Styrene polymerization with rare earth catalysts using a magnesium alkyl cocatalyst

A new highly active rare earth coordination catalyst composed of rare earth phosphonate, di-n-butylmagnesium (MgBu), and hexamethyl phosphoramide (HMPA) for the polymerization of styrene has been developed for the first time. High molecular weight polystyrene (M̄_ν = 50–70 × 10⁴) in 100% conversion could be prepared at following conditions: [Nd] = 6–8 × 10⁻⁴ mol/L, [St] = 3.0 mol/L, Mg/Nd = 11, and HMPA/Mg = 1–1.5 (molar ratio). The catalytic activity of this new catalyst is 3530 g PSt/g Nd. Kinetics study shows that the polymerization rate is of first order with respect to both monomer concentration and catalyst concentration, and activation energy of the polymerization is 40.1 kJ/mol. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

稀土配位催化马来酸酐-苯乙烯-N-苯基马来酰亚胺三元共聚合

采用稀土配位催化剂研究了马来酸酐、苯乙烯和N 苯基马来酰亚胺的三元共聚合反应 .考察了Al La物质的量的比、不同稀土元素、催化剂浓度、聚合反应时间、单体配比等因素对共聚合反应的影响 .利用核磁、红外、热分析等方法对共聚物进行了初步的表征     

COPOLYMERIZATION OF 1-OCTENE WITH STYRENE BY RARE EARTH COORDINATION CATALYSTS

The copolymerization of l-octene with styrene catalyzed by rare earth coordination catalysts has been studied for the first time. Some features and kinetic behavior are described. The overall activation energy of the copolymerization was 22.2 KJ/mol and the copolymerization rate could be expressed as R_p=K_p [Nd] [M]~2. (=1.68×10~(-3) L~2/mol~2. S, 50℃, [Oct]/[St]=1). The catalytic activity of various rare earth elements in Ln (naph)_3 for the copolymerization was compared and shows the following sequence: Dy, Y, Yb>Ho>Sm, Gd, Nd>Pr>Ce>La>Tm. Both monomers of l-octene and styrene in the copolymerization by Nd (naph)_3-AlEt_3 have the tendency of constant proportion copolymerization. The structure of the copolymers was studied by ~1H-NMR.     

Synthesis of isotactic polystyrene with a rare-earth catalyst

Polymerization of styrene with the neodymium phosphonate Nd(P₅₀₇)/H₂O/Al(i-Bu)₃ catalytic system has been examined. The polymer obtained was separated into a soluble and an insoluble fraction by 2-butanone extraction. ¹³C-NMR spectra indicate that the insoluble fraction is isotactic polystyrene and the soluble one is syndiotactic-rich atactic polystyrene. The polymerization features are described and discussed. The optimum conditions for the polymerization are as follows: [Nd] = (3.5–5.0) × 10⁻² mol/L; [styrene] = 5 mol/L; [Al]/[Nd] = 6–8 mol/mol; [H₂O]/[Al] = 0.05–0.08 mol/mol; polymerization temperature around 70°C. The percent yield of isotactic polystyrene (IY) is markedly affected by catalyst aging temperature. With increase of the aging temperature from 40 to 70°C, IY increases from 9% to 48%. Using AlEt₃ and Al(i-Bu)₂H instead of Al(i-Bu)₃ decreases the yield of isotactic polystyrene. Different neodymium compounds give the following activity order: Nd(P₅₀₇)₃ > Nd(P₂₀₄)₃ > Nd(OPrⁱ)₃ > NdCl₃ + C₂H₅OH > Nd(naph)₃. With Nd(naph)₃ as catalyst, only atactic polystyrene is obtained. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1773–1778, 1998     

A novel catalytic system—NdCl3 · HMPA/AI(i‐6u)3 for copolymerization of isoprene and styrene

Co polymerization of styrene (St) and isoprene (IP) was carried out with a catalyst system composed of anhydrous lanthanide chloride hexamethyl phosphor amide complex (LnC1₃‐HMPA) and aluminum organic compound (AOC). Among the catalysts examined, catalyst NdC1₃*HMPA/Al(i‐Bu)₃ showed a high activity in the copolymerization under certain conditions giving copolymers (5%‐158 St content) with high cis‐1, 4 microstructure in IP Units (>95%). The effects of HMPA/Nd molar ratio, Al/Nd molar ratio, monomer/Nd molar ratio, St feed ratio, and the reaction time on copolymerization were examined with this catalytic system. The obtained copolymers were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopies and gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC).     

New coordination catalysts based on rare earth compounds for polymerization of 1-octene

The study of rare earth coordination catalysts for polymerization of 1-octene has been successfully carried out for the first time. Some features and kinetic behavior of polymerization of 1-octene by Nd(naph)₃–AIEt₃ catalyst system in tetrachloro-methane are described. The overall polymerization activation energy E_a measured was 74.5 kJ/mol and the rate equation could be expressed as R_p = k_p [Nd] [M] (k_p = 3.21 × 10^?3 L/mol s, at 50°C). The catalytic activity of various rare earth elements in Ln (naph)₃ and ligands in NdL₃ for the polymerization was compared. A 1-octene oligomer with double bonds was obtained. It is either a white or pale yellow waxy semi-solid. Its number-average molecular weight is about 10³ and the molecular weight distribution is less than 2.     

Xantphite: A New Family of Ligands for Catalysis. Applications in the Hydroformylation of Alkenes

The novel bulky diphosphite (P∩P) ligands ( 3 and 4 ) based on the 2,7,9,9‐tetramethyl‐9H‐xanthene‐4,5‐diol ( 2 ) backbone were investigated in the Rh‐catalyzed hydroformylation of oct‐1‐ene, styrene, and (E)‐oct‐2‐ene. These diphosphites gave rise to very active and selective catalysts for the hydroformylation of oct‐1‐ene to nonanal with average rates>10000 (mol aldehyde)(mol Rh)⁻¹h⁻¹ (P(CO/H₂)=20 bar, T=80°, [Rh]=1 mM ) and maximum selectivities of 79% for the linear product. Relatively high selectivities towards the linear aldehyde (up to 70%, linear/branched up to 2.3) but very high activities (up to 39000 (mol aldehyde)(mol Rh)⁻¹h⁻¹) were observed for the hydroformylation of styrene in the presence of these bidentate ligands (P(CO/H₂)=2 – 10 bar, T=120°, [Rh]=0.2 mM ). Remarkable activities (up to 980 (mol aldehyde)(mol Rh)⁻¹h⁻¹) were achieved with these diphosphites for the hydroformylation of (E)‐oct‐2‐ene with selectivities for the linear product of 74% (l/b up to 2.8, P(CO/H₂)=2 bar, T=120°, [Rh]=1 mM ). A detailed study of the solution structure of the catalyst under catalytic conditions was performed by NMR and high‐pressure FT‐IR. The spectroscopic data revealed that under hydroformylation conditions, the bidentate ligands rapidly formed stable, well‐defined catalysts with the structure [RhH(CO)₂(P∩P)]. All the ligands showed a preference for an equatorial‐apical ( ea ) coordination mode in the trigonal bipyramidal Rh‐complexes, indicating that a bis‐equatorial ( ee ) coordination is not a prerequisite for highly selective catalysts.     

Various silyl-substituted cyclopentadienyl titanium complexes [CpSi(CH3)2X]TiCl3 as catalysts for syndiotactic polystyrene

Three silyl-substituted titanium trichloride complexes [CpSi(CH₃)₂X]TiCl₃ [X=Cl(1), Me(2), PhOMe(3)] were tested as catalyst precursors for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene. The catalytic activity increased in the order 1 > 2 > 3. The highest activity was 2.42 × 10⁷ g s-PS/mol Ti mol S h using complex 1/MAO catalytic system at molar ratio of Al/Ti=2000. The effects of variation on polymerization temperature and Al/Ti ratio on the polymerization of styrene were also studied.     

Two bis-[1-(aryliminomethyleny)-2-oxy-naphthalen] nickel catalysts for the polymerization of methyl methacrylate

Two bis-(1-arylliminomethylenyl-2-oxy-naphthalen) nickel complexes (aryl = 2-methylphenyl, complex 1; aryl = 2,6-diisoproylphenyl, complex 2) were reacted with alkylaluminium in presence of equimolar PPh₃ and tested as catalysts in methyl methacrylate (MMA) polymerization. The two nickel catalysts can initiate polymerization of MMA with good to high activity, the highest activity reaching 1.1 × 10⁵ g PMMA/(mol Ni · h) by less bulky complex 1 at 0.8 mol/L of MMA, 400 of Al/Ni ratio and 0 °C. In addition, the structures of nickel complexes and polymerization conditions, such as monomer concentration, polymerization temperature and Al/Ni molar ratio on catalytic activity of polymerization have great influences on catalytic activity and product properties.     

Influences of steric bulkiness in hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands on ethylene polymerization reaction

Manganese(II) complex catalysts with hydrotris(pyrazolyl)borate ligands have been examined on their catalytic performance in ethylene polymerization and ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization. The activities of [Mn(L6)(Cl)(NCMe)] ( 1 ) and [Mn(L10)(Cl)] ( 2 ) activated by Al(i‐Bu)₃/[Ph₃C][B(C₆F₅)₄] for ethylene polymerization go up to 326 and 11 kg mol (cat^?1) h^?1, respectively, (L6^? = hydrotris(3‐phenyl‐5‐methyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)borate anion, L10^? = hydrotris(3‐adamantyl‐5‐isopropyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)borate anion). In particular, for ethylene/1‐hexene copolymerization, complex 1 gives high‐molecular‐weight poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐hexene)s with the highest M_w of 439,000 in manganese olefin polymerization catalyst systems. Moreover, the 1‐hexene incorporation by complex 1 seems more efficient than that by [Mn(L3)(Cl)] ( 4 ) (L3^? = hydrotris(3‐tertiary butyl‐5‐isopropyl‐1‐pyrazolyl)borate anion). In this work, we demonstrated that the coordination geometry and coordination number are also important factors for ethylene polymerization reaction as well as steric hindrances and ligand frameworks in our manganese(II) catalysts. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5720–5727, 2009     

Metallacyclic mechanism of the addition polymerization of norbornene involving Ni(I) and Ni(III) complexes

The catalytic system Ni(COD)₂/BF₃·OEt₂ is highly active in the addition polymerization of nor-bornene (NB). Its activity, which is up to 1930 (kg NB) (mol Ni)⁻¹ h⁻¹, is higher than the activity of the other known nickel complex catalysts. Another advantage of this system over the latter is that it contains a smaller proportion of a Lewis acid (5 molar parts or below) and no conventional stabilizing organoelement ligands. The activity of this system in NB polymerization has been investigated by Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy. According to EPR data, NB polymerization is accompanied by the formation of low-spin complexes of trivalent nickel, which result from the oxidative addition of the monomer to univalent nickel complexes. A metallacyclic mechanism involving Ni(I) and Ni(III) complexes is suggested for NB polymerization.     

A Copper-Based Reverse ATRP Process for the Living Radical Polymerization of 4-Vinylpyridine: Discussion on Optimum Reaction Conditions

In this original experiment, reverse atom transfer radical polymerization technique using CuCl₂/hexamethyl tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine (Me₆-TREN) as catalyst complex was applied to living radical polymerization of 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator. N,N-Dimethylformamide was used as solvent to improve the solubility of the reaction system. The polymerization not only showed the best control of molecular weight and its distribution, but also provided a rather rapid reaction rate with the molar ratio of [4VP]:[AIBN]:[CuCl₂]:[Me₆-TREN] = 400:1:2:2. The rate of polymerization increased with increasing the polymerization temperature and the apparent activation energy was calculated to be 51.5 kJ· mol¹. Use of Cl as the halogen in copper halide had many advantages over the use of Br. The resulting poly(4-vinylpyridine) was successfully used as the macroinitiator to proceed the block polymerization of styrene in the presence of CuCl/Me₆-TREN catalyst complex via a conventional ATRP process in DMF.     

超高分子量聚苯乙烯的合成和聚合反应动力学

杯芳烃钕与Mg(n Bu) 2 、HMPA所组成的三元络合催化剂用于苯乙烯配位聚合能以高收率制得超高分子量聚苯乙烯 .以甲苯为溶剂 ,在一定条件下制成三元配位催化剂 ,当 [Nd]=8× 10 - 4mol L ,[St]=4 .0mol L ,Mg Nd =2 0 .0 (摩尔比 ) ,HMPA Mg =1.0 (摩尔比 ) ,5 0℃聚合 4 5min ,聚合转化率可达到 80 %左右 .所得聚苯乙烯的重均分子量高达 2 10× 10 4 ,分子量分布指数为 1.6 1.间规聚苯乙烯含量为 81% .动力学研究表明 ,聚合反应速率与单体和主催化剂 杯 [6 ]芳烃钕的浓度分别呈 1次方关系 ,聚合反应的表观活化能为 4 1.7kJ mol     

稀土络合催化苯乙烯均聚及其与二乙烯苯共聚

应用稀土化合物:环烷酸钕Nd(naph)_3和二(2-乙基己基)磷酸钕Nd·(P_(204)_3分别与三异丁基铝Al(i-Bu)_3组成络合催化剂引发苯乙烯均聚及其与二乙烯苯共聚。适宜的聚合温度为50℃:[Nd]=3×10~(-5)mol/ml;[M]=3×10~(-3)mol/ml;Al/Nd=10(摩尔比),并且催化剂按以下次序配制:钕化合物→溶剂→苯乙烯→三异丁基铝,苯乙烯的转化率在90％以上。溶剂种类及聚合条件不同,制得的聚苯乙烯可为白色或黄色粉末状无定形聚合物,分子量几百至上万。聚合体系中添加PeCl_3能抑制黄色产生。在共聚反应中,二乙烯苯比苯乙烯显示较高的反应活性。     

杯[4]芳烃钛-Al(iBu)_3催化乙烯聚合

众所周知 ,茂金属催化剂用于烯烃聚合 ,不仅具有高的催化活性 ,而且能制得高规整度聚合物 ,在理论研究和工业应用中都有十分重要的意义 ,国际上已形成对茂金属催化剂的研究热潮 .人们在致力于研究茂金属催化剂的同时 ,并没有停止对非茂金属均相催化剂的研究 ,其中酚氧基钛、锆配合物的优良催化性能尤为引人注目 ,这类新型均相催化剂能高效地催化烯烃均聚[1 ] ,苯乙烯间规聚合[2 ] ,乙烯 苯乙烯共聚等[3] .杯芳烃是由若干个对叔丁基苯酚通过亚甲基经 2 ,6位连接而成的一类环状大分子 ,其结构与酚氧类配体相似 .李勇等曾发现杯芳烃钛化合物与…     

n-Octyloxyallene homopolymerization and random copolymerization with styrene using catalyst system composed of lanthanide Schiff-base complexes and Al(i-Bu)3

The catalyst system composed of lanthanide Schiff-base complexes with [3,5-tBu2 -2-(O)C6H2 CH=NC6H5]3 Ln(THF)(Ln(Salen)3 , Ln = Sc, Y, La, Nd, Sm, Gd, Yb) and triisobutyl aluminum shows high activity for n-octyloxyallene (A) homopolymerization with narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD). The influences of reaction conditions on polymerization behavior are investigated, and poly(n-octyloxyallene) has a weight average molecular weight (M w ) of 20.6 × 10 3 with MWD of 1.39 and 100% yield is obtained under the optimum conditions: [Al]/[Y] = 50 mol/mol, [A]/[Y] = 100 mol/mol, with polymerization at 80 ℃ for 16 h in bulk. The kinetic studies of n-octyloxyallene homopolymerization indicate that the polymerization rate is first-order with respect to the monomer concentration and shows some controlled polymerization characteristics. Random copolymer of n-octyloxyallene with styrene is obtained by using the same binary catalyst system; the reactivity ratios of the comonomer determined by Kelen Tüd s method are r A = 1.20 and r St = 0.35, respectively, the ratio of each segment and M w of the resulting copolymer could be controlled by varying the feed ratio of each monomer. Determined by differential scanning calorimetry, the copolymers obtained show only one glass transition temperature, which increases gradually with the increase of styrene content in the copolymer.     

(η5-Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)trimethyltitanium as a precursor for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene

An equimolar mixture of Cp*Ti(CH₃)₃ (2) and Ph₃C⁺[B(C₆F₅)₄]^? (1) forms a highly active and syndioselective catalyst for the polymerization of styrene, producing 96% syndiotactic polystyrene (PS) at an activity of 0.91 × 10⁷ g PS (mol Ti)^?1 (mol styrene)^?1 h^?1. Both activity and syndioselectivity can be increased using tri–isobutylaluminum (TIBA) to scavenge the system. ESR measurements indicate that the polymerization proceeds via titanium(IV) intermediates. Catalysts derived from 2/methylaluminoxane (MAO) as well as Cp*TiCl₃/MAO also function as syndioselective styrene polymerization catalysts, but are less active than the ‘cationic’; system derived from 1 and 2.     

Stereospecific polymerization of styrene using a homogeneous lanthanide catalyst

Stereospecific polymerization of styrene was catalyzed by homogeneous neodymium phosphonate [Nd(P₅₀₇)₃]-H₂O-Al(i-Bu)₃ catalytic system. The polymer was separated into isotactic polystyrene and atactic polystyrene by extracting the latter with boiling 2-butanone. The conversion of styrene and the yield of isotactic polystyrene (IY) were influenced by the [H₂O]/[Al(i-Bu)₃] mole ratio and the solvent polarity. The reaction is first order with respect to monomer at 70°C.     

Polymerization of Styrene Initiated by 1,4-Dimethyl-1,4-bis(p-anisyl)-2-tetrazene

Abstract

The polymerization of styrene (St) initiated by 1,4-dimethyl-1,4-bis(p-anisyl)-2-tetrazene (1a) was studied kinetically in benzene. The polymerization proceeds through a radical mechanism. The rate of polymerization is proportional to [1a]^0.5 and [St]^1.0. The overall activation energy for the polymerization is found to be 81.2 kJ/mol within the temperature range of 65 to 80°C. The activation parameters for the decomposition of 1a at 70°C are k_d = 1.88 × 10^?5s^?1, δH? = 133.1 kJ/mol, and δS? = 29.9 J/mol·deg.     

The effect of organic nitriles on the radiation induced polymerization of styrene

The effect of a range of 10 organic nitriles on the radiation-induced polymerization of styrene was studied. A dose rate of 4.4 rad s^?1 was used. A rate of polymerization of styrene (1.744 mol L^?1 of toluene solution) of 5.0 × 10^?7 mol L^?1 s^?1 was found. With organic nitriles present (styrene:nitrile ratio of 1:0.28) the rate of polymerization increased. Rates in the range of 5.5 × 10^?7 ?5.2 × 10^?6 mol L^?1 s^?1, depending on the nitrile present, were obtained. The polymers were partially characterized and evidence of involvement of each of the nitriles in the polymer chains was revealed. The increase in rate of polymerization has been attributed to the part played by nitrile radicals in the initiation of styrene polymerization. Radical yield values [as G(nitrile radical)] were derived from the relevant rate expressions. Values ranged from 2.7 to 49.5, depending on the particular nitrile. Corresponding values of G(nitrile radical) in the range of 5.1–129.4 were obtained by the manipulation of number-average molar mass data. Values of k_pk_t of approximately 2 × 10^?5 L mol^?1 s^?1 were found. Trommsdorff types of effect are absent from these systems.