选择性,300℃、400℃还原的催化剂优于500℃还原的催化剂。高水醇比有利于提高转化率和H2选择性。随空速增大,转化率和H2选择性呈现下降的趋势。8%Cu/ZrO2催化剂在400℃或450℃反应22h显示出良好的稳定性。     

Characterization of new catalysts based on uranium oxides

Catalysts based on uranium oxides were systematically studied for the first time. Catalysts containing various amounts of uranium oxides (5 and 15%) supported on alumina and mixed Ni-U/Al₂O₃ catalysts were synthesized. The uranium oxide catalysts were characterized using the thermal desorption of argon, the low-temperature adsorption of nitrogen, X-ray diffraction analysis, and temperature-programmed reduction with hydrogen and CO. The effects of composition, preparation conditions, and thermal treatment on physicochemical properties and catalytic activity in the reactions of methane and butane oxidation, the steam and carbon dioxide reforming of methane, and the partial oxidation of methane were studied. It was found that a catalyst containing 5% U on alumina calcined at 1000°C was most active in the reaction of high-temperature methane oxidation. For the Ni-U/Al₂O₃ catalysts containing various uranium amounts (from 0 to 30%), the introduction of uranium as a catalyst constituent considerably increased the catalytic activity in methane steam reforming and partial oxidation.     

NiO/LaMnO3催化剂用于乙醇水蒸气重整反应

采用柠檬酸络合-浸渍法制备了NiO/LaMnO3钙钛矿型复合氧化物催化剂并将其应用于乙醇水蒸汽重整制氢反应, 考察了NiO含量、焙烧温度对催化剂性能的影响, 采用XRD、TPR和热分析等手段对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 该催化剂具有高活性、高选择性和良好的稳定性. 催化剂中的NiO含量和焙烧温度对催化性能有显著影响. 在原料气体积组成为20%(体积分数, φ) C2H5OH 和水以及80%(φ)N2, 其中水醇摩尔比为3:1, 空速为80000 mL·h-1·g-1 cat, 反应温度为400 ℃时, 15%(质量分数, w)的NiO/LaMnO3上, 乙醇转化率接近100%. 关联催化剂活性和TPR及XRD实验结果, 发现催化剂的高活性源于由催化剂前驱体中进入钙钛矿型复合氧化物晶格中的镍离子被还原所得的金属镍.     

Mesoporous Nickel–Alumina Catalysts for Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

Recent progress on the mesoporous nickel–alumina catalysts for hydrogen production by steam reforming of liquefied natural gas (LNG) was reported in this review. A number of mesoporous nickel–alumina composite catalysts were prepared by a single-step surfactant-templating method using cationic, anionic, and non-ionic surfactant as structure-directing agents for use in hydrogen production by steam reforming of LNG. For comparison, nickel catalysts supported on mesoporous aluminas were also prepared by an impregnation method. The effect of preparation method and surfactant identity on physicochemical properties and catalytic activities of mesoporous nickel–alumina catalysts in the steam reforming of LNG was investigated. Regardless of preparation method and surfactant identity, nickel oxide species were finely dispersed on the surface of mesoporous nickel–alumina catalysts through the formation of surface nickel aluminate phase. However, nickel dispersion and nickel surface area of mesoporous nickel–alumina catalysts were strongly affected by the preparation method and surfactant identity. It was found that nickel surface area of mesoporous nickel–alumina catalyst served as one of the important factors determining the catalytic performance in hydrogen production by steam reforming of LNG. Among the catalysts tested, a mesoporous nickel–alumina composite catalyst prepared by a single-step non-ionic surfactant-templating method exhibited the best catalytic performance due to its highest nickel surface area.     

Catalytic dehydration of ethanol using transition metal oxide catalysts

The aim of this work is to study catalytic ethanol dehydration using different prepared catalysts, which include Fe(2)O(3), Mn(2)O(3), and calcined physical mixtures of both ferric and manganese oxides with alumina and/or silica gel. The physicochemical properties of these catalysts were investigated via X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), acidity measurement, and nitrogen adsorption-desorption at -196 degrees C. The catalytic activities of such catalysts were tested through conversion of ethanol at 200-500 degrees C using a catalytic flow system operated under atmospheric pressure. The results obtained indicated that the dehydration reaction on the catalyst relies on surface acidity, whereas the ethylene production selectivity depends on the catalyst chemical constituents.     

Cu/ZrO2催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整反应的研究Ⅰ催化剂性能及其制备参数的影响

研究了Cu/ZrO2催化剂在乙醇水蒸气重整反应中的催化性能。用常规沉淀法、醇凝胶法制备了ZrO2载体;用浸渍法或共沉淀法制备了Cu/ZrO2催化剂。考察了ZrO2载体的制备方法以及Cu/ZrO2的制备参数对催化剂性能的影响。采用BET、XRD、TEM及XRF等方法对催化剂的比表面积、孔容、晶相、表面形貌以及活性组分等进行了表征。同时,制备并比较了Ni/ZrO2、Cu/10MgO-90ZrO2和Cu/10CaO-90ZrO2催化剂的性能,考察了活性组分Cu、Ni的差异以及ZrO2载体的影响。在Cu/ZrO2催化剂(Cu的质量分数为8%)上,500 ℃~600 ℃乙醇转化率达到98%~100％、H2选择性为2.0~2.6（摩尔比）。 Cu/ZrO2与Ni/ZrO2机械混合有助于H2选择性的提高。在催化剂载体中添加MgO、CaO碱性物质可以使H2选择性提高1.3倍~2.0倍。浸渍法制备的Cu/ZrO2催化剂的性能优于共沉淀法。     

Additives for the reduction of sulfur in FCC gasoline

Sulfur reduction ability of alumina supported zinc, gallium and zinc-gallium additives for fluid catalytic cracking catalysts was evaluated in a micro-activity test unit (MAT). Gallium/alumina showed the highest sulfur reduction of 31%, but the cracking activity of the catalyst was decreased. Zinc-gallium/alumina reduced sulfur in 24 wt.% without decreasing the base catalyst activity.     

甲醇制氢铜铝尖晶石缓释催化剂的研究—不同铜源合成的影响

以拟薄水铝石为铝源,氢氧化铜、乙酸铜和硝酸铜等为铜源,采用固相法合成Cu-Al尖晶石催化剂。采用TG-MS、XRD、H2-TPR、BET和XANES等表征技术,对合成过程、产物的物相、还原性质及表层结构进行研究,并考察了甲醇重整制氢的缓释催化性能。结果表明,三种铜源都得到尖晶石固溶体,其晶粒粒径相差不大,但其比表面积(25.4-65.9 m2/g)、孔容(0.213-0.434 cm3/g)、表面结构(Cu的分布)以及还原性能有明显的差别,从而导致不同的缓释催化行为。在甲醇重整反应过程中,铜铝缓释催化剂通过反应条件下还原释放活性铜物种而起催化作用。以氢氧化铜合成的催化剂活性高,反应稳定性好,反应后生成的Cu粒子最小(6.6 nm),其表现出优异的催化性能。     

橄榄石对甲苯催化重整反应的影响

在固定床反应器上,以甲苯为生物质气化焦油的模型化合物,对橄榄石以及其负载镍催化剂对甲苯裂解反应和甲苯/水蒸气重整反应的催化性能进行了研究,并对催化剂进行了SEM、BET、XRD、H₂-TPR等表征。结果表明,煅烧使原矿的物化特性发生改变,橄榄石对甲苯裂解反应和重整反应有一定的催化活性。而Ni的引入,使催化剂对甲苯裂解反应的活性有所降低,甲苯的转化率降低2.2%~9.8%;但催化剂对甲苯/水蒸气重整反应的活性升高,甲苯的转化率可高达97.0%,并且载镍橄榄石催化剂对甲苯/水蒸气重整反应有较强的稳定性。     

二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢的ZSM-5和Cu-Zn的复合催化体系

二甲醚水蒸气重整制氢反应是燃料电池理想的供氢方式之一.探讨了二甲醚水蒸气重整过程中的反应与反应、反应与传热的耦合协同效应.采用二甲醚水解催化剂ZSM-5(硅铝比为25)和甲醇水蒸气重整催化剂(Cu-Zn系列及商用Cu-Zn-Al催化剂)混合制得二甲醚水蒸气重整的复合催化剂.在固定床反应装置中评价了催化剂活性并对催化剂进行了透射电镜、X射线衍射及N2吸附表征.结果表明,复合催化剂的活性除了受催化剂组成和铜含量的影响外,还与Al和Zr的量有关.在Cu:Zn摩尔比为60:30时,Al和Zr的同时加入使催化剂中Cu晶粒分散最好,催化剂具有较高的低温活性,二甲醚在空速为4 922 ml/(g·h)和260℃下的转化率达到72%.     

花状微球NiO/CeO_2催化剂上乙醇水蒸气重整制氢研究

用水热法制备微米尺寸CeO2花状微球粉体,并通过浸渍/热分解法在该粉体上担载纳米尺寸的NiO颗粒,制得催化剂NiO/CeO2。对催化剂进行了XRD、SEM、XES和BET物性表征。经固定床反应器对催化剂的催化性能进行测试。装载1.0 g催化剂,液体处理量0.05 mL/min。结果表明,该方法合成的催化剂NiO/CeO2对低温乙醇水蒸气重整反应表现出较高的活性和稳定性。同时通过微量Cr、Zn、Cu的加入在低温区抑制了CO、CH4的生成,提高了H2的产率和催化剂的抗积炭能力。该催化剂连续稳定性测试达到2 000 h;进行反复起动稳定性测试12次后,未表现出失活特征。     

Structured Catalysts Prepared by Electroless Plating Technique onto a Metal Substrate, for a Wall-Type Hydrogen Production System

This article reviews our works on the structured catalysts for a wall-type hydrogen production system including methanol steam reforming (MSR), CO shift reaction (CO SR) and methanol decomposition (MD). The structured catalysts were copper-based, palladium-based and nickel-based catalysts. Such a series of structured catalysts were prepared by the electroless plating technique that is a novel method for preparing a structured type catalyst onto a metal-substrate. The copper-based catalyst exhibited high performance for MSR and CO SR, the palladium-based catalyst high for MSR, and the nickel-based catalyst high for MD. The catalytic properties of these catalysts were affected by the difference of the plating condition and the pretreatment condition prior to the reaction. In the copper-based catalyst, the reforming and shift activities were enhanced by the oxidation treatment. One of the factors of such activity enhancement by the oxidation was thought to be in close proximity existence of copper and zinc atoms. A lot of monodentate-type formate species having high reactivity was formed on the oxidized catalyst, which would be correlated to the activity enhancement. In the palladium-based catalyst, the reforming activity was improved by the continuous reduction treatment followed by the oxidation. Such continuous pretreatment formed the PdZn alloy species thought to be a reforming site in the surface layer. The decomposition performance of the nickel-based catalyst depended on the ratio of the crystallite size of nickel particles to that of aluminum particles. The electronic influence of zinc and phosphorous components incorporated in the plated layer contributed to the improvement of the selectivity of product.     

Cu/Ni负载型Beta分子筛催化剂的乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化性能研究

采用等体积浸渍的方式,在全硅Beta分子筛载体上担载Cu、Ni活性组分,制备出一系列xCuyNi-ABZ多功能乙醇水蒸气重整制氢催化剂。通过XRD、TEM、SEM-EDX以及XPS等多种表征手段,研究催化剂的结构特性、活性组分含量等因素对催化性能的影响,依据反应产物分布,揭示其作用机理。结果表明,以Beta分子筛为载体可促使活性组分以纳米颗粒的形式高度分散于载体表面,并且存在较强的载体-金属作用力。与传统SiO_2为载体催化剂相比,2.5Cu2.5Ni-ABZ催化剂具备良好的乙醇水蒸气重整催化性能,当反应温度为450℃,实现100%的乙醇转化率和67.23%的H_2选择性,且副产物CO(4.14%)、CH_4(5.65%)含量相对较低。这可归因于Cu和Ni活性组分间的高效协同作用,Cu具有良好的乙醇脱氢性能,生成反应中间体乙醛;在反应过程中,乙醛的重整和分解是两个受温度影响的竞争反应,Ni组分利用其较强的C-C键断裂能力,随温度的升高,乙醛重整反应占主导作用,生成目标产物H_2。通过对反应后样品分析表明,2.5Cu2.5Ni-ABZ催化剂具备良好的抗烧结和抗积炭催化性能。     

甲醇水蒸气重整制氢Cu/ZnO/Al2O3催化剂的研究

燃料电池作为一种无污染、高效率的能源引起世界各大汽车公司的广泛关注[1,2]。用于燃料电池的燃料目前研究较多的是氢气,用氢气作燃料存在储存、安全、运输等问题,寻求合适贮氢方法或替代燃料,实现车载制氢是解决问题的办法。甲醇作为液体燃料,因具有高能量密度,低碳含量,以及运输和贮存等优势成为车载制氢的理想燃料,甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应也成为研究的热点[3～10]。车载制氢对甲醇水蒸气重整制氢反应体系中的产氢速率,氢气和CO的含量都有一定的要求。尤其对CO含量要求更为苛刻,因CO易引起燃料电池阳极催化剂中毒[11,12]。因此,开…     

The role of urea in Cu–Zn–Al catalysts for methanol steam reforming

Abstract  

Impregnated Cu–Zn over Al₂O₃ exhibits high activity with the use of a lower amount of active metal relative to conventional co-precipitation catalysts. The activity of the catalyst could be enhanced by addition of urea to the metal salt solution during impregnation. The H₂ yield from Cu–Zn catalysts with urea is 42%, while the H₂ yield from catalyst without urea is only 28% in a continuous system at 250 °C and 1.2 atm. The H₂ yield of the catalyst with urea in this study could compete with that of commercial catalysts. The role of urea in the Cu–Zn catalysts was investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of the catalysts shows that the crystal size of CuO could be reduced by the addition of urea. The XRD diffractogram of the catalyst prior to calcination also shows the formation of NH₄NO₃, which could aid in dissociation of metal clusters. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of catalysts show the size of Cu–Zn compound clusters and also their dispersion over the Al₂O₃ surface on the impregnated catalysts. The addition of urea could also yield smaller Cu–Zn compound clusters and better dispersion compared with the impregnated catalyst without urea. Such impregnated Cu–Zn catalysts with urea could be alternative novel catalysts for methanol steam reforming.     

Hydrogen Production by Catalytic Reforming of Liquid Hydrocarbons

In this review, we are reporting the catalytic reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels carried out in our research group, covering the catalytic reforming of iso-octane and toluene as surrogate of gasoline, gasoline fuel processor system and steam reforming of n-hexadecane and decahydronaphthalene, main constituents of diesel. The commercial ICI reforming catalyst is prone to be poisoned by sulfur contained in iso-octane. We investigated various supported transition metal formulations and developed Ni/Fe/MgO/Al₂O₃ (KIST-5) catalyst with prolonged catalytic stability (>760 h), higher activity and sulfur tolerance ability over commercial ICI and HT catalysts for ATR reaction of iso-octane. We found that the concentration of CO can be reduced to <1,800 ppm by the gasoline fuel processor system charged with KIST-5 reforming catalyst, commercial HTS catalyst and KIST Pt–Ni/CeO₂ LTS catalyst. The addition of Rh metal to spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst as promoter was found to be very effective in inhibiting the deactivation of spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst by sintering of reduced Ni metal at high temperature during steam reforming of n-hexadecane. A 0.3 wt% Rh loading on spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst was optimized to have the best performance for steam reforming of n-hexadecane among the prepared catalysts. The addition of Rh to spc-Ni/MgAl catalyst also restricted the deactivation of the catalyst due to carbon formation at high reaction temperature. In view point of prolonged stability and higher activity, these developed reforming catalysts have a good scope in the reforming process of gasoline and diesel for hydrogen station and fuel processor system applications.     

Catalytic performances of Ni/mesoporous SiO_2 catalysts for dry reforming of methane to hydrogen

Several mesoporous silicas with different morphologies were controllably prepared by sol-gel method with adjustable ratio of dual template,and they were further impregnated with aqueous solution of nickel nitrate,followed by calcination in air.The synthesized silica supports and supported nickel samples were characterized using N_2-adsorption/desorption,X-ray diffraction(XRD),H_2 temperature-programmed reduction(H_2-TPR),Scanning electron microscope(SEM),Transmission electron microscope(TEM) and thermo-gravimetric analysis(TGA-DTG) techniques.The Ni nanoparticles supported on shell-like silica are highly dispersed and yielded much narrower nickel particle-size than those on other mesoporous silica.The methane reforming with dioxide carbon reaction results showed that Ni nanoparticles supported on shell-like silica carrier exhibited the better catalytic performance and catalytic stability than those of nickel catalyst supported on other silica carrier.The thermo-gravimetric analysis on used nickel catalysts uncovered that catalyst deactivation depends on the type and nature of the coke deposited.The heterogeneous nature of the deposited coke was observed on nickel nanoparticles supported on spherical and peanut-like silica.Much narrower and lower TGA derivative peak was founded on Ni catalyst supported on the shell-like silica.     

Microcalorimetric and infrared studies of ethanol and acetaldehyde adsorption to investigate the ethanol steam reforming on supported cobalt catalysts

Microcalorimetric and infrared studies of ethanol and acetaldehyde adsorption were carried out on fresh and deactivated ZnO-supported cobalt catalysts (Co/ZnO and Co/ZnO(d), respectively) as well as on ZnO support alone. The results were used to analyze the catalytic behavior of these materials for ethanol and acetaldehyde steam-reforming reactions. The Co/ZnO(d) sample contained extensive carbon deposition as shown by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. On fresh Co/ZnO, the adsorption energetics of ethanol and acetaldehyde (an intermediate in the ethanol reforming reaction) were similar. Under steam-reforming conditions at low conversion values of ethanol, acetaldehyde was selectively yielded. The presence of surface acetate species was shown from IR spectra following acetaldehyde adsorption. Besides that, the Co/ZnO catalyst was active and showed a high selectivity toward the reforming products, H2 and CO2, when the steam reforming of acetaldehyde was carried out at low conversion values. In contrast, on the deactivated sample, the strongest adsorption sites of ethanol have disappeared, and acetaldehyde was adsorbed with higher energy with respect to ethanol, resulting in the blockage of the active sites; a poorer catalytic performance in both ethanol and acetaldehyde steam-reforming reactions is observed. The presence of acetate species after adsorption of acetaldehyde on Co/ZnO(d) was not shown. The polymerization of acetaldehyde over Co/ZnO(d) was related to the decomposition of acetaldehyde under reforming conditions to give CO and CH4.     

Synthesis of zinc glutarates with various morphologies using an amphiphilic template and their catalytic activities in the copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide

Various heterogeneous zinc glutarate (ZnGA) catalysts were synthesized in solvent systems of various polarities from zinc acetate dihydrate and glutaric acid with and without the aid of an amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(ethylene glycol‐b‐propylene glycol‐b‐ethylene glycol) (PE6400), as a template. The presence of the PE6400 template and the polarity of the solvent significantly affected the morphology, particle size, surface area, and crystallinity of the resulting catalyst. However, all the catalysts had the same crystal lattice unit cell structure and similar surface compositions. The surface compositions of the catalysts were quite different from those of conventionally prepared ZnGA catalysts, that is, those prepared from zinc oxide and glutaric acid in toluene. All these characteristics of the catalysts influenced the ZnGA‐catalyzed copolymerization of carbon dioxide and propylene oxide. The catalytic activities of the catalysts in this copolymerization depended primarily on their surface area and secondarily on their crystallinity; a larger surface area and a higher crystallinity resulted in higher catalytic activity. Of the catalysts that we prepared, the ZnGA catalyst that was prepared in ethanol containing 5.5 wt % water with the PE6400 template, ZnGA‐PE3, exhibited the highest catalytic activity in the copolymerization. The catalytic activity of ZnGA‐PE3 was attributed to its wrinkled petal bundle morphology, which provided a large surface area and high crystallinity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4079–4088, 2005     

甲醇水蒸汽催化重整过程的研究进展

甲醇水蒸汽重整是车载燃料电池较为理想的氢源,其中选择合适的催化剂又是重整反应的一个关键问题.本文综述了应用于甲醇水蒸汽重整反应的常用催化剂,如含Cu、Ni、Cr、Pd等,包括这些催化剂的催化性能、反应条件、产物分析等,并对部分催化剂的催化机理和动力学分析进行了概述.另外,还简要地介绍了应用于氧化水蒸汽重整反应的催化剂。